From: Plant identification credibility in ethnobotany: a closer look at Polish ethnographic studies
Species | Family | Method of Identification | Source | Parts Used | Mode of Use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acer platanoides L. | Aceraceae | H | 1, 2, 5 | sap | raw and fermented |
A | 1 | cambium | raw | ||
A | 1 | fruits | raw | ||
A | 1 | opening leaf buds | fermented | ||
A | 1, 5 | leaves | under baking bread | ||
Acer pseudoplatanus L. | A | 1, 2 | sap | raw | |
A | 1 | leaf buds | raw, ff | ||
Aegopodium podagraria L. | Apiaceae | A | 3, 5, 6 | young leaves | soup |
Carum carvi L. | H | 1, 2, 5 | seeds | spice | |
A | 1 | young plants | soup | ||
Daucus carota L. | A | 5, 6 | roots, leaves, fruits | soup, spice | |
Heracleum sphondylium L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 | leaves and flowering stalks | soup | |
Pastinaca sativa L. | O | 1, 2, 6 | roots | cooked foods | |
Acorus calamus L. | Araceae | H | 1, 2, 5 | inner parts of stems | raw |
H | 1, 5 | leaves | under baking bread | ||
Achillea millefolium L. | Asteraceae | A | 4, 5, 6 | leaves | raw and as spice |
Arctium sp. | A | 3 | leaf stalks | lacto-fermented | |
A | 6 | roots | boiled | ||
Artemisia absinthium L. | O | 6 | leaves | spice for meat | |
Bellis perennis L. | N | 2 | unspecified | unspecified | |
A | 5, 6 | flowers | raw | ||
Carlina acaulis L. | H | 1, 2, 3 | receptacles, roots | unknown | |
Carlina vulgaris L. | U | 1 | unspecified parts | unkown | |
Centaurea cyanus L. | H | 1 | petals | fermented drink | |
Chamomilla recutita (L.)Rauschert | L | 2 | shoots | infusion | |
Cichorium intybus L. | U | 1, 6 | leaves | boiled (ff), raw | |
L | 1, 5, 6 | roots | coffee surrogate | ||
Cirsium oleraceum Scop. | A | 1, 3, 4 | leaves, roots | boiled, ff | |
Cirsium rivulare All. | H | 1, 2, 3, 4 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. | H | 2, 3, 4 | leaves, stalks | boiled, ff | |
Sonchus arvensis L. | LU | 1, 3 | green parts | raw | |
Taraxacum sp. pl. | A | 1, 5 | inflorescences | syrup, wine | |
H | 1, 2, 5 | leaves | raw, boiled | ||
Tragopogon pratensis L. s.l. | H | 2 | stalks | raw | |
Tussilago farfara L. | A | 1 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Berberis vulgaris L. | Berberidaceae | H | 1, 2, 3 | fruits | raw, preserves |
Alnus sp. | Betulaceae | O | 2 | ||
Betula pendula Roth & Betula pubescens Ehrh. | H | 1, 2, 5 | sap | raw or fermented | |
H | 1 | leaf buds | fermented | ||
H | 1, 2 | cambium | flour, ff | ||
Anchusa arvensis (L.) M.Bieb. | Boraginaceae | A | 3 | shoots | boiled, ff |
Echium vulgare L. | A | 6 | flowers | nectar sucked | |
Pulmonaria obscura L. | AR | 1 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Symphytum officinale L. | H | 1, 2, 3 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
H | 2, 6 | flowers | nectar sucked | ||
A | 6 | roots | boiled (ff?) | ||
Armoracia rusticana P.Gaertn., B.Mey,&Scherb. | Brassicaceae | H | 1, 2, 5 | roots | spice |
A | 1 | leaves | under baking bread or as spice | ||
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.)Medik. | A | 1, 2 | fruits | raw | |
A | 5, 6 | whole plant? | boiled | ||
Cardamine amara L. | RU | 3 | leaves | raw | |
Cardamine pratensis L. | A | 3 | leaves | ff | |
