Table 2 Inventory of edible flowers consumed by different linguistic groups in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China
From: Ethnobotanical study on edible flowers in Xishuangbanna, China
Scientific name | Family | Vernacular name (D: Dai language; H: Hani; JN: Jinuo; L: Lahu; W: Wa; Y: Yi; YN: Yunnan dialect) | Chinese name | Distribution in Yunnan | Habitat | Flower parts used for food | With/without other parts when collecting/ consuming flowers | Categories of use type | Methods of preparation for food | Additional use(s) | RFC | Voucher number |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aglaia odorata Lour | Meliaceae | ge mai yon yo (D) | 米仔兰 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower, flower buds | Flower only | Tea-scenting flower | Scenting tea | Flowers used for promoting qi circulation and relieving depression, sobering up alcohol and clearing the lungs, and for extracting essential oils | 0.008 | BN412 |
Alcea rosea L. | Malvaceae | Yi zhang hong (YN) | 蜀葵 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Cooked in water with chicken or pork; congee-making | Whole plant for ornamental. Roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds as medicine for clearing heat, harmonizing the blood and moistening the intestines | 0.008 | BN058 |
Allium chinense G. Don | Amaryllidaceae | huo huang (D) | 藠头 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | With leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; pickled | Common vegetable and also for medicinal purpose. Invigorating stomach | 0.004 | BN021 |
Allium fistulosum L. | Amaryllidaceae | pa bang (D), huo pa ge huo lai (H) | 葱 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | With leaves | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fried; salad; pickled | Common vegetable, seasoning and also for medicinal purpose. Inducing resuscitation | 0.008 | BN033 |
Allium hookeri Thwaites | Amaryllidaceae | luo wo mo (Y), pi cai (YN) | 宽叶韭 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried with pork or eggs; cooked in water; pickled | Common vegetable. For dispelling blood stasis and promoting blood circulation, promoting qi circulation and promoting stagnation | 0.048 | BN066 |
Allium sativum L. | Amaryllidaceae | huo huang (D), dun bie (Y) | 蒜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fried; pickled | Common vegetable, seasoning and also for medicinal purpose. Bulbs for anti-inflammation and rheumatism | 0.056 | BN010 |
Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengle | Amaryllidaceae | pa biang (D), xiu we (L), dong bu lai (Y) | 韭 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; soup; salad; pickled | Common vegetable, seasoning and also for medicinal purpose. Diminishing inflammation, relieving cough, expelling phlegm and nourishing liver and kidney | 0.048 | BN003 |
Alpinia blepharocalyx K. Schum | Zingiberaceae | ja bi ne mi bo we (L), guc ga (D), me du/niu ma me du (H), me le me du (JN) | 云南草蔻 | S & W Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fried; roasted; salad; as seasonings | Fruits for food | 0.008 | BN213 |
Alpinia emaculata S. Q. Tong | Zingiberaceae | ou ga mi bo we (L) | 无斑山姜 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Seasoning | As seasonings | Rhizome for invigorating stomach | 0.004 | BN075 |
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd | Zingiberaceae | mi bo wei (L), me pi (H), guo ha/guo ha pie/guo he kou you (D) | 红豆蔻 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable, seasoning | As seasonings; salad | Roots, stems and fruits for medicine | 0.008 | BN311 |
Alpinia oxyphylla Miq | Zingiberaceae | ja bi ne mi bo we (L) | 益智 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Seasoning | As seasonings | Seeds boiled in water and consumed as medicine | 0.008 | BN237 |
Alpinia platychilus K. Schumann | Zingiberaceae | bi ga/guo ga long (D) | 宽唇山姜 | S Yunnan | Wild | Flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; soup; roasted; cooked with bamboo shoots or other vegetables | Seeds for stomach distention, indigestion, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, generalized soreness caused by cold wind. Fruits for stomachache | 0.004 | BN198 |
Alpinia roxburghii Sweet | Zingiberaceae | ja bi ne mi bo we (L), xiao cao kou (YN) | 绿苞山姜 | S Yunnan | Wild | Flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable, seasoning | Cooked in water; salad; as seasonings | Seeds for warm stomach | 0.004 | BN101 |
Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B. L. Burtt & R. M. Sm | Zingiberaceae | La yue ge (JN) | 艳山姜 | Tropical Yunnan | Wild | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; salad | Used to treat indigestion, vomiting, and diarrhea | 0.024 | BN248 |
Amaranthus cruentus L. | Amaranthaceae | na wo we (L) | 老鸦谷 | Whole Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with young shoots and tender leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; salad | Wild leafy vegetable. Seeds are edible after brewing. Clearing heat-toxin | 0.008 | BN043 |
Amaranthus spinosus L. | Amaranthaceae | wo chu na mi (L), pa la (D), me du (JN) | 刺苋 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence, flower buds | Always with young shoots and tender leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; salad | Wild leafy vegetable. Stems and leaves for medicine | 0.008 | BN074 |
Amaranthus tricolor L. | Amaranthaceae | na wo we (L) | 苋菜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with young shoots and tender leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; salad | Common leafy vegetable. Improving eyesight | 0.016 | BN034 |
Amaranthus viridis L. | Amaranthaceae | na m (L), pa hon ge (D), wo ji (H), ya chi ge ye (JN) | 皱果苋 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Always with young shoots and tender leaves | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fried; cooked in water; salad | Wild leafy vegetable. Whole plant for medicine to clear heat-toxin and promote diuresis. Decoction of roots and stems for hypertension | 0.016 | BN157 |
Amomum compactum Solander ex Maton | Zingiberaceae | yi bu ri we (L), bai doukou (YN) | 爪哇白豆蔻 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower buds | With young shoots | Seasoning | Salad; as seasonings | Roots, stems and fruits for medicine | 0.004 | BN258 |
Amomum koenigii J. F. Gmelin | Zingiberaceae | lei wu se, chu bo we (L) | 野草果 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence, flower buds | With young shoots | Seasoning | As seasonings or making sauce | Roots, stems and fruits for medicine | 0.004 | BN226 |
Amomum maximum Roxb | Zingiberaceae | guo gu/ma gu (D), me ko (H), ja bi li m bo (L), mie qie (JN) | 九翅豆蔻 | S Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | Inflorescence | With young shoots | Vegetable, seasoning | Cooked in water; as seasonings | Rhizome or whole plant boiled in water for dyspepsia, stomach diseases and hepatitis. Fruits for food and medicine | 0.008 | BN137 |
Amorphophallus yuloensis H. Li | Araceae | La bong (JN) | 攸乐磨芋 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Inflorescence only | Vegetable | Stir-fried after blanching in hot water | Tuber used as food | 0.008 | BN041 |
Amorphophallus yunnanensis Engl | Araceae | Bu lai duo (JN) | 滇磨芋 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Inflorescence only | Vegetable | Stir-fried after blanching in hot water | Tuber used as food and medicine | 0.016 | BN036 |
Apium graveolens L. | Apiaceae | a xiu ka ma (L) | 旱芹 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with young stems and leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; salad after blanching; pickled | Wild leafy vegetable. Whole plant for medicine to clear heat-toxin, cool blood and lower blood pressure. Antihypertension | 0.016 | BN204 |
Areca catechu L. | Palmae | guo ma bu (D), mao lao si (H), Bin nan (YN) | 槟榔 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Male inflorescence | Male part only | Vegetable | Stewed with pork | Fruits for chowing and medicine. Expelling phlegm and relieving cough | 0.008 | BN091 |
Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott | Araceae | a cao ba (L) | 一把伞南星 | S Yunnan | Wild | Spathe and scape | Flower only | Vegetable | Pickled after drying in the sun, well-cooked for detoxifying | Tubers for treating burns by fire | 0.004 | BN315 |
Averrhoa carambola L. | Oxalidaceae | ma fen (D), bao mo ya bo(JN) | 阳桃 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stewed with duck meat | Tropical fruits. Nourishing kidney and lung | 0.004 | BN039 |
Bauhinia variegata var. candida (Roxb.) Voigt | Leguminosae | mai xiu bu/luo mei hao (D), pa wo we (L), du pia/doub a ye/du biu (H), ge le ping (W), jie bo/bo fa (JN), beng bo lun fang (Y), lao baihua (YN) | 粉花羊蹄甲; 老白花 | S Yunnan | Wild | Flower buds, all parts of flower, sometimes only petal, calyx | Flower only, also young leaves and pods | Vegetable | After blanching in hot water, stir-fried; cooked in water; fried; salad; stewed | Common wild vegetable in S Yunnan. Flowers, young leaves and pods consumed as vegetable. Roots used as anthelminthica and for relieving dyspepsia. Extracts can relieve hemorrhoids, constipation and lepriasis | 0.086 | BN018 |
Begonia cucullata Willd | Begoniaceae | Hai tang hua (YN) | 四季海棠 | Most areas of Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Sometimes with leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried with other food; salad | Ornamental | 0.016 | BN202 |
Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn | Cucurbitaceae | ma ha meng (D), tuo pu lu (JN) | 冬瓜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Fruit is a common vegetable. The decoction of fruit for fever, cold, menstrual disorder and diuresis. Seeds and melon skin for medicine | 0.004 | BN350 |
Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich | Urticaceae | ban tarng (D) | 苎麻 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; as hot-pot vegetable | The seed oil is edible and roots for medicine | 0.008 | BN235 |
Bombax ceiba L. | Malvaceae | re bie (JN), nie wei/la mai we (L), bo ming fang (Y), ge luo zhong (D), pan zhi hua (YN) | 木棉 | Tropical Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | Stamens, petal, sometimes all parts of flowers | Flower only | Vegetable | After blanching in hot water, stir-fried; cooked in water; salad after blanching; tea substitute; stewed; soup | Whole plant for medicine to clear heat-toxin, promote diuresis and hemostasis. Seed fibers for beddings | 0.056 | BN053 |
Brassica campestris var. purpuraria L.H.Bariley | Cruciferae | zi cai hua (YN) | 红菜薹 | C Yunnan | Imported | Inflorescence | Sometimes with stems and leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Leafy vegetable | 0.016 | BN233 |
Brassica juncea (L.) Czernajew | Cruciferae | wo pa ho we (L) | 冲菜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with young stems and leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; pickled | Common leafy vegetable. Seeds for suppressing hyperactive liver and hemostasis | 0.048 | BN026 |
Brassica oleracea L. | Cruciferae | pa ga lang (D), gai lan (YN) | 芥蓝 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with stems and leaves | Vegetable, tea substitute | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Many cultivators are common leafy vegetables and famous oil-bearing crops. Also used as medicine for detoxifying and expelling wind, and relieving summer heat | 0.068 | BN019 |
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L. | Cruciferae | wo li we (L), cai hua (YN) | 花椰菜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Common vegetable | 0.086 | BN011 |
Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck | Cruciferae | qing hua cai (YN) | 西蓝花 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Common vegetable | 0.056 | BN040 |
Brassica rapa var. chinensis (L.) Kitamura | Cruciferae | da hou (W) | 青菜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with young stems and leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Common leafy vegetable. Also used for expectorant and tourniquet relieving, detoxifying and swelling reducing | 0.056 | BN028 |
Brassica rapa var. glabra Regel | Cruciferae | 白菜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with young stems and leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Common vegetable | 0.056 | BN030 | |
Brassica rapa var. oleifera de Candolle | Cruciferae | paga langmang (D), you cai (YN) | 芸薹 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with stems and leaves | Vegetable | Fried; cooked in water; pickled; making cakes | Many cultivators are common leafy vegetables and famous oil-bearing crops. Also used as medicine for cooling blood, dispersing blood, detoxifying and reducing swelling | 0.024 | BN047 |
Buddleja officinalis Maxim | Scrophulariaceae | se ni we be be (L), huo mi huo xe/a bu bu shi le (JN), duo tuan/kao lun, mo ma gun (D), o pao pao xiu (H), lan wang fang/ nanr lang (Y), baba hua(YN) | 密蒙花 | Most areas of Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence, nectar | Flower only | Tea substitute, fooddye, snack | Cooked in water; tea substitute; dying rice and other foods; collecting nectars as snack | Common edible flower. Flowers for extracting perfume oils. Clearing heat and promoting diuresis. Improving eyesight | 0.056 | BN123 |
Calystegia hederacea Wall | Convolvulaceae | lao mu zhu cao (YN) | 打碗花 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Roots for irregular menstruation | 0.004 | BN092 |
Camellia japonica L. | Theaceae | zha fang (Y), bai yang cha (YN) | 华东山茶 | S & W Yunnan | Cultivated | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute, snack | Tea substitute; cooked in water; stir-fried; making soup or sweet | Roots and seed oils for medicine. Clearing heat-toxin, detumescence, cooling blood for hemostasis | 0.004 | BN224 |
Camellia oleifera Abel | Theaceae | la nan mang (D) | 油茶 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute | Tea substitute; cooked in water; stir-fried | Roots, seeds and seed oils for medicine. Clearing heat-toxin | 0.004 | BN362 |
Camellia reticulata Lindl | Theaceae | niu mo gu we (L) | 滇山茶 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute | Tea substitute; cooked in water; stir-fried | Clearing heat-toxin, detumescence, cooling blood for hemostasis | 0.004 | BN263 |
Camellia sinensis var. assamica (J. W. Masters) Kitamura | Theaceae | yi la (D), pe liu (L), luo bo (JN) | 普洱茶 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only; also young leaves | Tea substitute | Making tea or congee; cooked in water; brewing | Young leaves and stems can be cooked. Leaves for medicine. Clearing heat-toxin and cooling blood for hemostasis | 0.016 | BN054 |
Canna indica L. | Cannaceae | man dong (D), niu a bu we (L), ba jiao yu (YN) | 美人蕉 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Nectar | Flower only | Snack | Salad; collecting nectar as sweetener | Many horticultural cultivars for ornamental. Canna indica ‘Edulis’ is a common forage crop and for extracting starch as well | 0.016 | BN130 |
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medic | Cruciferae | a ga wo ma (L) | 荠菜 | Whole Yunnan | Wild, occasionally cultivated | Flower | Always with leaves | Vegetable | Salad; stir-fried; cooked in water | Wild vegetable. Used as medicine for treating dysentery, gonorrhea, edema, chyluria, hematemesis, bloody stools, blood avalanche, excessive menstruation, and eye pain | 0.016 | BN185 |
Carica papaya L. | Caricaceae | ma bao (JN), po me we (L) | 番木瓜 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Female inflorescence, male flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable | Salad with spice and sauce | Common tropical fruit. Used as medicine for improving breast milk secretion | 0.008 | BN063 |
Cassia fistula L. | Leguminosae | guo long liang/guo long (D) | 腊肠树 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried | The young leaves, fruit pods and fruits are edible. Fruits mashed for constipation and labyrinthitis | 0.004 | BN351 |
Celosia argentea L. | Amaranthaceae | luo lai guo ma (D), an na zhi we (L) | 青葙 | C, W & S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower, flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooking congee or soup; tea substitute | Young stems, leaves and seeds for food.Whole plant for eliminating dampness, clearing heat, destroying parasites and hemostasis. Roots for promoting blood circulation. Flowers for ornamental | 0.008 | BN183 |
