Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and their utilization by the people of Soro District, Hadiya Zone, southern Ethiopia

Hankiso, Mulatu; Asfaw, Zemede; Warkineh, Bikila; Abebe, Abiy; Sisay, Bihonegn; Debella, Asfaw

doi:10.1186/s13002-024-00651-6

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 9 List of medicinal plants for treating livestock ailments in Soro District with the mode of preparations and applications

From: Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and their utilization by the people of Soro District, Hadiya Zone, southern Ethiopia

Scientific name	Family	Local name (Hadiyissa)	Ailment treated (Hadiyissa/Had. /Amharic/Amh.)	Ha	PU	CP	Medicinal plants and applications include FP (preparation form), MT (means of treatment), and RA (root of administration)	UR	VN:MH:
Achyranthes aspera L	Amaranthaceae	Hoffi qaccabba	Aspiration pneumonia	H	L	F	Crushed, squeezed, and spitted the decoction juice to the nose via nasal administration	2	MH-75
Acmella caulirhiza Delile	Asteraceae	Bishibisha	Pregnancy (fertility)	H	Fl	F	Crushed with leaves of C. macrostachyus and O. rochetiana, enclosed with fibre, and inserted in the reproduction organ for six hours after copulation in three days	2	MH-42
			Bat urine ailment (jaundice)		Fl, R, Wh	F	Crushed either part, mixed in water, and washed the body skin	1
Aframomum corrorima (A. Braun) P.C.M. Jansen*	Zingiberaceae	Wokkaashsha	Abdominal pain	H	Se	D	Fresh or dry leaf or fruit of C. sativum and R. chalepensis, crushed with a bulb of Z. officinale and NaCl salt, homogenized in cold water, and drunk in a one-litre concoction via mouth or anus; oral or anal	14	MH-88
			Acidiasis (bloat)	H	Se	D	Seed of N. sativa with leaf and fruit of C. sativum and R. chalepensis crushed with bulb of Z. officinale and A. sativum with common salt or NaCl, homogenized in cold water, and drunk one-litre concoction via mouth and anus; burning or glowing with hot metal or iron in fire	6
							Crush the leaf of S. hypselodendron and the leaf of G. robusta, mix with water, and drunk one litre	1
							Powdered with E. globulus leaf and C. macrostachyus, mix with water, and drunk one litre	1
			Aspiration pneumonia	H	Se	D	Seed is chewing with NaCl and spitting to the nose	2
			Trauma (blood accumulation in the body)	H	Se	D	A. corrorima seed with G. amygdalinum fresh leaf crushed or fresh or dry leaf or fruit of C. sativum and R. chalepensis, squeezed, and drunk one litre of concoct	1
			LSD/A	H	Se	D	Crushed with a dry leaf of N. tabacum, a bulb of A. sativum, a rhizome of Z. officinale, and a fresh pod of C. frutescens, pounded it in water and drunk a one-litre	1
Afrocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) C.N. Page	Podocarpaceae	Digiba	Rabies	T	L	F	Seven buds, crushed with fresh leaves of T. asiatica, fresh stem bark of S. oxyacanthum, and E. capensis, are mixed with water and drunk in three coffee cups orally	7	MH-34
Agave sisalana Perrine. **	Asparagaceae	Aanci haqqa	Swelling	S	L	F	Boiled or heated in fire and touch on the painful part; dermal	4	MH-95
			NCD/A	S	L	F	Heated/boiled in fire and squeezed the sap, added fresh or spicy butter, and gave it to eat alone or drunk mixed with a syringe by opening the beak; drunk decoction	2
Ajuga integrifolia Buch. -Ham. Ex D. Don	Lamiaceae	Annaamura	Evil eye (evil spirt)	H	L	F/D	Crushed or powdered, mixed with water, and drunk one litre or jug decoction through the mouth; oral route	1	MH-51
Albizia schimperiana, Oliv	Fabaceae	Maande'e	Aspiration pneumonia	H	Sb	F	Stem bark is chewing and spitting or sniffing at the nose	56	MH-26
Allium cepa L.**	Amaryllidaceae	Kashar shunkurutta	Pasteurellosis/ livestock TB	H	2Bu	F	Leaf of C. arabica, fresh or dry two bulbs of A. sativum, one rhizome of Z. officinale, and pods of C. frutescens drunk one litre of concoction given orally	2	MH-92
