Wild food plants of Brazil: a theoretical approach to non-random selection

Gomes, Lailson César Andrade; de Medeiros, Patrícia Muniz; Prata, Ana Paula do Nascimento

doi:10.1186/s13002-023-00603-6

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 Overused and underused families of wild food plants from the Brazilian flora

From: Wild food plants of Brazil: a theoretical approach to non-random selection

Family (J)	nj	xj	Lower (B)	Upper (B)	Status (B)	Lower (I)	Upper (I)	Status (I)
Acanthaceae	472	0	0.0000000	0.0077850	ns	0.0000000	0.0183457	ns
Achariaceae	19	0	0.0000000	0.1764669	ns	0.0000000	0.3491221	ns
Achatocarpaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Adoxaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Alismataceae	35	1	0.0007231	0.1491721	ns	0.0006660	0.2480494	ns
Alstroemeriacea	41	0	0.0000000	0.0860438	ns	0.0000000	0.1865620	ns
Amaranthaceae	132	0	0.0000000	0.0275592	ns	0.0000000	0.0635684	ns
Amaryllidacea	131	0	0.0000000	0.0277666	ns	0.0000000	0.0640326	ns
Anacardiaceae	58	5	0.0285860	0.1898260	Overused	0.0271514	0.2421587	Overused
Anisophylleaceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Annonaceae	377	9	0.0109729	0.0448327	Overused	0.0108858	0.0545119	Overused
Apiaceae	70	1	0.0003616	0.0770438	ns	0.0003468	0.1343938	ns
Apocynaceae	787	4	0.0013865	0.0129619	ns	0.0013812	0.0181709	ns
Apodanthaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Aptandraceae	10	0	0.0000000	0.3084971	ns	0.0000000	0.5381315	ns
Aquifoliaceae	54	1	0.0004687	0.0989152	ns	0.0004441	0.1700398	ns
Araceae	504	0	0.0000000	0.0072925	ns	0.0000000	0.0171943	ns
Araliaceae	94	0	0.0000000	0.0384834	ns	0.0000000	0.0877318	ns
Arecaceae	300	27	0.0601495	0.1282425	Overused	0.0595455	0.1383209	Overused
Aristolochiacea	84	0	0.0000000	0.0429649	ns	0.0000000	0.0974808	ns
Asparagaceae	14	0	0.0000000	0.2316358	ns	0.0000000	0.4343179	ns
Asphodelaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Asteraceae Bercht	2066	9	0.0019938	0.0082533	ns	0.0019909	0.0101093	ns
Balanophoraceae	15	0	0.0000000	0.2180194	ns	0.0000000	0.4141775	ns
Basellaceae	2	1	0.0125791	0.9874209	Overused	0.0050508	0.9949492	ns
Bataceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Begoniaceae	215	0	0.0000000	0.0170112	ns	0.0000000	0.0396879	ns
Berberidaceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Bignoniaceae	411	1	0.0000616	0.0134812	ns	0.0000612	0.0245522	ns
Bixaceae	7	1	0.0036103	0.5787232	ns	0.0025286	0.7376219	ns
Bonnetiaceae	8	0	0.0000000	0.3694166	ns	0.0000000	0.6097426	ns
Boraginaceae	146	3	0.0042577	0.0588739	ns	0.0041716	0.0855848	ns
Brassicaceae	6	0	0.0000000	0.4592581	ns	0.0000000	0.7007049	ns
Bromeliaceae	1356	9	0.0030393	0.0125619	ns	0.0030326	0.0153734	ns
Brunelliaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Burmanniaceae	26	0	0.0000000	0.1322746	ns	0.0000000	0.2735152	ns
Burseraceae	117	2	0.0020769	0.0603860	ns	0.0020248	0.0945588	ns
Cabombaceae	5	0	0.0000000	0.5218238	ns	0.0000000	0.7551368	ns
Cactaceae	276	12	0.0226646	0.0747156	Overused	0.0224188	0.0871251	Overused
Calophyllaceae	94	0	0.0000000	0.0384834	ns	0.0000000	0.0877318	ns
Calyceraceae	6	0	0.0000000	0.4592581	ns	0.0000000	0.7007049	ns