Raphanus raphanistrum L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 4 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Sinapis arvensis L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 4 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Campanula persicifolia L. | Campanulaceae | L | 1, 6 | flowers | raw |
Phyteuma spicatum L. | L | 1 | roots | unspecified | |
Humulus lupulus L. | Cannabaceae | O | 1, 2, 5 | inflorescences and fruits | beer, mead, bread |
O | 1 | probably shoots | ff | ||
Sambucus nigra L. | Caprifoliaceae | H | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 | fruits | boiled: wine, jam, soup, rarely raw |
O | 3, 5 | flowers | fried in batter or preserves | ||
Viburnum opulus L. | A | 1, 2, 5 | fruits | boiled: wine, juice, jam | |
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke | Caryophyllaceae | A | 3 | shoots | boiled, ff |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill. | N | 3 | shoots | boiled, ff | |
Euonymus verrucosus Scop. | Celastraceae | A | 5 | fruits | added to wine? |
Atriplex patula L. | Chenopodiaceae | L? | 1 | leaves | boiled, fried |
Chenopodium album L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | leaves | boiled, fried | |
Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. | A | 1, 3 | leaves | boiled, fried | |
Chenopodium hybridum L. | A | 3 | leaves | boiled, fried | |
Chenopodium polyspermum L. | A | 3 | leaves | boiled, fried | |
Chenopodium polyspermum L. | A | 3 | leaves | boiled, fried | |
Convolvulus arvensis L. | Convolvulaceae | H | 1, 2, 3 | shoots | boiled, ff |
Carpinus betulus L. | Corylaceae | H | 1 | sap | raw |
Corylus avellana L. | H | 1, 3 | inflorescences, leaves | ff, mainly for flour | |
H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | raw and in cakes | ||
Juniperus communis L. | Cupressaceae | O | 1, 2, 5 | pseudofruits | spice, beer, snack |
Scirpus sylvaticus L. | Cyperaceae | A | 1, 6 | inner parts of young shoots | raw |
Pteridium aquilinum L. | Dennstaedtiaceae | LU | 1 | rhizomes | unspecified, ff |
Empetrum nigrum L. | Empetraceae | A | 1 | fruits | unspecified |
Equisetum arvense L. | Equisetaceae | H | 1, 2, 6 | strobils | raw, cooked |
A | 2, 6 | bulbils | raw | ||
Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull ON | Ericaceae | L | 1 | seeds | bread, ff |
Vaccinium myrtillus L. | H | 1, 2, 3 | fruit | raw, boiled | |
Vaccinium oxycoccos L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruit | raw or in preserves | |
Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruit | raw or in preserves | |
Vaccinium uliginosum L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | |||
Euphorbia peplus L. | Euphorbiaceae | L | 1 | whole plant | boiled, ff |
Astragalus glycyphyllos L. | Fabaceae | A | 5, 6 | stalks | raw |
Medicago lupulina L. | A | 6 | thickened parts of the roots | raw | |
Robinia pseudoacacia L. | H | 2 | flowers | raw, jams | |
Trifolium pratense L., T. repens L., T. montanum L. | H | 1, 2 | inflorescences | nectar sucked or dried for baking bread | |
Vicia sp. pl. | L | 1, 2 | seeds | flour for bread, ff | |
Fagus sylvatica L. | Fagaceae | H | 1, 3 | fruits | raw or baked, oil |
Quercus robur L. & Q. petraea Mattuschka (Liebl.) | H | 1 | fruits | flour (ff), coffee surrogate | |
Ribes alpinum L. | Grossulariaceae | A | 5 | fruits | raw (rarely) |
