Language/sub-category | Name | Ethnic transcription | Meaning | Selected references |
---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | ||||
Arabic | [šağarat aṣ-ṣanam] | شجرة الصنم | Lit. [“The image’s (idol) tree,” “a human (shaped) tree”] | |
Armenian | [marda-khot] |
| Literarily [“Human (-like) plant”] | |
Czech | mužijk, mužicek | [“little man”] | ||
Czech | strýček | [“uncle”] | [104: 289] | |
Danish | dukkeurt | [“doll’s herb”] | [27: 344] | |
Dutch | aardmannetje | [“little earth man”] | ||
Dutch | alruinmanntje | [“mandrake’s little man”] | [106:29] | |
Dutch | mandragora mannetje | [“mandrake’s man”] | ||
Dutch | wortelmannetje | [“little root man”] | ||
Dutch | wortelmensch | [“root man”] | ||
English | ladylin | [“little lady”] | ||
English | root of life | Due to the hallucinogenic effects? | [30: 334] | |
English | womandrake | |||
Farsi | [mardom-gīyāh] | مردم گیاه | [“plant of the people”] | |
French | homme planté | [“planted man”] | ||
French | plante humaine | [“human Plant”] | ||
German | alraunmännchen, alruyn manneken | [“alrun man”] | ||
German | atzelmännchen | [“doll”] | ||
German | atzmann | [“doll,” “puppet”] | ||
German | erdmännchen, erdmännlein | [“little earth man”]/[“earth mannekin”] | ||
German | erdweibchen | [“little earth woman”] | ||
German | mandlwurz, mandelwurz | [“little root-man”] | ||
German | menschenwurzel | [“human’s root”] | ||
Greek | [anthropómorphos] | ἀνθρωπόμορφος | [“human-shaped”] (due to its anthropomorphic roots) | [45: IV,75] |
Greek | [paidí] | παιδί | [“child”] (may be because of its small, child-shaped root; less probable is because it may induce fertility) | [59: 442] |
Greek | [arkánthropos] | ἀρκάνθρωπος | [“bear-man shaped”] (due to its fat/hairy roots) | |
Latin | antropophora | [“human-bearer”] (from Greek) | [45: IV,75]) | |
Latin | semihomo | [“half human”] | [45: IV, 75] | |
Polish | męzyk | [“male”] | [12: 164] | |
Turkish | adamkökü | [“man root”] | ||
Turkish | adamotu | [“man plant”] | ||
Turkish | insan kökü | [“person root”] | ||
Turkish | insan otu | [“person plant”] | ||
B2 | ||||
Arabic | [fākihat al—gurāb] | فاكهة الغراب | [“raven’s fruit” [ (the birds like this fruit) | [125: 624–625] (Andalusia, 13th c.) |
Arabic | [sābizāj, ṣābizāj] | صابيزاج,سابيزاج | [“a plant with black (dark) seeds”] from Farsi: “šā(h)” which means black (cf. šāh-tūt) and “bīzak” means seed, grain | [84: 351] (Andalusia 6–7th c.); [126: 219]; [100: 106] (Syria) |
Arabic | [luffāh] | لفّاح | “The burning (or emitting a good odor) fruit” (name related only to the fruit of the plant) | [86: 107] (Arabia, 9th c.); [85, II: 774] (Andalusia, 11th c.); [88: 592]; [41: 121]; [127: 285]; [128: 242] (Arabia, 9th c.); [129: 250] (North Africa); [130: 36] (Turkey); AGK Pers. obs.(Palestine) |
Armenian | [loshtak, loštak] |
| Loshtak means literally “ear” (due to the fact that “the leaf is large and with many ridges like an ear” (Garnik Asatrian, Pers. com. 30.10.19) | |
Farsi | [šā(h)bīzak Spelling variants: sābisaj / šbizak / sbysq, š’bysk] | شابیزک | [“plant with black seeds”] (see above, also A. belladonna) | [100: 106] |
Greek | [avgoulátsa/ avgoudátsa] | αυγουλάτσα, αυγουδάτσα | [“bearing little egg-shaped fruits”] | [59: 430] |
Greek | [chondrovotáni] | χοντροβοτάνι | [“fat herb”] (probably due to its large leaves or its fat taproot)] | [59: 439] (Lakonia) |
Greek | [kourouniá] | κουρουνιά | [“crow nest-shaped”] (leaves) | [59: 433–434] (Nisyros and Leros islands) |