Campanulaceae	57	0	0.0000000	0.0626675	ns	0.0000000	0.1392432	ns
Canellaceae	6	0	0.0000000	0.4592581	ns	0.0000000	0.7007049	ns
Cannabaceae	14	0	0.0000000	0.2316358	ns	0.0000000	0.4343179	ns
Cannaceae	4	0	0.0000000	0.6023646	ns	0.0000000	0.8159484	ns
Capparaceae	29	3	0.0218637	0.2735152	Overused	0.0197672	0.3643923	Overused
Caprifoliaceae	17	0	0.0000000	0.1950643	ns	0.0000000	0.3789268	ns
Cardiopteridaceae	5	0	0.0000000	0.5218238	ns	0.0000000	0.7551368	ns
Caricaceae	8	1	0.0031597	0.5265097	ns	0.0022990	0.6920953	ns
Caryocaraceae	16	2	0.0155136	0.3834762	Overused	0.0130122	0.5120293	Overused
Celastraceae	141	2	0.0017224	0.0502983	ns	0.0016865	0.0791681	ns
Ceratophyllaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Chloranthaceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Chrysobalanaceae	280	2	0.0008662	0.0255628	ns	0.0008570	0.0407470	ns
Cistaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Cleomaceae	34	0	0.0000000	0.1028179	ns	0.0000000	0.2190962	ns
Clethraceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Clusiaceae	140	2	0.0017348	0.0506509	ns	0.0016983	0.0797087	ns
Combretaceae	61	1	0.0004150	0.0879881	ns	0.0003955	0.1523635	ns
Commelinaceae	106	1	0.0002388	0.0514431	ns	0.0002322	0.0912983	ns
Connaraceae	71	0	0.0000000	0.0506294	ns	0.0000000	0.1139373	ns
Convolvulaceae	400	2	0.0006061	0.0179441	ns	0.0006016	0.0287148	ns
Costaceae	23	0	0.0000000	0.1481851	ns	0.0000000	0.3015404	ns
Coulaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Crassulaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Cucurbitaceae	146	2	0.0016633	0.0486066	ns	0.0016297	0.0765714	ns
Cunoniaceae	12	0	0.0000000	0.2646485	ns	0.0000000	0.4808911	ns
Cyclanthaceae	36	0	0.0000000	0.0973938	ns	0.0000000	0.2087019	ns
Cymodoceaceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Cyperaceae	636	1	0.0000398	0.0087290	ns	0.0000396	0.0159494	ns
Cyrillaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Dichapetalaceae	26	0	0.0000000	0.1322746	ns	0.0000000	0.2735152	ns
Dilleniaceae	78	0	0.0000000	0.0461924	ns	0.0000000	0.1044437	ns
Dioscoreaceae	136	2	0.0017859	0.0521120	ns	0.0017473	0.0819470	ns
Droseraceae	32	0	0.0000000	0.1088812	ns	0.0000000	0.2305750	ns
Ebenaceae	62	2	0.0039308	0.1117191	ns	0.0037483	0.1704563	ns
Elaeocarpaceae	43	0	0.0000000	0.0822111	ns	0.0000000	0.1789644	ns
Elatinaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Ericaceae	106	1	0.0002388	0.0514431	ns	0.0002322	0.0912983	ns
Eriocaulaceae	591	0	0.0000000	0.0062223	Underused	0.0000000	0.0146882	ns
Erythropalaceae	22	0	0.0000000	0.1543725	ns	0.0000000	0.3121903	ns
Erythroxylaceae	133	0	0.0000000	0.0273548	ns	0.0000000	0.0631109	ns
Escalloniaceae	9	0	0.0000000	0.3362671	ns	0.0000000	0.5718585	ns
Euphorbiaceae	946	7	0.0029800	0.0151862	ns	0.0029706	0.0192930	ns
Euphroniaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Fabaceae	2857	21	0.0045556	0.0112140	ns	0.0045508	0.0124605	ns
Gelsemiaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Gentianaceae	124	0	0.0000000	0.0293109	ns	0.0000000	0.0674816	ns
Geraniaceae	7	0	0.0000000	0.4096164	ns	0.0000000	0.6524529	ns
Gesneriaceae	226	0	0.0000000	0.0161900	ns	0.0000000	0.0378056	ns
Goodeniaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Goupiaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Griseliniaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Gunneraceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Haemodoraceae	5	0	0.0000000	0.5218238	ns	0.0000000	0.7551368	ns
Haloragaceae	5	0	0.0000000	0.5218238	ns	0.0000000	0.7551368	ns
Heliconiaceae	25	0	0.0000000	0.1371852	ns	0.0000000	0.2822644	ns
Hernandiaceae	11	0	0.0000000	0.2849142	ns	0.0000000	0.5079757	ns
Humiriaceae	37	1	0.0006840	0.1416031	ns	0.0006327	0.2366374	ns
Hydnoraceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Hydrocharitaceae	13	0	0.0000000	0.2470526	ns	0.0000000	0.4564565	ns
Hydroleaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Hypericaceae	54	0	0.0000000	0.0660315	ns	0.0000000	0.1461991	ns
Hypoxidaceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Icacinaceae	11	0	0.0000000	0.2849142	ns	0.0000000	0.5079757	ns
Iridaceae	198	0	0.0000000	0.0184582	ns	0.0000000	0.0429964	ns
Ixonanthaceae	4	0	0.0000000	0.6023646	ns	0.0000000	0.8159484	ns
Juncaceae	23	0	0.0000000	0.1481851	ns	0.0000000	0.3015404	ns
Juncaginaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Krameriaceae	5	0	0.0000000	0.5218238	ns	0.0000000	0.7551368	ns
Lacistemataceae	11	0	0.0000000	0.2849142	ns	0.0000000	0.5079757	ns
Lamiaceae	515	4	0.0021202	0.0197663	ns	0.0021079	0.0276439	ns
Lauraceae	461	0	0.0000000	0.0079700	ns	0.0000000	0.0187779	ns
Lecythidaceae	121	1	0.0002092	0.0451861	ns	0.0002042	0.0805345	ns
Lentibulariaceae	90	0	0.0000000	0.0401589	ns	0.0000000	0.0913878	ns
Lepidobotryaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Linaceae	15	0	0.0000000	0.2180194	ns	0.0000000	0.4141775	ns
Linderniaceae	12	0	0.0000000	0.2646485	ns	0.0000000	0.4808911	ns
Loasaceae	17	0	0.0000000	0.1950643	ns	0.0000000	0.3789268	ns
Loganiaceae	121	0	0.0000000	0.0300266	ns	0.0000000	0.0690761	ns
Loranthaceae	86	0	0.0000000	0.0419870	ns	0.0000000	0.0953616	ns
Lythraceae	222	0	0.0000000	0.0164793	ns	0.0000000	0.0384690	ns
Magnoliaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Malpighiaceae	581	3	0.0010661	0.0150152	ns	0.0010606	0.0222272	ns
Malvaceae	836	3	0.0007407	0.0104510	ns	0.0007380	0.0155001	ns
Marantaceae	220	1	0.0001151	0.0250641	ns	0.0001135	0.0452871	ns
Marcgraviaceae	34	0	0.0000000	0.1028179	ns	0.0000000	0.2190962	ns
Martyniaceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Mayacaceae	4	0	0.0000000	0.6023646	ns	0.0000000	0.8159484	ns
Melastomataceae	1439	4	0.0007579	0.0071017	ns	0.0007563	0.0099761	ns
Meliaceae	92	1	0.0002752	0.0590779	ns	0.0002665	0.1043084	ns
Menispermaceae	108	1	0.0002344	0.0505105	ns	0.0002281	0.0896999	ns
Menyanthaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Metteniusaceae	16	0	0.0000000	0.2059072	ns	0.0000000	0.3957846	ns
Microteaceae	9	0	0.0000000	0.3362671	ns	0.0000000	0.5718585	ns
Molluginaceae	5	0	0.0000000	0.5218238	ns	0.0000000	0.7551368	ns
Monimiaceae	46	0	0.0000000	0.0770618	ns	0.0000000	0.1686589	ns
Moraceae	205	3	0.0030281	0.0421693	ns	0.0029843	0.0617255	ns
Muntingiaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Myristicaceae	64	1	0.0003955	0.0840103	ns	0.0003778	0.1458632	ns
