Bioecological representations and social characteristics of students influence their attitudes toward wild vertebrates

Table 4 Effect of different bioecological representations (positive and negative) on the attitude of empathy, antipathy, and extreme antipathy of students towards wild animals

Response variables	Predictor variables	Estimate	Std. Error	z value	Pr( >\|z\|)		AIC	AIC Null model	ΔAIC
Empathy attitudes	Useful	0.038687	0.00294	12.94	< 2.00E16	***	68,718. 3	73,416	4697.7
	Harmless	0.029232	0.00259	11.26	< 2.00E16	***
	Ignores humans	0.008717	0.00268	3.292	0.00095	***
	Runs away from humans	0.01636	0.00254	6.38	1.77E-10	***
	Important for nature	0.047723	0.00277	17.39	< 2.00E16	***
	Dangerous	− 0.02545	0.00344	− 7.304	2.80E-13	***
	Poisonous	− 0.0308	0.00299	10.32	< 2.00E16	***
	Deadly	0.009433	0.00353	2.662	0.00779	**
	Attacks humans	0.016471	0.00332	4.958	7.13E-07	***
Antipathy attitudes	Useful	− 0.02428	0.00326	− 7.481	7.38E-14	***	65,503.9	69,874.4	4370.5
	Harmless	− 0.01774	0.002774	− 6.395	1.61E-10	***
	Ignores humans	0.013108	0.002838	4.619	3.85E-06	***
	Runs away from humans	0.007412	0.002637	2.811	0.00494	**
	Important for nature	− 0.02069	0.002947	− 7.02	2.21E-12	***
	Dangerous	0.028819	0.003385	8.514	< 2.00E16	***
	Poisonous	0.030866	0.00302	10.22	< 2.00E16	***
	Deadly	0.02334	0.003474	6.719	1.83E-11	***
	Attacks humans	0.033128	0.003274	10.118	< 2.00E-16	***
Extreme antipathy attitudes	Useful	− 0.04337	0.003743	11.588	< 2.00E-16	***	53,403.6	58,326.2	4922.6
	Harmless	− 0.00748	0.003054	− 2.448	0.014364	*
	Ignores humans	0.029906	0.003185	9.39	< 2.00E-16	***
	Runs away from humans	− 0.01277	0.002932	− 4.355	1.33E-05	***
	Important for nature	− 0.01153	0.003325	− 3.467	0.000527	***
	Dangerous	0.036871	0.003834	9.618	< 2.00E-16	***
	Poisonous	0.088817	0.003248	27.347	< 2.00E-16	***
	Deadly	0.009856	0.003912	2.519	0.01176	*
	Attacks humans	0.01134	0.003699	3.066	0.002173	**

Estimated values indicate the coefficient associated with the variable listed on the left
Z values indicate the degree to which the explanatory variables have a significant effect. Pr ( >|z|) are listed as two-tailed p-values that correspond to z-values following a standard normal distribution. Significance levels as follows: P > 0.05; *P ≤ 0.05; **P ≤ 0.01; ***P ≤ 0.001. Quantitative statistics for the score obtained through the Likert scale for empathy and antipathy attitudes. Estimated values, standard error, z values and significance as predicted by the GLM model

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