Greek | [megalovotáni] | μεγαλοβοτάνι | [“large herb”] (due to its large leaves or fat taproot) | [59: 439] (Lakonia) |
Greek | [papútsa] | παπούτσα | [“shoe-shaped”] (leaves) | [59: 440] (Cyprus) |
Serbo-Croatian | [nadliška] | Haдлишкa | “Nad” means over, above; “liška” means leaf. Probably the word means something stronger or more important than leaf (which is close to the root in the mandrake) or could also emphasize the fruit (“above the leaf”) | [71: 20] |
Serbo-Croatian | [veliko zelje] | beликo зeљe | “Veliko” means great, large, big; “zelje” means greens or herb. The word could implicate “a great herb” because of its relatively large (long) leaves | [71: 20] |
Serbo-Croatian | [vodopić] | boдoпић | “Voda” means water, “piti” means to drink; literally “vodopić” is one who drinks water; could be linked to shiny intense green leaves (?) | [71: 20] |
Serbo-Croatian | [veliko zelje / velje zelje] | beликo зeљe | “Veliko” means great, large, big; “zelje” means greens or herb. The word could implicate “a great herb” because of relatively large (long) leaves | [71: 20] |
Spanish | lirios | [“lily flower”] (resemblance to lily flower) | [131: 175] | |
Turkish | beş damar otu | [“five-veined plant”] | [41: 124] (North Cyprus) | |
Turkish | lüffâh | Luffah: mandrake’s fruit in Arabic | ||
Turkish | lüffâh-ı berry | [“wild luffah”] (see Luffah) | [41: 124] | |
B3 | ||||
Arabic | [tuffāḥ al-barr] | تفّاح البرّ | [“wild apple”] | [132] |
Arabic | [tuffāḥ bittanžān] | تفّاح بطنجان | [“eggplant’s apple”] | A local name in the Galilee. Israel (SAH Pers. Obs) |
French | belladone sans tige | [“belladonna without a stem”] | ||
French | pomme terrestre | [“earth’s apple”] | ||
German | borchart | Burcher: a popular name for Atropa belladonna (Hambel 2002:330) | ||
German | erdapfel, ertapfel | [“Earth’s apple”] | [83; 258]; [118: 355]; [119: 137]; [75: 22]; [134, III: 53]; [31: 41]; [30: 331] | |
German | malzapfel, maltzapfel, melzlh apfel | Seems to be a corruption/translation of “pomum macianum” | ||
Greek | [mala silvestria] | μάλα σιλβέστρια | [“wild apples”] | [45: IV,75] (Romans in Greece) |
Greek | [mala terrestria] | μάλα τερρέστρια | [“Earth's apples”] | [45: IV,75] |
Greek | [milopeponiá] | μηλοπηπονιά | [“apple-melon tasting”] | |
Greek | [miliákos] | μηλιάκος | [“apple-like”] | |
Greek | θριδακία (f.) / θριδακίας (m) | ɵριδακία (f.)/ɵριδακίας (m) | [“lettuce-looking plant”] | |
Latin | malum terrae, malus terrae, mala terrestria | [“Earth’s apple” / “Earth’s apples”] | [84: 351] (Andalusia, 6-7th c.); [79: 6] (Spain). [45: IV,75] | |
Latin | thridakía, thridaks | [“lettuce-looking plant”] | ||
Serbo-Croatian | [divlja jabučica] | Дивљa Jaбyчицa | [“wild small apples”] “divlja” means wild and “jabučica” means small apple | [71: 20] |
Slovak | Pěkná jablečka | [“beautiful apple”] | [139: 359] | |
Spanish | manzana de tierra | [“Earth’s apple”] | [131: 192] | |
Spanish | acelgón, acelgones | [“chard”] (due to the leaves resembling this plant) | [66] | |
Spanish | berengenilla, berenjenilla | [“little eggplant”] | ||
Spanish | berenjena mora | [“Moorish eggplant”] | [66] | |
Spanish | lechuguilla | [“small lettuce”] | [66] | |
Spanish | tomatico | [“small tomato”] | [66] | |
Spanish | uva de moro | [“Moorish grape”] | ||
Turkish | lüffâh-ı berri | [“Earth loofah”] | [41: 124] | |
Turkish | toskafa kavunu | [“butting head melon”] (because it looks like a head that butts) | ||
Turkish | yer elması | [“Earth apple”] | ||
Turkish | yer yenidünyası | [“Earth’s loquat”] |