Celosia cristata L. | Amaranthaceae | an ra zhi we (L), mam zham fang(Y) | 鸡冠花 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried with pork; cooked in water; stewed; soup | Cooling blood for hemostasis and nourishing blood | 0.016 | BN221 |
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat | Asteraceae | ak se e we (L) | 菊花 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower, sometimes petal | Flower only | Vegetable,tea substitute, snack, beverages | Salad; stir-fried; cooked in water; steamed; fried; baked; stewed; tea substitute | Clearing heat-fire, suppressing hyperactive liver and improving eyesight | 0.016 | BN029 |
Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr | Rutaceae | ma nu ma we (L), le (W), pao guo (YN) | 柚 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable, tea-scenting flower | Cooked in water; pickled; salad; scenting tea; as seasoning | Regulating qi-flowing, removing phlegm and relieving pain | 0.008 | BN190 |
Citrus medica L. | Rutaceae | ma vei (D), fo shou (YN) | 香橼 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower only | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute | Stir-fried; as seasoning | Regulating qi-flowing for relieving pain.Resolving food stagnation. Removing phlegmregulating qi to relieve pain, dissipating digestion and resolving phlegm | 0.008 | BN146 |
Clerodendrum bungei Steud | Lamiaceae | guo bing (D), buo huo chi (H), yu gi (JN) | 臭牡丹 | C & S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | With stems and leaves | Vegetable | After blanching, roasted in banana leaves; stir-fried; cooked in water | Expel wind and activate blood flow, clear away heat and toxic materia | 0.016 | BN167 |
Clerodendrum fortunatum L. | Lamiaceae | Deng long cao (YN) | 白花灯笼 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Ornamental. Used as medicine to treat cold, sore throat, cough, injuries caused by falls | 0.008 | BN268 |
Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet | Lamiaceae | bin liang (D), na pe na ce da (L), bie bo a bo(JN) | 赪桐 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | With leaves | Vegetable | After blanching, roasted in leaves; stir-fried; cooked in water; steamed; salad | Whole plants for dispelling pathogenic wind, removing dampness, detumescence, eliminating blood stasis and harmonizing qi | 0.008 | BN071 |
Clerodendrum serratum var. amplexifolium Moldenke | Lamiaceae | na pe nao e da (L), guang san ka (D), ni ya (H) | 三台花 | Tropical Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Roasted; stir-fried; cooked in water; mixed with mashed potato; salad after blanching in hot water | Used as medicine to treat damp heat dysentery, gonorrhea syndrome, rheumatism | 0.008 | BN295 |
Clitoria ternatea L. | Leguminosae | Nanbeo (D) | 蝶豆 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable, fooddye, tea substitute | Stir-fried; cooked in water; tea substitute; fried; dying beverage | Flowers for dyeing | 0.016 | BN143 |
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott | Araceae | bei xi we (L), buo pe/wen buo (D), pun bu lai (JN), bei wu/bu ma a ye (H), hou (Y) | 芋 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Peduncle, spathe, all parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | After removing the peel of petiole, stir-fried; stewed; pickled; steaming with eggplants | Common food crop. Leaves and corm are edible. Leaves can be used as fodder | 0.056 | BN035 |
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore | Asteraceae | mu no we (L), pa yar mo (D), guan dong wei niu(H), miao kuo (JN), ge ming cai (YN) | 野茼蒿 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | Flower | With young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; fried; after blanching as salad | Whole plants for for clearing heat for arresting cough and strengthening the stomach | 0.016 | BN142 |
Curcuma aromatica Salisb | Zingiberaceae | Wan jie long, wan lie (D) | 郁金 | S Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | Peduncle | Peduncle only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Ornamental. Rhizomes for medicine | 0.016 | BN348 |
Curcuma longa L. | Zingiberaceae | wang huo long/hao ming/hao min gie yin (D), me xiu (H), nie she (JN) | 姜黄 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | With rhizomes | Vegetable | Roasted; cooked in water; stewed; fried | Rhizome soaked in wine as dressing for rhizomestomach diseases, injury, skin diseases,joint pain, itching, inflammation. Rhizome for activating qi to resolve stagnation and removing blood stasis to relieve pain | 0.008 | BN064 |
Cucurbita moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poiret | Cucurbitaceae | ma ba leng/log ba (D), pe me wei (L), bu lu shi bier (W), tuo ke le/u du ar pa ar bu (JN), ging gua fang (Y) | 南瓜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Peduncle, mostly male flowers, occasionally female flowers | Flower only | Vegetable | Removing the peel of peduncle, stir-fried; cooked in water; soup | Young stem, leaf, flower and fruit are edible. Seeds for snacks. Clearing heat and promoting diuresis, detumescence, eliminating blood stasis and anti-cancer | 0.036 | BN056 |
Cynara scolymus L. | Asteraceae | yang ji (YN) | 菜蓟 | Part of Yunnan | Cultivated | Receptacle | Flower only | Vegetable | After boiling in hot water, salad or stir-fried | Assisting treatment of cardiovascular diseases | 0.008 | BN286 |
Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl | Orchidaceae | nuo ma hai (D) | 鼓槌石斛 | S & W Yunnan | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute | Cooked with eggs; salad; cooked in water; stewed; tea substitute | Stems for nourishing yin, promoting fluid production, quenching thirst and moistening lung. Dispersing stagnated liver qi for relieving qi stagnation and relieving spasm, pain and fatigue | 0.016 | BN013 | |
Dendrobium dixanthum Rchb | Orchidaceae | Diao lanhua (YN) | 黄花石斛 | S Yunnan | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Moistening lung invigorating and benefiting Qi | 0.004 | BN269 | |
Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw | Orchidaceae | Tong pi shihu (YN) | 细茎石斛 | Tropical Yunnan | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Moistening lung invigorating and benefiting Qi | 0.008 | BN1093 | |
Dendrobium nobile Lindl | Orchidaceae | Da cai (JN) | 石斛 | S & W Yunnan | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute | Stir-fried; cooked in water; tea substitute; stewed | Moistening lung invigorating and benefiting Qi. Stems for antidote. Promoting stomach intestine motility. Flowers for ornamental | 0.008 | BN105 | |
Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo | Orchidaceae | Zignat awlmurku caq natzhid (L) | 铁皮石斛 | Part of Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute | Stir-fried with eggs; cooked in water; tea substitute | Stem used as medicine for a long history to treat many ailments, and improving immunity | 0.008 | BN042 |
Dregea sinensis Hemsl | Apocynaceae | Ya gai xian dai /da bai gai (D), nai jiang hua (YN) | 苦绳 | C Yunnan | Wild, imported | Inflorescence | Sometimes with a few young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; fried with pork or ham | The whole plant used for dispelling wind and dampness, relieving cough and asthma, relieving inflammation and lactation, reducing swelling and pain, diuresis | 0.016 | BN188 |
Dregea volubilis (L. f.) Benth. ex Hook. f | Apocynaceae | a ka ba a ba/teng ke ou ni (H), ye ya/gong gai fang (Y), lao mei hong/log pa ong (D), pa ke lou ar bu (JN) | 南山藤 | S Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | Inflorescence | Sometimes with a few young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; fried; salad after blanching in hot water | A common leafy vegetable. Whole plant for clearing heat, eliminating dampness and relieving pain | 0.056 | BN037 |
