Ethnomedicinal and cultural practices of mammals and birds in the vicinity of river Chenab, Punjab-Pakistan

Altaf, Muhammad; Javid, Arshad; Umair, Muhammad; Iqbal, Khalid Javed; Rasheed, Zahid; Abbasi, Arshad Mehmood

doi:10.1186/s13002-017-0168-5

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 3 Medicinal uses of mammals and birds and their comparison with previous reports

From: Ethnomedicinal and cultural practices of mammals and birds in the vicinity of river Chenab, Punjab-Pakistan

S. no	Scientific, common and local name	Part used	Application	Diseases cured	Previous reports	Reference	SI	IMA	FL	RPL	ROP
	Mammals
1.	Bos taurus L. Cow, Gay	Fat, milk, Flesh	Topical and oral	Feet wounds, body pain, fever, poison effect	Fever, bone fever, memory loss, paralysis, asthma, stomach ache, gastritis, diarrhea, eye infection, tuberculosis, pesticide	[46, 47, 59, 62, 65, 77, 78]	0.08	36	100	1	100
2.	Bubalus bubalis L. Buffalo Mujh	Fat, Milk, flesh	Topical and oral	Feet wound, body pain, fever, poison effect	Pain, wound, jaundice, ascites, rheumatic pain, weakness, osteoporosis, thrombosis	[18, 55,56,57, 59, 61, 77, 79]	0.18	16	40	1	40
3.	Camelus dromedaries L. Camel Ount	Milk, blood	Topical and oral	Muscular pain, weakness, arthritis	Acidity, hepatitis B and C	[60, 64]	0	10	42	0.89	37
4.	Canis aureus L. Asiatic jackal Gidar	Flesh, bones	Topical	Skin diseases	Asthma, sciatica, arthritis, body pain, gout, skin diseases, paralysis	[46, 47, 57, 70, 78]	0.14	11	65	0.63	41
5.	Canis lupus familiaris L. Dog Kuta	Fat, flesh	Topical	Sexual power	Weakness, poison, fever	[77]	0	8	42	0.7	30
6.	Capra aegagrus hircus L. Goat Bakri	Milk	Oral	Increase sexual efficiency	Fever, eye tonic, tonsillitis, asthma, tuberculosis, menstrual disorder, toothache, anemia, dysentery, bronchitis, jaundice, diarrhea, blindness	[55, 58,59,60,61,62, 64]	0	13	41	1	41
7.	Equus africanus von Heuglin & Fitzinger Donkey Gadha	Milk, blood	Topical	Abdominal dropsy, arthritis	Arthritis, madness, abdominal dropsy, tuberculosis	[55, 58, 70]	0.5	9	41	0.81	33
8.	Equus caballus L. Horse Kurrah	Fat	Topical	Skin infection	Rabies, skin diseases, burn, allergy, arthritis, body pain, neuralgia, osteoporosis	[50, 55, 56]	0.13	11	39	1	39
9.	Felis chaus Schreber Jungle cat Jungli billi	Fat	Topical	Joint Pain	Leucoderma	[55]	0	10	67	0.56	37
10.	Felis domesticus L. Cat Billi	Fat	Topical	Rheumatic pain, skin infections	Fever, arthritis	[57, 58]	0	46	100	1	100
11.	Funnambulus pennanti Wroughton Northern palm squirrel Gulahri	Flesh	Topical and oral	Epilepsy	Epilepsy	[59]	1	4	57	0.26	15
12.	Hemiechinus collaris Gray Long eared desert hedgehog Chotay kanday ali say, Kandyari Choha	Fat	Topical	Rheumatic pain, body ache			0	7	64	0.41	26
13.	Herpestes javanicus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilarie Small Indian mongoose Neola	Fat	Topical	Sexual power			0	8	67	0.44	30
14.	Homo sapiens L. Human Insan	Saliva, urine	Topical	Herpes, ear pain	Eye infections, wound, hiccup	[49,50,51, 58, 70, 77, 80]	0	6	67	0.33	22
15.	Hystrix indica Kerr Indian crested porcupine Kanday wali say	Fat	Topical	Skin infection, Rheumatic pain			0	26	50	1	50
16.	Lepus nigricollis dayanus F. Cuvier Desert hare Jungli saya, Jungli khargush	Flesh, liver, blood	Topical and oral	Asthma, burning sensation, paralysis	Tonic, chicken pox, wheezing, stomach and joint pain, high blood pressure, asthma	[46, 47, 55, 56, 59, 70, 77, 78]	0.13	27	50	1	50