Ribes alpinum L. or R. petraeum Wulfen | NR | 1 | fruits | raw | |
Ribes nigrum L. | H | 1, 2, 6 | fruits | raw, jams | |
H | 1, 6 | leaves | spice | ||
Ribes spicatum Robson | H | 2, 6 | fruits | raw, jams | |
Ribes uva-crispa L. | O | 2, 3 | fruits | raw | |
Stratiotes aloides L. | Hydrocharitaceae | H | 2 | leaves, roots | boiled, ff |
Dracocephalum ruyschiana L. | Lamiaceae | A | 5 | flowers | nectar sucked |
Galeopsis sp. | A | 1 | leaves | boiled, ff | |
Glechoma hederacea L. s.l. | H | 1, 2, 3 | leaves | spice | |
Lamium sp pl. (mainly L. album L.) | A | 3 | shoots | boiled | |
Lamium purpureum L. | A | 5 | shoots | boiled | |
Melittis melisophyllum L. | LU | 1 | leaves | unspecified, ff; liquors | |
A | 6 | flowers | nectar sucked | ||
Mentha arvensis L. | H | 1, 6 | leaves | spice, infusions, raw | |
Mentha longifolia (L.)Hudson | H | 1 | leaves | spice | |
Origanum vulgare L. | A | 1 | flowering tops | beer condiment | |
Prunella vulgaris L. | N | 4 | shoots | boiled, ff | |
Stachys palustris L. | H | 2, 3 | rhizomes | raw, boiled | |
Thymus pulegioides L. | H | l | flowering tops | spice, teas | |
Thymus serpyllum L. | H | 1, 5 | flowering tops | spice, teas | |
Lemna minor L. | L | 1 | leaves | fried, ff | |
Allium ursinum L. | Liliaceae | LU | 1 | roots | spice |
O | 1, 5, 6 | leaves | raw | ||
Allium sp. | N | 2 | ? | ? | |
Maianthemum bifolium (L.) F. W. Schmidt | H | 1, 3 | fruits | raw, wine | |
Viscum album L. | Loranthaceae | H | 2 | fruits | raw |
Malva neglecta Wallr. | Malvaceae | H | 1, 2 | leaves | boiled |
H | 1, 2, 5 | immature fruits | raw | ||
Malva sylvestris L. | H | 1, 2 | leaves | boiled | |
H | 1, 2 | immature fruits | raw | ||
Fraxinus excelsior L. | Oleaceae | O | 5, 6 | fruits | boiled, ff |
Oenothera sp. | Onagraceae | A | 6 | roots | boiled |
Oxalis acetosella L. | Oxalidaceae | H | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 | leaves | raw, cooked |
Oxalis stricta L. s.l. | H | 1, 2 | leaves | raw, cooked | |
Papaver rhoeas L. | Papaveraceae | N | 2, 5 | seeds | unspecified |
Abies alba Mill. | Pinaceae | O | 1 | young shoots | syrup |
Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. | O | 1 | young shoots | raw, syrup | |
O | 1 | male inflorescences | raw | ||
O | 1 | young cones | raw | ||
O | 2 | cambium | ff | ||
Pinus cembra L. | O | 1 | male inflorescences | raw | |
O | 1 | seeds | raw | ||
Pinus sylvestris L. | O | 5 | young vegetative and generative shoots | raw, syrup | |
Plantago lanceolata L. | Plantaginaceae | L | 1, 2, 6 | leaves | boiled, raw |
Bromus secalinus L. | Poaceae | A | 1, 2, 3 | seeds | ground for flour, ff |
Dactylis glomerata L. | A | 1 | stem base | raw | |
Elymus repens (L.) Gould | H | 1 | rhizomes | ground for flour | |
Festuca pratensis L. | LU | 1 | seeds | unspecified | |
Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. | A | 1 | seeds | seeds, boiled or for flour | |
Glyceria plicata Fries | L | 1 | seeds | seeds, boiled or for flour | |
Phleum pratense L. | N | 2 | seeds | for flour, ff | |
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Schult. or/and Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv. | NR | 3 | seeds | boiled | |
Fallopia convolvulus (L.) AA.Löve | Polygonaceae | H | 3 | shoots | boiled, ff |