			Actinomycosis (Ankulicho-Had.)				Three-four bulbs of A. sativum crushed with one bulb of A. cepa, half of rhizome of Z. officinale, and one fruit of C. aurantiifolia, and drunk one litre	2
Allium sativum L.**	Amaryllidaceae	Tuma	Lumpy Skin Disease/Ailment (LSD/A)	H	Bu	F/D	N. tabacum dry leaf, mixed with fresh Z. officinale rhizome, fresh leaf or root of M. foetida, drunk one litre for three, three, or four times in three-day intervals or until healed; burn with hot metal or heated or glowed iron in fire	42	MH-90
			Swelling	H	Bu	F/D	Fresh leaves of C. macrostachyus are crushed with dry leaves of N. tabacum; one whole bulb of A. sativum is mixed in water; it then stays for one to two days and drunk one-litre concoction through the mouth; oral	3
							Ground the dry leaf of N. tabacum with NaCl salt together with the leaf or fruit of R. chalepensis and C. sativum, the seed of A. corrorima, the bulb of A. sativum, and Z. officinale mixed together with butter, and then one litre of the solution is drunk via mouth and anus	4
							Seed of A. corrorima and N. sativa with leaf and fruit of C. sativum and R. chalepensis crushed with rhizome of Z. officinale with common salt, homogenized in cold water, and drunk one-litre concoction; burn with hot or glowing metal or iron in fire; drunk one cup petroleum	2
							Fresh or dry bulbs are mixed with dry N. tabacum, pounded, and drunk one-litre concoction via mouth; oral
			Coughing	H	Bu	F/D	Crushed with dry leaves of N. tabacum and Z. officinale rhizome, then mixed the powdered with water and drunk a litre concoction orally given		2
			New Castle Disease/Ailment (NCD/A)	H	Bu	F/D	Fresh Z. officinale is crushed, pounded with two to three fresh pods of C. frutescens, and drunk in three to four drops by syringe	2
			Aspiration pneumonia	H	Bu	F/D	three to four bulbs are crushed and inhaled through the nose	1
			Telleriosis/anaplasmiosis	H	Bu	F/D	Crushed with fresh rhizome of Z. officinale, mixed with arekie, and drunk one litre of concoct; oral	1
			Constipation	H	Bu	F/D	three to six bulbs crushed with fresh/dry leaf/fruit of C. sativum, and drunk one-litre concoction	1
Aloe sp.	Asphodelaceae	Geneeno'o	Swelling, wound	S	L	F	Boiled in fire, warmed, and touched/wrabbing the swollen area; crushed, pounded, and drunk one litre	8	MH-184
			Diarrhoea	S	L	F	Leaf is crushed, pounded, and drunk one-litre infusion	1
Antherica sp.**	Anthericaceae	Dashshi maracca	Body swelling	H	Rh	F/D	Freshly crushed, pounded with water, and drunk one litre	2	MH-380
Apodytes dimidiata E. Mey.ex Arn	Metteniusaceae	Mewwa	Bat urine ailment	T	L	F	Crushed U. simensis, mixed it with water, and drunk one-litre infusion through the mouth	2	MH-253
Artemisia absinthium L.**	Asteraceae	Naatira	Livestock trypanomiasis	H	L	F	Leaves and buds are crushed, pounded with water, and given half a litre by oral and anal administration	2	MH-87
			Aspiration pneumonia	H	L	F	Chewed with fresh leaves of C. citratus and R. cordifolia, bud of P. dodecandra, and seed of A. corrorima, spit the juice to the nose	1
Asparagus africanus Lam	Asparagaceae	Hundufaanna	Evil eye (evil spirit)	H	R, Wh	F/D	Its parts are crushed, pounded in water, and drunk from one water glass to one litre	20	MH-198
						F/D	Whole parts are crushed and washed with the pounded infusion in the morning	3
			Coughing	H	R, Wh	F/D	Crushed and pounded in water, drunk one litre or glass	1
Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile	Zygophyllaceae	Baddanno'o	Arthritis (gouge)	T	L	F	Crushed fresh leaf, pounded, and given one litre of anal and oral administration	1	MH-16
Bersama abyssinica Fresen	Francoaceae	Koraqqa	Anthrax	S	L	F	Crushed, pounded in cold or warm water, and drunk one glass or mug	5	MH-80