17.	Manis crassicaudata E. Geoffroy Indian Pangolin Pangolin, Sipple	Scale, flesh	Topical	Feet swelling, Sexual power	Feet swelling, piles, blood pressure, head ach, asthma, anti-haemorrhoidal, warts, ear pain, angina	[55, 56, 59, 65, 66, 70]	0.1	3	38	0.3	11
18.	Millardia meltada Gray Soft-furred field rat Fasli Choha	Fat	Topical	Joint pain			0	3	50	0.22	11
19.	Mus musculus L. House mouse Chota Choha	Fat	Topical	Enhancement of semen	Arthritis, analgesic	[60, 80]	0	2	50	0.15	7
20.	Nesokia indica Gray Short tailed mole rat Chhoti push wala choha	Fat	Topical	Joint pain			0	2	67	0.11	7
21.	Oryctolagus cuniculusL. Domestic rabbit Khargush, Saya	Tail, blood	Topical	Burning sensation, weakness	Bronchial diseases, stomachache	[63, 64]	0	14	100	0.52	52
22.	Ovis aries L. Sheep Bairh	Fat, milk, flesh	Topical and oral	Skin burn and crack, weakness, joint pain	Edema, fractures, joint pain, sterility, flu, skin burn and crack, muscular pain, swellings, weakness,	[20, 45, 47, 52, 56, 80,81,82]	0.2	23	100	0.85	85
23.	Pteropus giganteus Brunnich Indian flying fox bat Chamgadar	Fat	Topical	Body and backbone pain, sexual power	Asthma, bronchitis	[55, 56, 61, 77]	0	5	50	0.37	19
24.	Rattus rattus L. House rat Wada Choha	Fat	Topical	Joint pain	Convulsions, semen enhancement, wounds healing,	[56, 57, 61, 69]	0	3	60	0.19	11
25.	Suncus etruscus Savi Mediterranean pygmy shrew Choti chachondar	Fat	Topical	Scrotal swelling			0	1	50	0.07	4
26.	Suncus murinus L. House shrew Waddi chachondar	Fat	Topical	Scrotal swelling	Snake bite, scrotal swelling	[56, 61]	0.5	1	50	0.07	4
27.	Sus scrofa L. Indian wild boar Baarla, Soor	Fat	Topical	Paralysis, burn	Inflammatory, joint pain, fracture, paralysis, burn, snake bite, fever, piles, cough, cold, anti-haemorrhoidal, warts, earache, angina	[46, 47, 50, 55, 56, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 70, 77, 80]	0.17	10	50	0.74	37
28.	Tatera indica Hardwicke Indian gerbil Jungli Choha	Fat	Topical	Lumbago			0	1	33	0.11	4
29.	Ursus thibetanus G. Cuvier Bear Richh	Fat	Topical	Sexual power			0	7	27	0.96	26
30.	Vulpes bengalensis Shaw Indian/Bengal fox Lomri	Fat	Topical	Epilepsy			0	9	69	0.48	33
	Birds
31.	Acridotheres tristis L. Common Myna, Lali	Flesh	Oral	Whooping cough, weakness			0	15	71.43	0.66	47
32.	Anas platyrhynchos domesticus L. Domestic Duck, Batakh	Egg	Oral	Weak eye-side, weakness, low blood pressure		[20, 55, 56, 69]	0	55	100.	1.00	100
33.	Anas platyrhynchos L. Mallard, Nilsir	Flesh, egg	Oral	Paralysis, weakness	Erectile dysfunction, scarlet fever, body strength, weakness		0.2	10	90.91	0.34	31
34.	Aquila rapax Temminck Tawny Eagle, Chhota baaz	Fat	Topical	Breast swelling	Chest pain	[45]	0	4	44.44	0.28	13
35.	Ara macao L. Macaw, Macaw	Fat	Topical	Pneumonia			0	9	37.50	0.75	28
36.	Athene brama Temminck Spotted Little Owlet, Ullo	Blood	Topical	Sexual weakness	Rickets, cough	[55]	0	18	58.06	0.97	56
37.	Bubulcus ibis L. Cattle Egret, Badami bagla	Blood, Flesh	Topical and oral	Dysentery			0	1	16.67	0.19	3
38.	Centropus sinensis Stephens Common Crow Pheasant, Jal Kukar	Flesh	Oral	Body-ache, weakness			0	5	27.78	0.56	16
39.	Charadrius alexandrinus L. Snowy Plover, Kalarwala marwa	Egg	Oral	Typhoid		[47, 55,56,57, 60, 63, 64, 69]	0	6	35.29	0.53	19