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solme | Pontederiaceae | 水葫芦, pa bu dun (D), lao niu wa miu (H), yi gan ga mu go (L) | 凤眼蓝 | Whole Yunnan | Escaped | Inflorescence | With young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; salad; salad after blanching in hot water | Whole plant as fodder for pigs or medicine. Nourishing intestine for relaxing bowels | 0.016 | BN369 |
Elsholtzia bodinieri Vaniot | Lamiaceae | mixikakewe (L) | 东紫苏 | C & S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | With leaves | Tea substitute | Tea substitute | Clearing heat-toxin | 0.016 | BN201 |
Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland | Lamiaceae | mi xi ka ke we (L), ye la you ma (D), pu dao zha (Y), lao bo mo hao (H), sao ba cha (YN) | 香薷 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | With leaves | Tea substitute | Tea substitute | Clearing heat-toxin | 0.024 | BN135 |
Elsholtzia communis (Coll. et Hemsl.) Diels | Lamiaceae | Xiang zi su (YN) | 吉龙草 | Part of Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with stems and leaves | Tea substitute | Tea substitute | Whole plant used to treat throat swelling and pain, breast sores, swollen gums, cold | 0.004 | BN326 |
Epiphyllum oxypetalum (DC.) Haw | Cactaceae | Tan hua (YN) | 昙花 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower, sometimes petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Stewed with eggs or pork | Clearing lung-heat for arresting cough, cooling blood for hemostasis and tranquilizing by nourishing the heart | 0.008 | BN293 |
Eranthemum pulchellum Andrews | Acanthaceae | 可爱花, bie bu (JN) | 喜花草 | S & SE Yunnan | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; soup | Roots and leaves for medicine | 0.008 | BN182 | |
Erythrina variegata L. | Leguminosae | mai duan (D), hei suo (H) | 刺桐 | E, S & W Yunnan | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried after blanching in hot water; cooked in water | Treating wounds caused by metal instruments and hemostasis | 0.008 | BN173 | |
Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm | Zingiberaceae | mo liang bu/mo liang long/mo diu meng (D), mie bu mie nai (JN) | 火炬姜 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Young inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fried; salad; cooked in water | Rhizome for dyspepsia, nauseanausea, stomach diseases. The flower essences are also used to promote physical and mental well-being | 0.008 | BN145 |
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench | Polygonaceae | Ha lei (H) | 甜荞 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Roots and stems for medicine | 0.008 | BN150 |
Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn | Polygonaceae | pa hon shong (D) | 苦荞 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Seeds and leaves for food. Roots and stems for medicine | 0.004 | BN249 |
Ficus auriculata Lour | Moraceae | bu a ba(H), meng luo biu (Y), se bu (JN), ma gua (D), xi bo xi (L), xiang er duo (YN) | 大果榕 | SE, S & SW Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence (Hypanthium) | Sometimes with young fruits | Vegetable, snack | Salad; cooked in water | Young stems, leaves and barks as well as fruits can be eaten.Fruits for promoting lactation and benefiting qi for promoting production of blood | 0.024 | BN102 |
Ficus carica L. | Moraceae | ne gu xi (L), si bu (H) | 无花果 | C & S Yunnan | Inflorescence (Hypanthium) | Sometimes with young fruits | Vegetable, snack | Salad | Roots and leaves for medicine | 0.024 | BN285 | |
Ficus oligodon Miq | Moraceae | pa wa (D), xi gu ma shiao (H) | 苹果榕 | S Yunnan | Inflorescence (Hypanthium) | Sometimes with young fruits | Vegetable, snack | Salad | Young stem and leaf can be eaten | 0.024 | BN177 | |
Ficus racemosa L. | Moraceae | ouluse (JN), xiboxi (L), pula (W), mailei (D), xibubuh (H), amo (Y) | 聚果榕 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence (Hypanthium) | Sometimes with young fruits | Vegetable, snack | Salad | Leaves can be cooked as vegetable | 0.024 | BN186 |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill | Apiaceae | jin ji/pa ji (D) | 茴香 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with leaves | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fried; cooked in water; as seasonings | The powder of leaves and roots for epilepsy and dyspepsia. Relieving pains, expelling phlegm, anti-inflammatory and diuresis | 0.016 | BN088 |
Gardenia jasminoides Ellis | Rubiaceae | Muo suai long (D), zhi zi hua (YN) | 栀子 | Whole Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute | Stir-fried; cooked in water; tea substitute | Ornamental. Aromatic and dye crop. Used as medicine for treating Jaundice, gonorrhea syndrome and other diseases | 0.016 | BN147 |
Gmelina arborea Roxb | Lamiaceae | guouo/mai suo (D), lu mei ar bu (JN); se jie/shi jie a ye (H); yang bie fang (Y) | 云南石梓 | S Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Snack, fooddye | Steamed after grinding, together with sticky rice powder | Stems for housebuilding timber and cooking utensils. For gynecological stasis and rheumatic arthralgia | 0.056 | BN087 |
Haymondia wallichii (DC.) A. N. Egan & B. Pan bis | Leguminosae | Ge hua (YN) | 须弥葛 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Pickled | Forage tree and shellac host tree | 0.008 | BN376 |
Hedychium coccineum Smith | Zingiberaceae | Dai heng hao, nuodai huomu (D) | 红姜花 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Ornamental. Used as medicine for treating cough, asthma, constipation, low back pain, limb numbness and others | 0.024 | BN297 |
Helianthus annuus L. | Asteraceae | mo wan wai (D) | 向日葵 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Seeds are used to make vegetable oil. Whole plant for medicine and ornamental | 0.008 | BN175 |
Hemerocallis fulva var. aurantiaca (Baker) M. Hotta | Asphodelaceae | Jin zhen cai (YN) | 黄花菜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated or escaped | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; rosted; fried | Ornamental. Whole plant used for nourishing, cooling blood, calming mind and improving eyesight, brain strengthening, and anti-aging | 0.016 | BN059 |
Heterosmilax polyandra (Gagnep.) P. Li & C. X. Fu | Smilacaceae | 多蕊肖菝葜 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Fruit is edible | 0.008 | BN323 | |
Hibiscus mutabilis L. | Malvaceae | nuo san ran (D) | 芙蓉花 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower, mostly petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Cooked in water; making congee | Clearing lung-heat | 0.008 | BN283 |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. | Malvaceae | guo mai niu/ban teng (D) | 朱槿 | SE, S & SW Yunnan | All parts of flower, mostly petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Tea substitute; stewed; roasted; soaked in liquor | Clearing lung-heat and expelling phlegm | 0.008 | BN165 | |
Hibiscus sabdariffa L. | Malvaceae | nui pa song (D) | 玫瑰茄 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Calyx | Flower only | Tea substitute, fooddye, beverages | Tea substitute | Whole plant is edible and used as medicine for clearing heat-toxin, lubricating the intestines and relieving the cough. The fibers of the stem bark can be used as a substitute for hemp | 0.016 | BN124 |
Houpoea officinalis (Rehder & E. H. Wilson) N. H. Xia & C. Y. Wu | Magnoliaceae | Pa zei (Y) | 厚朴 | W Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute | Cooked in water; tea substitute | For treating ailments of spleen and stomach, and inappetence | 0.004 | BN381 |
Hydrocharis dubia (Bl.) Backer | Hydrocharitaceae | Mian rong yang (D) | 水鳖 | C & S Yunnan | Wild | Peduncle | With young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Used for clearing heat and promoting diuresis | 0.016 | BN306 |
Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britt. et Rose | Cactaceae | Ba wang hua (YN) | 量天尺 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower, sometimes petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Cooked in water; stewed | For pulmonary tuberculosis | 0.008 | BN317 |
Hypericum henryi Lévl. et Van | Hyperiaceae | Zeqna meiqbiei (H) | 西南金丝梅 | Most areas of Yunnan | Wild | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Used as medicine for treating cold, sore throat, stones, nephritis | 0.008 | BN272 |
Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv | Gramineae | Ha (D), wu ji (H), gang (Y) | 白茅 | Whole Yunnan | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | As seasonings; tea substitute | Treating gastric bleeding and nephritis | 0.024 | BN116 | |
Ipomoea alba L. | Convolvulaceae | Chang e ben yue (YN) | 月光花 | S Yunnan | Wild | Flower | With young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; soup (dry flowers) | Whole plant and seed for medicine | 0.008 | BN307 |
Jasminum sambac (L.) Aiton | Oleaceae | Nuo chuan, hei luo shuo nai (D) | 茉莉花 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable, tea-scenting flower, snack | Scenting tea; stir-fried; roasted | Clearing heat-toxin. Analgesic, soothing, stable, antibacterial, detoxifying, and detumescent | 0.024 | BN139 |
Juglans regia L | Juglandaceae | Ma dui (D), amei bolhov (H) | 核桃花 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated, imported | Male inflorescence | Inflorescence only | Vegetable | After blanching in hot water, stir-fried with pork or others | Walnut is a famous nut. Kernel and bark used as medicine. Timber for sculpture | 0.016 | BN172 |
Justicia adhatoda L. | Acanthaceae | mo san ber/mo ba heo (D) | 鸭嘴花 | S Yunnan | wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried;cooked in water | Decoction of roots and leaves for kidney stone, and stomachache | 0.016 | BN144 |
Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet | Leguminosae | luo jie (JN) | 扁豆 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Fried; steamed; cooked in water | Young fruit pods and seeds are edible. Reliving summer heat and removing dampness for regulating stomach | 0.008 | BN203 |
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl | Cucurbitaceae | a pu go we/a ga pu we (L), wo pu (JN) | 葫芦 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Fried; steamed; cooked in water | Fruit is a common vegetable. Anti-inflammatory | 0.004 | BN336 |
Leucocasia gigantea (Blume) Schott | Araceae | pei heng (D), yu cai/di shui yu (YN) | 大野芋 | S & SE Yunnan | Cultivated | Peduncle, whole inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | After removing the peel of petiole, stewed; steaming with eggplants | Rhizomes for medicine. Leaves can be used as fodder for pigs.Rhizome for removing toxic substance for detumescence, expelling phlegm and resolving convulsion | 0.016 | BN261 |
Limnocharis flava (L.) Buch | Alismataceae | pa gan gan guo (D) | 黄花蔺 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower, flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable | Steamed; stir-fried | Aquatic ornamental. Whole plant as forage | 0.016 | BN099 |
Lirianthe coco (Loureiro) N. H. Xia & C. Y. Wu | Magnoliaceae | Ye he hua (YN) | 夜香木兰 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Tea-scenting flower | Scenting tea | Root bark used as medicine to treat headache, liver ailments and rheumatic flaccidity | 0.004 | BN207 |
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers | Lauraceae | sha hai teng (D), shi bi (H), miu sa pa mi (JN), mu jiang zi (YN) | 山鸡椒 | Whole Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | All parts of flower, flower buds | Flower only | Seasoning | Stir-fried | Young fruit is a common seasonings. Flower, leaf and fruit peel for perfume oil. Whole plant for dispelling pathogenic wind and cold and regulating qi-flowing for relieving pain | 0.016 | BN187 |
Litsea rubescens Lec | Lauraceae | Si song maga (L) | 红叶木姜子 | Most areas of Yunnan | Wild | Flower | Sometimes with young leaves | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fried; cooked in water; salad | Used as medicine for treating cold, headache, rheumatism, injuries caused by falls | 0.008 | BN319 |
Lonicera japonica Thunb | Caprifoliaceae | Dai gao sen/nu dai peng (W), jin yin hua (YN) | 忍冬 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute | Tea substitute; cooked in water | Clearing heat-toxin | 0.016 | BN125 |
Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb | Cucurbitaceae | ma lai (D) | 广东丝瓜 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Fried; steamed; cooked in water | Fruit is a common vegetable | 0.004 | BN200 |
Luffa aegyptiaca Miller | Cucurbitaceae | ke be chi du we (L), bu lo shi le gai (W), dan lang (D), si kuo (JN) | 丝瓜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower, male flowers | Flower only | Vegetable | Cooked in water; stewed; stir-fried | Fruit is a common vegetable.Whole plant for medicine. Boiled with eggs for relieving the dizziness. Decoction for throat pain and rhinitis | 0.008 | BN127 |
Melicope pteleifolia (Champion ex Bentham) T. G. Hartley | Rutaceae | yi xie we (L), lan wang (D) | 三桠苦 | S & SE Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Making congee; cooked in water | Prevention of colds, myelitis, yellow-bile hepatitis, stomach pain, sciatica, etc. | 0.004 | BN219 |
Manihot esculenta Crantz | Euphorbiaceae | shi qi gu men li we (L), mang niu/a bao (D), la pi (H), a zhe me (JN) | 木薯 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Roots rich in starch. Root and leaf burned for bone fractures | 0.008 | BN227 |
Markhamia stipulata (Wall.) Seem | Bignoniaceae | ma ya (H), biao bu (JN), dou gan (D) | 猫尾木 | S & SE Yunnan | Wild | Petal, sometimes all parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Removing satmens and pistils, stir-fried; roasted; cooked in water; salad after blanching in hot water | Young leaves and pods are vegetables and medicine. Leaves for clearing heat-toxin and cooling blood. Roots for clearing heat-toxin | 0.016 | BN160 |
Mayodendron igneum (Kurz.) Kurz | Bignoniaceae | luo g bi/fa mei lao mei (D), le dou le bo (JN), mo bi we (L), ai dou ma/ma ta ma ye (H), dung lang fang (Y) | 火烧花 | S & SE Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | All parts of flower, mostly petal | Flower only | Vegetable | After removing calyx and stamens, and blanching in water, stir-fried; cooked in water; salad | Barks for clearing heat-toxin, dispelling pathogenic wind for diuresis and killing ascarid for relieve itching | 0.036 | BN046 |
Melastoma malabathricum L. | Melastomataceae | Ya gai dian (D), bai na (JN) | 印度野牡丹 | Tropical Yunnan | Wild | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable, snack | Salad; cooked in water | Ornamental | 0.024 | BN164 |
Michelia × alba DC | Magnoliaceae | zhang hao (D), mian gui hua (YN) | 白兰 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable, tea-scenting flower | Scenting tea; stir-fried | Warming lung for relieving cough and activating qi for resolving turbidity | 0.024 | BN057 |
Michelia champaca L. | Magnoliaceae | zhang ba leng/mai zhang ha/mai han mu (D) | 黄缅桂 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Tea-scenting flower | Scenting tea | Leaves and buds for medicine | 0.016 | BN222 |
Momordica charantia L. | Cucurbitaceae | ma huai/ma hai kong (D) | 苦瓜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Fruit is a common vegetable. Whole plant for clearing heat-toxin. Fruit for treating diabetes | 0.008 | BN103 |
Monochoria vaginalis (Burm. f.) Presl ex Kunth | Pontederiaceae | pa geng (D), nuo mu niu pou (H) | 鸭舌草 | S Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | With young stems and leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Whole plant for clearing heat-toxin and diuresis, for anti-inflammition | 0.016 | BN176 |
Moringa oleifera Lam | Moringaceae | La mu (YN) | 辣木 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated, imported | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; soup | All parts are used for food, medicine or other purposes | 0.016 | BN229 |
Morus alba L. | Moraceae | bei man suai (D), ma sang hua (YN) | 桑 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Male inflorescence | Inflorescence only | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Clearing lung-heat, relieving rheumatism and nourishing liver and kidney | 0.016 | BN118 |
Mucuna macrocarpa Wall | Leguminosae | Hei liang long (D), Odmate (L) | 大果油麻藤 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Removing stamens and blanching in hot water, stir-fried; cooked in water | Vine used as medicine for treating anemia, irregular menstruation, rheumatic pain | 0.016 | BN325 |