Myrtaceae	1054	31	0.0200695	0.0414894	Overused	0.0200123	0.0446612	Overused
Nartheciaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Nyctaginaceae	61	0	0.0000000	0.0586812	ns	0.0000000	0.1309357	ns
Nymphaeaceae	23	1	0.0011002	0.2194866	ns	0.0009733	0.3486788	ns
Ochnaceae	207	0	0.0000000	0.0176628	ns	0.0000000	0.0411791	ns
Olacaceae	13	1	0.0019456	0.3602974	ns	0.0015811	0.5237708	ns
Oleaceae	14	0	0.0000000	0.2316358	ns	0.0000000	0.4343179	ns
Onagraceae	62	0	0.0000000	0.0577626	ns	0.0000000	0.1290113	ns
Opiliaceae	5	0	0.0000000	0.5218238	ns	0.0000000	0.7551368	ns
Orchidaceae	2340	0	0.0000000	0.0015752	Underused	0.0000000	0.0037373	Underused
Orobanchaceae	41	0	0.0000000	0.0860438	ns	0.0000000	0.1865620	ns
Oxalidaceae	108	0	0.0000000	0.0335796	ns	0.0000000	0.0769556	ns
Passifloraceae	164	10	0.0296245	0.1092759	Overused	0.0290853	0.1294375	Overused
Pentaphylacaceae	19	0	0.0000000	0.1764669	ns	0.0000000	0.3491221	ns
Peraceae	18	0	0.0000000	0.1853020	ns	0.0000000	0.3634240	ns
Peridiscaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Phyllanthaceae	133	0	0.0000000	0.0273548	ns	0.0000000	0.0631109	ns
Phytolaccaceae	11	0	0.0000000	0.2849142	ns	0.0000000	0.5079757	ns
Picramniaceae	22	0	0.0000000	0.1543725	ns	0.0000000	0.3121903	ns
Picrodendraceae	4	0	0.0000000	0.6023646	ns	0.0000000	0.8159484	ns
Piperaceae	462	2	0.0005247	0.0155497	ns	0.0005213	0.0249137	ns
Plantaginaceae	126	2	0.0019281	0.0561622	ns	0.0018831	0.0881340	ns
Plumbaginaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Poaceae	1297	2	0.0001868	0.0055591	Underused	0.0001864	0.0089526	ns
Polygalaceae	213	1	0.0001189	0.0258790	ns	0.0001172	0.0467335	ns
Polygonaceae	84	1	0.0003014	0.0645520	ns	0.0002910	0.1135534	ns
Pontederiaceae	26	0	0.0000000	0.1322746	ns	0.0000000	0.2735152	ns
Portulacaceae	20	1	0.0012651	0.2487328	ns	0.0011002	0.3878119	ns
Potamogetonaceae	13	0	0.0000000	0.2470526	ns	0.0000000	0.4564565	ns
Primulaceae	141	1	0.0001795	0.0388805	ns	0.0001758	0.0695934	ns
Proteaceae	37	0	0.0000000	0.0948906	ns	0.0000000	0.2038647	ns
Putranjivaceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Quiinaceae	35	0	0.0000000	0.1000324	ns	0.0000000	0.2137733	ns
Quillajaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Ranunculaceae	15	0	0.0000000	0.2180194	ns	0.0000000	0.4141775	ns
Rapateaceae	41	0	0.0000000	0.0860438	ns	0.0000000	0.1865620	ns
Rhabdodendraceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Rhamnaceae	44	5	0.0379437	0.2455768	Overused	0.0354563	0.3080913	Overused
Rhizophoraceae	10	0	0.0000000	0.3084971	ns	0.0000000	0.5381315	ns
Rosaceae	29	3	0.0218637	0.2735152	Overused	0.0197672	0.3643923	Overused
Rubiaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Ruppiaceae	194	3	0.0032005	0.0445247	ns	0.0031515	0.0651099	ns
Rutaceae	1388	4	0.0007857	0.0073621	ns	0.0007841	0.0103409	ns
Sabiaceae	9	0	0.0000000	0.3362671	ns	0.0000000	0.5718585	ns
Salicaceae	99	0	0.0000000	0.0365757	ns	0.0000000	0.0835533	ns
Samydaceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Santalaceae	54	0	0.0000000	0.0660315	ns	0.0000000	0.1461991	ns
Sapindaceae	418	3	0.0014825	0.0208301	ns	0.0014719	0.0307607	ns