Polygonum hydropiper L. | A | 5 | leaves | raw | |
Polygonum lapathifolium L. ssp. pallidum | H | 1 | shoots | fried, ff | |
Rumex acetosa L. | H | 1, 3, 5 | leaves | raw, cooked | |
Rumex acetosella L. | H | 1, 3 | leaves | raw, cooked | |
Rumex crispus L. | A | 6 | leaves | cooked | |
Rumex crispus L. or R. obtusifolius L. | A | 5, 6 | fruit | boiled, ff | |
Rumex hydrolapathum Huds. | A | 6 | leaves | cooked | |
Rumex obtusifolius L. | HU | 2 | leaves | for compotes | |
Rumex thyrsiflorus Fing. | H | 2 | leaves | raw, cooked | |
Rumex crispus L. | L | 1 | leaves, seeds | flour, ff | |
Polypodium vulgare L. | Polypodiaceae | H | 1,2,3 | rhizomes | raw or cooked as sweetener |
Ranunculus ficaria L. | Ranunculaceae | A | 1, 3, 6 | leaves | boiled, raw |
Nigella sp. | L | 1 | seeds | spice | |
Nigella arvensis L. | A | 6 | seeds | spice | |
Frangula alnus Miller | Rhamnaceae | NU | 2 | fruits | jams |
Alchemilla sp. | Rosaceae | L | 1 | leaves | boiled, ff |
Crataegus sp. pl. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruit | raw, wine, jams | |
A | 6 | flowers | raw | ||
Fragaria vesca L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruit | raw, wine, jams | |
Malus domestica Borkh. (feral plants) | O | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruit | raw, compotes or in sauerkraut | |
Potentilla anserina L. | L | 1 | young shoots | raw | |
Prunus avium L. | O | 1 | fruits | raw, compotes | |
O | 1 | solidified sap | raw | ||
Prunus padus L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | mainly raw | |
Prunus spinosa L. | H | 1, 2, 3 | fruits | raw, compotes, jams, wine | |
Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. & Pyrus communis L. em. Gaertner | O | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | raw, dried, pickled | |
Rosa sp. pl. (mainly Rosa canina L.) | H | 1, 2, 5 | fruits | raw, wine, jams, infusions | |
Rubus caesius L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | raw, wine, jams, infusions | |
Rubus idaeus L. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | raw, wine, jams, infusions | |
Rubus L. sect. Rubus sp. pl. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5 | fruits | raw, wine, jams, infusions | |
Rubus saxatilis L. | A | 1, 2, 5 | fruits | raw, juice | |
Sedum maximum (L.) Hoffm. | H | 2 | thick roots | unspecified | |
Sorbus aucuparia L. emend. Hedl. | H | 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 | fruits | wine, jams, liqueur, rarely as spice | |
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. | Rubiaceae | H | 2 | flowering shoots | spice, infusions |
V. beccabunga L. or V. anagallis-aquatica L. | Scrophulariaceae | A | 3 | shoots | raw |
Tilia cordata Miller & Tilia platyphyllos Scop. | Tiliaceae | H | 1, 2 | flowers | infusion |
O | 2 | cambium | raw | ||
O | 3 | seeds | oil | ||
O | 3, 4 | leaves | boiled or into flour, ff | ||
Trapa natans L. | Trapaceae | L | 1 | leaves | raw, boiled, flour |
Typha latifolia L. | Typhaceae | A | 5, 6 | shoots and rhizomes | boiled, roasted |
Ulmus sp. | Ulmaceae | N | 2 | fruits, leaves | unspecified |
Urtica dioica L. & Urtica urens L. | Urticaceae | H | 1, 2, 3 | shoot tops | boiled, infusions |
Parthenocissus sp. | Vitaceae | H | 2 | fruits | fermented drink |
Viola arvensis Murr. | Violaceae | A | 5 | flowers | raw |