Table 4 New folk medicinal reports for Kurdistan found in the current study

Adiantum capillus-veneris L.

Asthma, carminative, diarrhea, warts

Kidney and bladder stones, diuretic, cough [28, 29], abdominal pain [34].

Apium graveolens L.

Anemia, colon problems

Diuretic, dysmenorrhea and rheumatism, arthritis, stimulant, carminative, tonic.

Anethum graveolens L.

Kidney and liver problems, back and arthritis pain

Carminative for flatulence in children, cough, children’s stomach pain [5], hypercholesterolemia [23, 30].

Althaea officinalis L.

Burns, cough, chest inflammation

Irritation and inflammation of the mucous membranes [25].

Artemisia absinthium L.

Anemia, obesity, abdominal pain

Diabetes, shortness of breath [30], eczema, coughing, headache, stomach-ache, wound healing [32].

Allium sativum L.

Anti-dandruff, intestinal worms, stimulant, rheumatism, cholera, alopecia areata, tuberculosis, plague

Hypertension [23, 26, 29, 35] ringworm [29], common cold, anticancer and antibacterial agents, enhancing immunity, hypercholesterolemia [23].

Allium roseum L.

Abdominal and duodenal pain, headache

None.

Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.

Headache, toothache, indigestion

None.

Arum maculatum L.

Intestinal worms

Rheumatism [36].

Borago officinalis L.

Cough, hoarseness, asthma, bronchitis, abdominal pain

None.

Curcuma longa L.

Facial massage, arthritis pain, fat-burning, spice, antiviral and anticancer agents

None.

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

Laxative, arthritis pain

Diabetes [12, 28], wounds [12].

Cichorium intybus L.

Constipation, blood cholesterol, anemia, colon problems and skin sensitivity

Antihypertensive, prostate problems, stomach ache [30], burns, stomach-ache [32], hemorrhoids, urinary disorders [36].

Cinnamomum cassia (Nees & T.Nees) J.Presl

Stimulant, stress, tuberculosis, clear arteries, improves kidney function

Antibacterial, general tonic, diuretic, renal failure, anemia, sexual tonic for men [5] antidiabetic [24, 28], hyperglycemia, cough, flatulence, common cold, and pinworm [28].

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten.

Inflammation, urinary and digestive problems

None.

Cucumis melo L.

Stomach pain, colon problems, diabetes, diarrhea, intestinal inflammation

None.

Crocus sativus L.

Headache, boosting brainpower and sexual function

Sedation [28], metabolism stimulant [5, 28], carminative, fever and depression [5], breezy, tonic for heart and culinary use [12], Infertility [34].

Ceratonia siliqua L.

Abdominal pain, diarrhea

None.

Crataegus azarolus L.

Bladder inflammation

Antihypertensive, headache [12], anti-diabetic, rheumatism [24, 35], insomnia, joint pain, stress [24, 35], ulcer [35], cardiac disorder [12, 24, 26, 27, 29, 35, 37], vasodilators [19, 27, 29], circulation problems, spasm, sedative, to take out heel spur, nail, bullet [37], renal caculi [34], embolism [35], stomach-ache [35], asthma, hemorrhoids [35].

Carum carvi L.

Immunity, antioxidants, anemia, sleeplessness, indigestion, increasing breast milk

Digestive system, stomach pain, flavoring agent and mild laxative [5], appetizing, digestive [27], carminative, abdominal pain [28].

Carlina acaulis L.

Diuretic

None.

Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Schübl. & G.Martens

Gastric ulcer, bacterial gastroenteritis, diabetes, intestinal worms

Eye sight [28].

Eremurus spectabilis M.Bieb.

Arthritis, intestinal worms

Rheumatism [27], diabetes, digestive [35], sedative [37].

Fumaria officinalis L.

Mange

Tonic, diaphoretic, sporadic stomach and antispasmodic [5], stomach-ache [27], fomentation in painful swellings, stomach pain, febrifuge, blood purifier and antispasmodic [5], dermal discords, wound, eczema [12], hemorrhoids [26, 27], sore [33].

Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

Cough, rheumatism, oral herpes, liver cirrhosis

Pneumonia, sour eructations, duodenal inflammation, kidney pain, abdominal pain [28], digestive [29, 36], high cholesterol [29], cardiac disorders, diabetes [30], vaginitis, quit smoking, anti-ulcer, anti-aphthous [34], stomach-ache [36].

Hibiscus sabdariffa L.

None

Obesity, restorative, anti-hypertensive, sedative, dyspnea [28].

Lavandula angustifolia Mill.