Murraya exotica L. Mant | Rutaceae | lon mai shuang ao la (D) | 九里香 | S & SE Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable, tea-scenting flower | Scenting tea | Roots and leaves for medicine | 0.008 | BN228 |
Musa acuminata Colla | Musaceae | gui teng (D), a bo jie (L), pa lu/a pa la/a se (JN), a ja jao (JP), ye ba jiao hua (YN) | 小果野蕉 | S & SW Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Inflorescence only | Vegetable | Stewed with pork; stir-fried; cooked in water | Fruits and pseudostems for food or fodder. For bronchitis and dysentery. Moistening lung for removing phlegm, calming liver wind, warming lung for relieving cough, dispersing blood stasis and clearing menstruation | 0.086 | BN004 |
Musa basjoo Sieb. et Zucc | Musaceae | a du (H), bi (D), ge lou fang (Y), ar du (JN), ba jiao (YN) | 芭蕉 | Whole Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | Inflorescence | Inflorescence only | Vegetable | After blanching in hot water, stir-fried; cooked in water; roasted; steamed | Fruit is a common local fruit. The leaves can be used as tableware in various ways. Whole plant for clearing heat and diuresis. Dissipating phlegm and resolving masses, suppressing hyperactive liver, dispersing blood stasis and clearing menstruation | 0.056 | BN068 |
Musa × paradisiaca L. | Musaceae | gui (D),a bo jie/a bo we (L), nwadu/a du (JN) | 大蕉 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Inflorescence only | Vegetable | After blanching in hot water, stir-fried; cooked in water | Fruits and young leaves are edible. Pseudostems for fodder. Tubers for starch extraction and wine making. For diabetes | 0.024 | BN090 |
Musella lasiocarpa (Franch.) C. Y. Wu ex H. W. Li | Musaceae | Nga dou (Y), Di lian hua, Qian ban lian hua (YN) | 地涌金莲 | C & NW Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Inflorescence only | Vegetable | After blancing in hot water, stir-fried; cooked in water; stewed with pork heart | Inflorescence and inner pseudostem used as food. Important forage plant. Flowers and bracts applied externally to stop bleeding and reduce inflammation. Boiled inflorescences for intestinal infections, constipation and gynopathy | 0.024 | BN179 |
Mussaenda hossei Craib | Rubiaceae | ma di (L), pee ya ni ti/ha la ba ba (H) | 红毛玉叶金花 | S Yunnan | Wild | Nectar | Flower only | Snack | Salad | Roots and leaves for medicine | 0.016 | BN220 |
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn | Nelumbonaceae | guo ruo ou (D) | 莲 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Cooked in water; fried | Rhizome, seeds and leaves are food and medicine. Clearing heat-toxin, eliminating dampness, promoting blood circulation and hemostasis | 0.016 | BN119 |
Nepeta cataria L. | Lamiaceae | me u ma/mei ya mang (Y), zhi wo (JN), gon m bo (D), jia ge lao miao (H), jing gai (YN) | 荆芥 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated, imported | All parts of flower | Always with tender stems and leaves | Vegetable, seasoning | Salad; stir-fried | Whole plant used for treating cold, headache, measles, rubella, and early sores | 0.024 | BN169 |
Nopalxochia ackermannii BR. et Rose | Cactaceae | Kong que lan (YN) | 令箭荷花 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried after blanching; cooked in water; soup | Whole plant for ornament | 0.008 | BN273 |
Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f | Nymphaeaceae | Lan lian hua (YN) | 延药睡莲 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; tea substitute | Starch extracted from rhizomes used for food | 0.008 | BN308 |
Ocimum basilicum L. | Lamiaceae | mu nu we (L), pa you xing (D),zhi wei (JN) | 罗勒 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated or escaped | Inflorescence | Always with young stems and leaves | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fried with other food; salad | Whole plant for medicine, reducing fevers and expelling intestinal parasites | 0.024 | BN109 |
Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum (Willd.) Benth | Lamiaceae | mu nu we (L), guan guo (D), puo le (JN) | 疏柔毛罗勒 | Cultivated or escaped | Inflorescence | Always with tender stems and leaves | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fried with other food; salad | Whole plant for medicine | 0.024 | BN166 | |
Oenanthe javanica (Bl.) DC | Apiaceae | Pa an e (D), oguo olou (H) | 水芹 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Always with tender stems and leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Young aerial part used as vegetable. Whole plants for treating rheumatism, neuralgia, hypertension | 0.016 | BN038 |
Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw | Cactaceae | pa pu we (L) | 仙人掌 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stewed with eggs or pork | Leaves and fruits are edible. Flowers used to treat rectocele | 0.004 | BN267 |
Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq | Lamiaceae | ya nu miao (D), mao xu cao (YN) | 肾茶 | S Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Tea substitute | Tea substitute | Flowers used as medicine for diuresis | 0.016 | BN117 |
Oroxylum indicum (L.) Bentham ex Kurz | Bignoniaceae | lou ga (JN), ga miang fang (Y), qian zhang zhi (YN) | 木蝴蝶 | S & SE Yunnan | Wild | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; salad after blanching in hot water | Young leaves and fruits are edible. Seeds and barks for clearing heat and promoting diuresis | 0.036 | BN104 |
Oxalis corniculata L. | Oxalidaceae | ji zhu ga (L), song xiang ga(D), a wo a duo(JN) | 酢浆草 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | Flowers | With leaves | Vegetable | Salad | Leaves and fruits are eaten directly. Used as medicine for stomachache | 0.016 | BN223 |
Panax notoginseng (Burkill) F. H. Chen ex C. Y. Wu & K. M. Feng | Araliaceae | Ye sanqi (D), san qi hua (YN) | 三七 | SE Yunnan | Imported | Inflorescence | Flower buds only | Vegetable, tea substitute | Stir-fried with meat; cooked in water; stewed with pork; tea substitute | Famous medicine in China, used for treating many diseases, and improving immunity | 0.016 | BN069 |
Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt | Lamiaceae | mu nu we (L), jue chum (H), lai ma (JN) | 紫苏 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | With young leaves | Seasoning | Cooked with other food | Flower buds, stems and leaves used for treating blood deficiency and cold | 0.016 | BN174 |
Pinus yunnanensis Franch | Pinaceae | to du/to we (L) | 云南松 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | Pollen | Pollen only | Snack | Making cakes; tea substitute; baked | Moistening heat and lung, benefiting qi, dispelling pathogenic wind for hemostasis | 0.008 | BN320 |
Plumeria rubra L. | Apocynaceae | muo ke zhang ba (D) | 鸡蛋花 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable, beverages, tea substitute | Tea substitute; fried with eggs; cooked in water; steamed; stewed | Clearing heat and promoting diuresis. Moistening lung for arresting cough | 0.024 | BN163 |
Polygala arillata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | Polygalaceae | Ya nan nen (D), jin que hua (YN) | 荷包山桂花 | Most areas of Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Fried with eggs; stir-fried with other food | Used as medicine to treat neurasthenia, palpitations, amnesia, insomnia, cough, phlegm, bronchitis, cystitis | 0.024 | BN136 |
Polyspora chrysandra (Cowan) Hu ex B. M. Bartholomew & T. L. Ming | Theaceae | pu mo gu we (L) | 黄药大头茶 | S Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Clearing heat-toxin | 0.004 | BN337 |
Prunus armeniaca L. | Rosaceae | ma mang (D), xing hua (YN) | 杏 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | After blanching in hot water, as salad mixed with cucumber | Activating blood circulation and for skin caring | 0.004 | BN236 |
Prunus cerasoides (D. Don) Sok | Rosaceae | Ying hua (YN) | 高盆樱桃 | Most areas of Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Side dish | Decorating dishes; salad | Ornamental | 0.004 | BN253 |
Prunus mume Siebold & Zucc | Rosaceae | ma fong (D), mei zi (YN) | 梅 | Whole Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Cooked in water | Regulating qi-flowing for strengthening spleen | 0.008 | BN129 |