Sapotaceae	237	6	0.0093461	0.0542860	Overused	0.0092286	0.0699907	Overused
Sarraceniaceae	5	0	0.0000000	0.5218238	ns	0.0000000	0.7551368	ns
Schlegeliaceae	7	0	0.0000000	0.4096164	ns	0.0000000	0.6524529	ns
Schoepfiaceae	5	0	0.0000000	0.5218238	ns	0.0000000	0.7551368	ns
Scrophulariaceae	17	0	0.0000000	0.1950643	ns	0.0000000	0.3789268	ns
Simaroubaceae	37	0	0.0000000	0.0948906	ns	0.0000000	0.2038647	ns
Siparunaceae	20	0	0.0000000	0.1684335	ns	0.0000000	0.3358891	ns
Smilacaceae	32	0	0.0000000	0.1088812	ns	0.0000000	0.2305750	ns
Solanaceae	468	9	0.0088303	0.0361911	ns	0.0087738	0.0440812	ns
Staphyleaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Stemonuraceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Strelitziaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Strombosiaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Styracaceae	25	0	0.0000000	0.1371852	ns	0.0000000	0.2822644	ns
Surianaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Symplocaceae	45	0	0.0000000	0.0787051	ns	0.0000000	0.1719599	ns
Taccaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Talinaceae	2	2	0.1581139	1.0000000	Overused	0.0527450	1.0000000	Overused
Tetrameristaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Theaceae	1	0	0.0000000	0.9750000	ns	0.0000000	0.9936905	ns
Thismiaceae	16	0	0.0000000	0.2059072	ns	0.0000000	0.3957846	ns
Thurniaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Thymelaeaceae	25	0	0.0000000	0.1371852	ns	0.0000000	0.2822644	ns
Tofieldiaceae	4	0	0.0000000	0.6023646	ns	0.0000000	0.8159484	ns
Trigoniaceae	26	0	0.0000000	0.1322746	ns	0.0000000	0.2735152	ns
Triuridaceae	13	0	0.0000000	0.2470526	ns	0.0000000	0.4564565	ns
Tropaeolaceae	4	0	0.0000000	0.6023646	ns	0.0000000	0.8159484	ns
Turneraceae	163	0	0.0000000	0.0223770	ns	0.0000000	0.0519043	ns
Typhaceae	3	2	0.0942993	0.9915962	Overused	0.0432719	0.9957893	Overused
Ulmaceae	6	0	0.0000000	0.4592581	ns	0.0000000	0.7007049	ns
Urticaceae	108	2	0.0022506	0.0652965	ns	0.0021896	0.1019933	ns
Velloziaceae	225	0	0.0000000	0.0162614	ns	0.0000000	0.0379693	ns
Verbenaceae	284	0	0.0000000	0.0129050	ns	0.0000000	0.0302424	ns
Violaceae	78	0	0.0000000	0.0461924	ns	0.0000000	0.1044437	ns
Vitaceae	50	1	0.0005062	0.1064695	ns	0.0004776	0.1821078	ns
Vivianiaceae	2	0	0.0000000	0.8418861	ns	0.0000000	0.9472550	ns
Vochysiaceae	166	0	0.0000000	0.0219771	ns	0.0000000	0.0509987	ns
Winteraceae	3	0	0.0000000	0.7075982	ns	0.0000000	0.8818828	ns
Ximeniaceae	5	0	0.0000000	0.5218238	ns	0.0000000	0.7551368	ns
Xyridaceae	198	0	0.0000000	0.0184582	ns	0.0000000	0.0429964	ns
Zingiberaceae	20	0	0.0000000	0.1684335	ns	0.0000000	0.3358891	ns
Zygophyllaceae	4	0	0.0000000	0.6023646	ns	0.0000000	0.8159484	ns
Total geral	32,740	254	0.0068357	0.0088651		0.0068357	0.0088651

nj, number of species for group J; xj, number of food species of group J; lower (B), lower limit for the Bayesian model; upper (B), upper limit for the Bayesian model; status (B), status according to the Bayesian model; lower (I), lower limit for the IDM; upper (I), upper limit for the IDM; status (I), status according to the IDM

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