40.	Columba livia Gmelin Blue Rock Pigeon, Jangli kabotar	Flesh, Feather	Oral	Paralysis	Menorrhagia, Bronchitis, puberty in young girls, paralysis, epilepsy, anemia, infertility	[55, 83]	0.17	53	88.33	1.00	88
41.	Corvus splendens Vieillot House Crow, Kaan	Bone	Topical	For ear infection	Lethargy, aphrodisiac, anemia, body aches, stomach disorder		0	4	14.29	0.88	13
42.	Coturnix coturnix L. Common Quail, Batera	Head of the bird, flesh	Oral	Enhance memory, improve sexual power	Skin diseases, anemia, body weakness, enhance memory power	[47, 55, 56]	0.25	30	51.72	1.00	52
43.	Egretta alba L. Large Egret, Wadda bagla	Blood, Flesh	Topical and oral	Dysentery			0	5	50.00	0.31	16
44.	Egretta garzetta L. Little Egret, Bauna bagla	Blood, Flesh	Topical and oral	Dysentery	Asthma, body strength, breathing trouble, immune enhancer	[55, 56]	0	2	25.00	0.25	6
45.	Egretta intermedia Wagler Intermediate Egret, Gabhla bagla	Blood, Flesh	Topical and oral	Dysentery			0	7	58.33	0.38	22
46.	Francolinus francolinus L. Black partridge, Kala tittar	Flesh and Bone soup	Oral	Bronchitis, weakness	Bronchitis	[64]	0.5	24	42.86	1.00	43
47.	Gallus gallus L. Domestic Chicken, Murghi	Egg, flesh	Oral	Fever, weakness, low blood pressure	Sprains, strains, nourishing food, eye-each, bronchitis, diabetes, burst furuncles, asthma, Indigestion, sinusitis, shortness of breath, bronchitis, nervous problems, rheumatism, stuffy nose, weak bones, flu, weakness, sore throat, furuncle, burns, night blindness, eye infection, evil eye	[20, 47, 49, 50, 58, 61,62,63, 78, 82, 84]	0	62	100	1.00	100
48.	Hieraaetus fasciatus Sibley & Monroe Bonnelli’s Eagle, Baaz	Fat	Topical	Breast swelling	Breast swelling	[58]	1	3	21.43	0.44	9
49.	Meleagris gallopavo L. Turkey, Turkey	Flesh	Oral	Asthma			0	10	33.33	0.94	31
50.	Oenanthe isabellina Temminck, Isabelline Wheatear, Kali akha wheater	Fat	Topical	Gastric problems in infants			0	8	53.33	0.47	25
51.	Oenanthe picata Blyth Eastern Wheatear, Kali cheeti wheatear	Fat	Topical	Gastric problems in infants			0	2	10	0.63	6
52.	Passer domesticus L. House Sparrow, Chiri	Flesh	Oral	Weakness, fever	Increase sexual desire, aphrodisiac, allergy, paralysis, impotency, gas trouble, constipation, Chickenpox,	[47, 56, 62, 64, 84]	0	64	100	1.00	100
53.	Pavo cristatus L. Peacock, Moor	Bone	Topical	Wound, pus	Blurred vision, anemia, Abscess, eye diseases, body strength, ear infection, hiccup, asthma	[55, 56, 62, 65]	0	7	28.00	0.78	22
54.	Streptopelia decaocto Frivaldszky Indian Ring Dove, Kogi, Ghogi	Flesh	Oral	Maturity in girls	Early maturity in girls	[64]	1	13	28.89	1.00	29
55.	Streptopelia orientalis Latham Oriental turtle Dove, Totru	Flesh	Oral	Maturity in girls			0	13	29.55	1.00	30
56.	Streptopelia senegalensis L. Little Brown Dove, Chhoti tutru, Chhoti kogi	Flesh	Oral	Maturity in girls			0	13	36.11	1.00	36
57.	Streptopelia tranquebarica Hermann, Red Turtle Dove, Lal totru	Flesh	Oral	Maturity in girls			0	13	27.66	1.00	28
58.	Upupa epops L. Common Hoopoe, Hud-hud	Flesh	Oral	Kidney problems	Gall bladder stone	[84]	0	1	25.00	0.13	3

SI (Similarity Index), IMA (Informants of Major Ailment), FL (Fidelity Level), RPL (Relative Popularity Level), ROP (Rank order priority)

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