Prunus persica L. | Rosaceae | a we we (L), ma mang (D), she ye (JN), tao hua (YN) | 桃 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower, petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Cooked with other food | Promoting blood circulation for nourishing heart and lubricating the intestines. For skin caring | 0.004 | BN312 |
Pseuderanthemum polyanthum (C. B.. Clarke) Merr | Acanthaceae | qi a wu ha ye (D), a bo bie bu (JN), a xia wu ha (H) | 多花山壳骨 | Tropical Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; roasted in banana leaves; fried | Roots for hemostasis | 0.024 | BN073 |
Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) Anderberg | Asteraceae | ya muo fie (D), a bao me/mu la lo we (L), mi di zha la (H) | 鼠曲草 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | With young stems and leaves | Vegetable | Fried; steamed | Whole plant for expelling phlegm, relieving cough and eliminating dampness | 0.024 | BN152 |
Psidium guajava L. | Myrtaceae | mangomi we (L), guo mu gui xiang la (D), ma gun (JN) | 番石榴 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable, seasoning | Cooked with other food | Fruit is edible. Leaves and stemskins for medicine | 0.008 | BN031 |
Pueraria montana var. lobata (Willdenow) Maesen & S. M. Almeida ex Sanjappa & Predeep | Leguminosae | qu gu (H) | 葛 | S Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower, petal | Flower only | Vegetable, beverages | Stir-fried; tea substitute | Dispel the effects of alcohol | 0.008 | BN072 |
Punica granatum L. | Lythraceae | mai bu gui huo/ma yong ang (D) | 石榴 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower, calyx | Flower only | Vegetable, beverages | Stir-fried; cooked in water; tea substitute | Astringing for hemostasis, removing blood stasis, relieving pain and and removing toxic substance | 0.036 | BN081 |
Pyrenaria diospyricarpa Kurz | Theaceae | pu mo gu we (L) | 叶萼核果茶 | S Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fried with other food | Ornamental | 0.004 | BN296 |
Pyrostegia venusta (Ker-Gawl.) Miers | Bignoniaceae | Pao zhang hua (YN) | 炮仗藤 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower, petal | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute | After blanching in hot water, stir-fried; cooked in water; tea substitute | Stems and leaves for medicine. Dispelling pathogenic wind, removing dampness, promoting blood circulation for removing blood stasis, moistening lung for arresting cough, clearing heat, relieving sore throat and relieving pain | 0.008 | BN252 |
Pyrus betulifolia Bunge | Rosaceae | Ma li, yu ru (L) | 杜梨 | C & S Yunnan | Wild | Flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked with salty pork | Clearing the intestines, stoping dysentery, and relieving fatigue | 0.016 | BN079 |
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | Rosaceae | geng gai fang (Y) | 川梨 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | Flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked with other food; cooked in water | Used to treat cough, emesis and diarrhea | 0.048 | BN022 |
Pyrus pashia var. kumaoni Stapf | Rosaceae | geng gai fang (Y) | 无毛川梨 | S Yunnan | Wild | Flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked with salty pork | Used to treat cough, emesis and diarrhea | 0.008 | BN304 |
Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm. F.) Nakai | Rosaceae | man li se we (L) | 沙梨 | C & S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable, tea substitute, beverages | Steamed; fried; tea substitute | Young leaves can be used as tea substitute. Fruits as medicine for Moistening lung for removing phlegm and arresting cough. Anti-alcohol. For whitening skin | 0.016 | BN274 |
Raphanus sativus L. | Cruciferae | huo pa bai (D), ho be we (L), bai luo bo (YN) | 萝卜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Always with tender stems and leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Treating urinary system stones, and indigestion ailments | 0.016 | BN270 |
Rhododendron decorum Franch | Ericaceae | Bo hua (YN) | 大白花杜鹃 | C & W Yunnan | Imported | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | After removing stamens & pistils and blanching, stir-fried; cooked with broad bean or pork | Roots and leaves used for activating blood circulation to relieve pain, rheumatic pain, and injuries caused by falls. Ornamental | 0.016 | BN191 |
Rhododendron excellens Hemsl. et Wils | Ericaceae | Bai hua du juan (YN) | 大喇叭杜鹃 | S Yunnan | Wild | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | After removing stamens & pistils and blanching, stir-fried; cooked with broad bean or pork | Ornamental | 0.008 | BN277 |
Robinia pseudoacacia L. | Leguminosae | Huai hua (YN) | 刺槐 | C Yunnan | Imported | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Salad; stir-fried; cooked in water; fried; steamed; tea substitute | Decoction of inflorescence for spasm, clearing heat, expelling phlegm, lowering blood pressure and diuresis | 0.008 | BN339 |
Rosa banksiae Ait | Rosaceae | Bai ci hua (YN) | 木香花 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Tea-scenting flower, snack | Scenting tea | Relieving pain and hemostasis | 0.016 | BN363 |
Rosa chinensis Jacq | Rosaceae | nuo lang/nuo bi long (D) | 月季花 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower, petal | Flower only | Vegetable, fooddye | Cooked in water; fried; tea substitute | Promoting blood circulation for activating qi-flowing | 0.008 | BN168 |
Rosa × gallica L. | Rosaceae | Mei gui hua (YN) | 法国蔷薇 | Most areas of Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Side dish | Decorating dishes; salad | Ornamental | 0.004 | BN291 |
Rosa multiflora 'Grevillei' | Rosaceae | Yue ji hua (YN) | 七姊妹 | Most areas of Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Ornamental. Young shoots edible. Used as medicine to treat thirst, diarrhea, malaria, wound bleeding | 0.004 | BN367 |
Rosa rugosa Thunb | Rosaceae | luo mun shang (D) | 玫瑰 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Tea-scenting flower, snack | Scenting tea; making cakes | Activating qi-flowing, resolving stagnation, reconciling bleed and relieving pain | 0.016 | BN121 |
Rosa rugosa var. rosea Rehder | Rosaceae | luo min shang (D) | 红玫瑰 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Tea-scenting flower, snack | Scenting tea; making cakes | Activating qi-flowing, resolving stagnation, reconciling bleed and relieving pain | 0.008 | BN264 |
Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb | Lamiaceae | na pe ra ce da (L), guang san ka (D), ni ya/son ba do niu (H) | 三对节 | Tropical Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Roasted in leaves; mixed with roasted and mashed potato | Used as medicine to treat tonsillitis, pharyngitis, rheumatic bone pain, malaria, hepatitis | 0.008 | BN214 |
Rubus ellipticus var. obcordatus (Franch.) Focke | Rosaceae | she ne (JN) | 栽秧泡, 黄刺莓 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | Flower only | Snack | Salad | Edible fruits. Activating qi-flowing, resolving stagnation, removing blood stasis, reliving summer heat and hemostasis. Decoction of flower for hypermenorrhea | 0.004 | BN321 |
Rubus pluribracteatus L. T. Lu & Boufford | Rosaceae | lao ya bou (JN), lao ya bou (L) | 大乌泡 | S & SE Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | Flower only | Snack | Salad | Edible fruits. Roots for medicine | 0.004 | BN371 |
Sagittaria trifolia L. | Alismataceae | Reib bago gheab, kuo li (M) | 野慈姑 | C & S Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Edible juicy tuber. Used to stop bleeding and cough, and reduce swelling and phlegm | 0.008 | BN205 |
Sagittaria trifolia L. subsp. leucopetala Q. F. Wang | Alismataceae | Ci gu (YN) | 慈菇花 | Most areas of Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Cooked in water; making congee | Clearing heat-toxin and anti-tumor | 0.008 | BN361 |
Salvia splendens Ker-Gawler | Lamiaceae | Yi zhong xue (M) | 一串红 | Most areas of Yunnan | Cultivated | Nectar | Flower only | Snack | Collecting nectars as snack; salad | Whole plant for medicine. Clearing heat-toxin, cooling bleed and detumescence | 0.008 | BN255 |
Senna septemtrionalis (Viviani) H. S. Irwin & Barneby | Leguminosae | Huai hua mi (YN) | 光叶决明 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Ornamental and forage | 0.004 | BN275 |