Intestinal worms, antispasmodic

None.

Linum usitatissimum L.

Rheumatism, colon problems, antispasmodic, skin burns, gallstones, thyroid problems

Obesity, hypercholesterolemia, perfume, apply on body or clothes, witchcraft, expel lochia [28].

Lactuca sativa L.

Kidney stones

Typhoid fever, emollient for skin, hypnotic and narcotic [5].

Mentha spicata L.

Headache, strengthen hair, hiccups, diarrhea, cough, skin diseases, leg pain

Colds [19, 26, 27, 29, 33, 35, 36], flu [19, 27, 29, 35, 36], stomach ache [19, 33], antispasmodic [27], vomit [29], food poisoning [2], appetite [35], respiratory problem [35, 36].

Mentha piperita L.

Flatulence, thoracic pain, indigestion, skin sensitivity, appetizing, colon problems, stomach pain, carminative

None.

Malva parviflora L.

Diarrhea

Pectoral, expectorant, laxative [5, 32], interstitial infection, laxative, sore throat, asthma [12], diuretic, urinary inflammations [19, 27, 34], stomach ache [26], hemorrhoids [27], abscess, hematomas, anti-inflammatory [29, 34], joint pain [29], gastric pain [30, 32], wound healing [30, 32, 34, 36, 37], rheumatism [32], abdominal pain, infertility [34], mastitis, psoriasis, vaginal candidiasis [36], respiratory problems, digestion problems, abortifacient [37], hair loss and constipation [33], anti-inflammatory, infertility, urinary inflammations [35], headache [32].

Matricaria chamomilla L.

Hypertension, stomach inflammation, blood circulation, kidney stones, intestinal worms, anxiety, diuretic, headache, throat pain

Wounds, diarrhea [35], cough, tonsillitis, dyspnea [shortness of breath], common cold, asthma, polyps, flatulence, abdominal pain, pharyngitis, black pigments on face, facial rash, acne, skin burns, skin tonic, hair loss, jaundice [28].

Medicago sativa L.

Osteomalacia

Tonic and fattening [12], skin bleeding [30], stomach-ache, coagulation, infection [33].

Nasturtium officinale R.Br.

Rheumatism and bone diseases

Stomachic [12, 35], anti-parasite [12], antidiabetic [24], vaginitis [34], antihypertensive [35].

Nonea versicolor (Stev.) Sweet

Hair loss, skin diseases

Snake bite [30].

Nigella sativa L.

Eye problems, joint pain and inflammation, chest pain, headache

Repelling gases, antibacterial, antiviral, sexual tonic, enhance memory, tonic and allergy, enhance immune system [23, 28], bronchitis and asthma [23], diabetes, antihypertensive, cancer, pneumonia, tonsillitis, hyperlipidemia, blood circulation, restorative [28], galactogogue, anti-hyperpigmentation, anti-scar [34].

Ocimum basilicum L.

Bad breath, skin, cancer, quit smoking

Stomach-ache [29], headache [34], colds and flu [35], abdominal pain [36].

Olea europaea L.

None

Diabetes [28].

Pimpinella anisum L.

Menopause (menstruation), diarrhea (particularly in children), increasing breast milk, ascaris worms, stomachic, appetizing, sleeplessness.

Carminative, culinary remedy [12, 37], flu, cough, diuretic, analgesic, indigestion, anxiety [23], flatulence [23, 28], asthma, female fertility [ovulatory stimulant], hypochondria, agony, colonitis, antihypertensive, abdominal pain, urolithiasis [28].

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss

Sexual problems, facial massage, diuretic, appetizing, problem

Kidney stones, mouth sores [29].

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb

Thoracic inflammation, cough, kidney stones, cold

Rheumatoid arthritis, strengthens hair, eye pain, hypercholesterolemia, facial treatment [28].

Pelargonium roseum Willd.

Headache, hemorrhoids, burns

None.

Plantago lanceolata L.

Mange

Antipyretic [29], wound healing [29, 30, 32–37], diabetes [30], gastric pain [30, 32], hemorrhoids [30, 32, 33], coughs, infections, pains [33], overcoming infertility in women [34], embolism, abscess [35], urinary inflammations [35, 36], expectorant, tonsillitis [36].

Quercus infectoria G.Olivier.

None

Oral sores, wounds [28], diabetes [29], burns [34], toothache [36].

Ricinus communis L.

Skin diseases, colon problems, thoracic pain, warts

Purgative, strengthens hair [28].

Rosa spp.