Senna siamea (Lamarck) H. S. Irwin & Barneby | Leguminosae | ma xhe/mai xi li/ge mai xi li (D), hei xin shu (YN) | 铁刀木 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower, flower buds | With leaves | Vegetable, tea substitute | After blanching in hot water, stir-fried; cooked in water; salad; tea substitute | Trunk for building and fuelwood. Leaves and fruits for medicine to treat insomnia | 0.008 | BN055 |
Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Pers | Leguminosae | guo nuo gai/nuo jie fei/pa duan long/ge lou gai (D), a ye piu (H) | 大花田菁 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Salad; stir-fried; cooked in water; roasted | Barks as astringent. Removing toxic substance and nourishing liver. Extracts can relieve pain and anti-depression | 0.036 | BN199 |
Smilax riparia A. DC | Smilacaceae | Jiao sed sen (M) | 牛尾菜 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Always with young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Roots and rhizomes for rheumatic arthritis syndrome, low back pain caused by fatigue, injuries caused by falls, coughing and wheezing | 0.008 | BN093 |
Smilax zeylanica L. | Smilacaceae | lan bao (D), pa e pa yai (H), qie ga la (JN) | 金刚藤 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | With leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Rhizome used for treating rheumatic waist and leg pain, injuries from falls, scrofula | 0.016 | BN110 |
Solanum americanum Miller | Solanaceae | pa pie (D), ra hu lu ji (L), ge ni (JN), ku liang cai (YN) | 少花龙葵 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | With stems and leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Whole plant for medicine to clear heat-toxin and induce diuresis for removing edema | 0.024 | BN067 |
Sophora davidii (Franch.) Skeels | Leguminosae | Ku ci hua (YN) | 白刺花 | Whole Yunnan | Wild | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Roots and pods for digestion ailments. Flowers for treating throat swelling and pain, and urinary tract stones | 0.036 | BN084 |
Spathodea campanulata Beauv | Bignoniaceae | Huo yan hua (YN) | 火焰树 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated | Young inflorescence | Flower buds only | Vegetable | After blanching in hot water, stir-fried; cooked in water | Common ornamental in the tropics | 0.004 | BN225 |
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry | Myrtaceae | Nuo jian (D) | 丁香蒲桃 | Tropical Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower buds | Flower only | Vegetable, beverages | Stir-fried; cooked in water | For weakness of the spleen and stomach | 0.004 | BN012 |
Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. et Perry | Myrtaceae | Tie mu aje (L) | 马六甲蒲桃 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Edible fruits | 0.004 | BN171 |
Tamarindus indica L. | Leguminosae | Mu hang (D), qie bie le (JN), suan jiao (YN) | 酸豆 | Tropical Yunnan | Wild | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Common fruit in the tropics. Used as medicine to treat heat stroke, loss of appetite, infantile malnutrition, pregnancy vomiting, constipation | 0.024 | BN126 |
Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr | Apocynaceae | Ye xiang teng (YN) | 夜来香 | S Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | After blanching in hot water, stir-fried | Leaves for medicine | 0.024 | BN379 |
Thespesia lampas (Cavan.) Dalz. et Gibs | Malvaceae | Tong mian hua (YN) | 白脚桐棉 | S Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | With young leaves and shoots | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Bark fibers for making ropes | 0.004 | BN217 |
Thunbergia grandiflora (Rottl. ex Willd.) Roxb | Acanthaceae | 山牵牛, hu gou le a bu (JN), ha ge lao ma a ye/na mi na li (H), fang men (Y), log long lie (D) | 大花山牵牛 | S & SE Yunnan | Wild | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; roasted in banana leaves | Roots for dispelling pathogenic wind, seeting bone, relieving rigidity of muscles and activating collaterals, promoting blood circulation, promoting blood circulation and strengthening physique | 0.048 | BN045 |
Thunbergia lutea T. Anders | Acanthaceae | hu gou le a bu (JN) | 羽脉山牵牛 | S Yunnan | Wild | Petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Roasted in banana leaves | Ornamental | 0.016 | BN231 |
Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Horn.) Honda | Gramineae | Guo xiangsu (D), mai bu lou (JN) | 粽叶芦 | Tropical Yunnan | Wild | Young inflorescence | Inflorescence only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Leaves for riping food. Infructescence used to make brooms. Roots for treating Diarrhea, thirst, cough and asthma | 0.036 | BN048 |
Trachycarpus fortunei (Hook.) H. Wendl | Palmae | Ge guo (D) | 棕榈 | C & W Yunnan | Cultivated | Young inflorescence | Young spadix only | Vegetable | After blanching in hot water, stir-fried; cooked in water | Roots, leaves and fruits for medicine. Relieving diarrhea, resolving masses and hemostasis. Flowers soaking in boiling water can be used to cure stomach problems | 0.036 | BN354 |
Trevesia palmata (Roxb.) Vis | Araliaceae | you dang/da wan/dang bie (D), bie da (H), ben gong (Y), tai (JN) | 刺通草 | S Yunnan | Wild, cultivated | Inflorescence, All parts of flower | With tender leaves | Vegetable | Removing the peel of peduncle, making salad; stir-fried; cooked in water | Young stems and leaves are edible. Leaves for bruises | 0.024 | BN120 |
Tropaeolum majus L. | Tropaeolaceae | Nuo uo hang (D) | 旱金莲 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | Ornamental | 0.004 | BN216 |
Vicia faba L. | Leguminosae | tu bu (D) | 蚕豆 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried | Common edible legume | 0.008 | BN230 |
Urceola rosea (Hooker & Arnott) D. J. Middleton | Apocynaceae | pa chou lo (JN), song hei (D) | 酸叶胶藤 | S Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | Always with young leaves | Vegetable | Salad | Young leaves and stems can be cooked. Fruit is edible.Whole plant for inducing diuresis for removing edema and relieving pain | 0.036 | BN215 |
Urobotrya latisquama (Gagnep.) Hiepko | Opiliaceae | Ling wei mu (YN) | 尾球木 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Always with young leaves | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water | 0.016 | BN375 | |
Wisteria sinensis (Sims) DC | Leguminosae | Teng hua cai (YN) | 紫藤 | Most areas of Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable, snack | Stir-fried; cooked in water; stewed; baked with eggs; fried; making cakes and soup | Stem bark, flowers and seeds can be used as medicine to treat muscle and bone pain, meridian wind and energy, and rheumatic pain | 0.004 | BN294 |
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz | Lythraceae | don huang/mai don hong (D) | 虾子花 | S Yunnan | Wild | All parts of flower | Flower only | Vegetable | After blanching, stir-fried | Roots for medicine | 0.036 | BN254 |
Yulania denudata (Desr.) D. L. Fu | Magnoliaceae | Ying chun hua (YN) | 玉兰 | Most areas of Yunnan | Cultivated | All parts of flower, petal | Flower only | Vegetable | Stewed | Dispelling pathogenic wind, dispelling cold for resuscitation and dispersing lung qi | 0.008 | BN113 |
Zea mays L. | Gramineae | kao long luai (D), ar hu (JN), mai(Y), xia du du ju (H) | 玉米 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Young inflorescence only | Vegetable | Stir-fired; salad | Worldwide food crop, also for forage and medicine | 0.016 | BN128 |
Zingiber densissimum S. Q. Tong & Y. M. Xia | Zingiberaceae | mi bo we (L) | 多毛姜 | S Yunnan | Wild | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fired; cooked with other food | Rhizome used as medicine | 0.004 | BN316 |
Zingiber officinale Roscoe | Zingiberaceae | mi bo we (L), wang/king long (D), tao zhi (H) | 姜 | Whole Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable, seasoning | Stir-fired; cooked with other food | Common spice crop and medicine | 0.036 | BN122 |
Zingiber striolatum Diels | Zingiberaceae | Ye jiang hua (YN) | 阳荷 | C, SW & S Yunnan | Cultivated | Inflorescence | Flower only | Vegetable | Stir-fried; cooked in water; pickled | Bud for medicine | 0.036 | BN049 |