Constipation, abdominal pain

Indigestion, diuretic, blood cells, sedatives [12], antiseptic [19, 27], diabetes [19, 24, 26, 27, 29, 34], flu [19, 27, 32, 35], antitussive [29, 30], coughing [32], expectorant, kidney stones [35], colds, [19, 27, 29, 30, 32, 35–37], hemorrhoids [35, 36].

Ranunculus ficaria L.

Hemorrhoids, arthritis

None.

Rosa canina L.

Diuretic, blood cell disorders, sedative

None.

Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Headache, blood circulation

Enhances memory and concentration [28].

Raphanus sativus L.

Kidney stones, gallstones, increasing breast milk, diuretic

None.

Rheum ribes L.

None

Hypertension [12, 23], triglyceride [12], hypoglycemic [23], urinary inflammations [19], digestive, diuretic, constipation, high cholesterol [27], kidney stones [27, 29, 34, 35], diabetes [29, 30, 32, 35, 36], headache [32], rheumatic pain control, anti-diarrhea [34], asthma, cardiac disorder [35].

Syzygium aromaticum L.

Indigestion, stress, insomnia, intestinal gas

Toothache, painkiller, headache, asthma, ingredient [28].

Spinacia oleracea L.

Weight loss, phlegm, rickets, bad breath, tuberculosis

None.

Salvia officinalis L.

None

Regulate menstrual cycle, hypoglycemic, hypercholesterolemia, flatulence, antibacterial, fever [23], Alzheimer’s, cough, digestive, flu, tonsillitis [27], appetite stimulant, female fertility, female aphrodisiac [28], women fertility and infections, cold, anti-fever [12], antidiabetic [24], diabetes disease, cold and flu [26, 29, 36], digestive, tonsillitis [36], antacid [36], sedative, bleeding, cold, diarrhea, sedative, digestive [37].

Senna alexandrina Mill.

Constipation

Purgative, obesity, diarrhea, colonitis [28].

Salix alba L.

Cold, blood circulation

Anti-fever [12, 37], diabetes [29], toothache [30], headache [34], analgesic [35, 36], infertility [35], sinusitis [35, 36], restorative [37].

Trifolium alexandrinum L.

Colic

None.

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg

Tuberculosis

Arthralgia, diuretic [27], digestive [29].

Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

Anemia, sore throat, rheumatism

Skin inflammation [28], irritable bowel,appetizimg, hypoglycemic, diuretic, stimulate lactation, sexual tonic in women, UTI, renal stones [23], diabetes, hemostatic for diabetics, vulnerary, antihypertensive, infection in body, appetite stimulant, sedative, catarrh, lactation, enhances sperm production, hypercholesterolemia [28].

Tribulus terrestris L.

Urinary problems, enhance sexual function

Diarrhea [27, 36], antihypertensive [29], kidney stones [30, 35], dissolves renal caculi, ulcer [34], asthma, cardiac disorder [35], cardiac disorder, hemorrhoids, vasodilators [36].

Thymus vulgaris L.

Anti-dandruff, spice, chest pain, colon problems, asthma, diarrhea, blood cholesterol, urinary system problems, menopause

Gingivitis, dyspepsia, appetizing, abdominal cramps, antifungal, anthelmintic, expectorant, tonic, enhance immune system, cystitis and nephritis [23].

Urtica dioica L.

Anemia

Arthralgia, colds, flu [19, 27, 32], diabetes [19, 27, 29, 32], throat diseases, painkiller and to reduce blood sugar level [26], rheumatism [27, 30, 32, 35], losing weight [27], bronchitis, cardiovascular disease, cough, respiratory disease, tonsillitis [29] colds [30], cancers [30, 32, 36], stomach ache [32], analgesic, arthritis, digestive, diuretic, genital disorders, hemorrhoids, hepatitis, leptotrichia [35], digestive, diuretic, genital disorders, hemorrhoids [36], urinary system, ulcer, constipation [36].

Viola odorata L.

Diarrhea, digestive problems, skin disorders, typhoid disease and gum disease

Gastritis, gastric and kidney pain [30], prostate [36].

Ziziphus jujuba Mill

Sore throat and asthma

None.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Asthma, cold, weight loss, chest pain, spice, back pain, facial massage, bronchitis, stomach inflammation, nausea, blood sugar, stimulant

Hypercholesterolemia, sexual tonic, regulate blood circulation, hemorrhoid, stomach and respiratory problems [23], obesity, flatulence, abdominal pain, cough, tonsillitis, prostate problems, tonsillitis, female fertility, pneumonia, enhances bile secretion, body pain, Malta fever, restorative, rheumatism, blood circulation, sweating, colonitis, antihypertensive [28].