			Swelling	S	R	F	Crushed, pasted, and tied to the painful area	1
Brucea antidysenterica J.F. Mill	Simaroubaceae	Ciiroonta	Blackleg	S	R	F	Crushed and pounded it in water and eaten the solution	1	MH-30
Brugmansia suaveolens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Sweet. **	Solanaceae	Qadaalli fiita	Diarrhoea	S	R	F	Crushed with leaves of E. divinorum, drunk one-litre concoction by mouth	8	MH-201
			Acidiosis (bloat)	S			Crushed with leaves of E. divinorum, drunk one-litre concoction by mouth	2
Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth	Fabaceae	Senna	Livestock mites, flea and lices (skin ailments /mange mite)	S	L	F	Crushed, pounded with water, wash the skin by tiding mouth to treat dermatophytes; fata if it swallowed to mouth	14	MH-27
Capsicum frutescens L. **	Solanaceae	Mixmixo'o	Coccidiosis	H	Pd	F	Crushed mixed with penicillin; added water and mixed butter; swallowed the bolus through the beak of the hen	7	M-91
							Fesh pods with the rhizome of Z. officinale crushed together, mixed water, squeezed the juice, and drunk the drops by syringe through the beak	1	MH-24
			Spleen enlargement	H	Pd	F	Crushed and drunk one glass to half of litre with water	1
			LSD	H	Pd	F	Fresh pods with dry N. tabacum, fresh or dry bulb of A. sativum, fresh rhizome of Z. officinale, and dry seeds of A. corrorima crushed, drunk one litre orally	1
			NCD	H	Pd	F	Two–three fresh pods with two full fresh or dry bulbs of A. sativum and one rhizome of Z. officinale, crushed, and drunk by syringe through the beak or mouth	1
			Pasteurellosis (livestock TB)	H	Pd	F	Drunk one litre with crushed or roasted C. arabica leaf, A. sativum two bulbs, A. cepa one bulb, and Z. officinale one rhizome	1
Carduus schimperi Sch.Bip	Asteraceae	Hallutta	Pregnancy (fertility)	S	R	F	Crushed with fresh three buds of C. macrostachyus and three buds or flowers of R. abyssinica crushed enclosed fibre and inserted in the female sex organ by tying the lower tip of the enclosed at the tail for 30 min. to occur pregnancy	5	MH-328
							Three fresh buds of C. macrostachyus crushed with fresh roots or fruits of O. rochetiana were enclosed, pounded, or wrapped in fibre, and inserted into the female sex organ by tying the other tip on the tail for 30 min	1
			Poisonous/toxicity by eating plants	S	R	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drink one litre of infusion; or drink one litre of milk alone and soil immediately for eating fresh leaves of A. salicifolia, and germinating two–three leaves contain S. bicolor; cause body fatness	3
Carissa spinarum L	Apocynaceae	Qoqombe'e	Swelling	S	R	F	Fresh roots were crushed, boiled, and drunk in one glass	2	MH-328
Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle. **	Rutaceae	Loome'e	Actinomycosis	S	Fr	F	One whole fruit with three-four bulbs of A. sativum crushed with half a rhizome of Z. officinale, one bulb of A. cepa, and drunk one-litre concoction, oral administration	1	MH-208
Clematis hirsuta Perr. & Guill. *	Ranunculaceae	Hoffi fiida	Livestock hepatitis /jaundice	Cl	L	F	Crushed with fresh leaves of C. macrostachyus and drunk one-litre concoction via oral	2	MH-44
Clematis longicauda Steud. ex A. Rich. *	Ranunculaceae	Lob fiida	Babesiosis	Cl	L	F	Boiled, crushed, and mixed soil salt (‘Borra’-Had.,), and drunk one-litre infusion	4	MH-43
			Acidiosis (bloat)	Cl	R	F	Roots are crushed, pounded and drunk one litre	2
			Pregnancy (fertility)	Cl	Bd		Crushed with buds of C. macrostachyus and buds of O. rochetiana, enclosed fibre and insert in female reproduction organ for 30 min. or occurrence of pregnancy or three days	2
Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach	Peraceae	Shum xiigeeshsho	Toxicity/poisonous plant eating livestock	S	L	F	Crush and drunk a one to two-litre infusion for the treatment of poisonous plants (A. salicifolia) eaten by livestock. Uses for livestock's fatness	4	MH-40
			Aspiration pneumonia	S	R, Bd	F	Crushed it, mixed with water, and drunk one litre of squeezed liquid	2
			Actinomycosis	S	R	F	Crushed, mixed with water and drunk one litre	1
Coffea arabica L	Rubiaceae	Buna	Abdominal pain, livestock TB	S	L	F	Crushed with one whole rhizome of Z. officinale and drunk one litre concocted	4	MH-52
			Aspiration pneumonia	S	Se	D	Chewed with NaCl and spited the juice to nose	1
Coleus abyssinicus (Fresen.) A.J. Paton. *	Lamiaceae	Bobaanqa	Cysticercus, bovis, ovis (ascariasis), diarrhoea	S	Bd	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one mug of two litre’s; decoction of orally calf to adult	7	MH-56
Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott	Araceae	Gabija	Nasal bote (parasitic leech)	H	Rh	F	Crushed the fresh leaves of E. globulus and drunk the concoction	1	MH-191
Combretum molle R. Br. ex G. Don	Combretaceae	Goonchi habulle'e	Diarrhoea	T	R, Rb	F	Crushed, powdered, and mixed in cold or warm water, and drunk a one- to two-litre decoction via oral	1	MH-193
Commelina benghalensis L	Commelinaceae	Lob gu’ma	Constipation	H	L	F	Crushed, mixed with water, decoct, and drunk three-litre or two-litre Lagenaria siceraria drinking material (Bulle’e’-Had.); oral	4	MH-81
Cordia africana L	Boraginaceae	Weddeeshsha	Aspiration pneumonia	T	L, Sb		Crushed, decocted and closed with fibre and spited to nose; nasal route	3	MH-115
			Acidiosis	T	L		Fresh leaves are crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one-litre decoction via mouth	1
Coriandrum sativum L. **	Apiaceae	Woldimaama	Acidiosis abdominal pain, body swelling	H	L, Fr	F/D	Crushed alone or with or without NaCl, fresh leaves or dry fruits of R. chalepensis, fresh rhizomes of Z. officinale, and bulbs of A. sativum are drunk in a one-to-two-litre concoction through oral administration	14	MH-172
			Blackleg	H	L, Fr	F/D	Crushed with fresh buds of C. macrostachyus and F. vulgare, mixed with cold or warm water, drink a one-litre concoction through oral administration	1
Crepis rueppellii Sch. Bip	Asteraceae	Gundi baar adi yoo fiita (fella'i ado)	Aspiration pneumonia	H	R	F	Measured with a finger index of the root, chewed and swallowed the juice, spited to the nose	1	MH-277
Crinum abyssinicum Hochst ex A. Rich	Amaryllidaceae	Buchchi unkurubba (Goti tuma)	Skin wound	H	R	F	Crushed and pasted on the wound on the dermal	1	MH-274
Croton macrostachyus Hochst. ex Delile	Euphorbiaceae	Masana	Actinobacillosis-wooden tongue, FMA	T	Bd	F	Crushed with fresh leaves of J. procera, E. divinorum, and dry dungs; eat them with warmed C. macrostachyus buds with butter; eat their heated or boiled parts, inhaling the mixture smoke; wrap the patient tongue with two to three pieces of dry livestock cattle dung and human hair alive	167	MH-01
			Actinobacillosis-wooden tongue, FMA	T	L		Fresh leaves or buds warmed or heated with leaves of E. divinorum and dry dung, then inhaled the smoke (nasal, oral)	1
			Skin wound	T	La		Fresh buds with buds of G. auriculiferum, dry leaf product of N. tabacum, and NaCl are pasted on the infected	9
			Livestock mites, flea and lices (skin ailments /mange mite)	T	L		Crushed with fresh leaves of C. aurea and washed the body skin with its concoction	1
			Anthrax, acidiosis, pasteurellosis	T	Sb, L/Bd		The parts are crushed with fresh root of S. abyssinica and dry prepared leaves of N. tabacum, mixed with water and butter, and drunk two–three-litre concoct via oral administration	25
			Acidiosis	T	Sc	D	Powdered with stem charcoal from E. globulus and drunk via oral means of administration	1
			Pasteurellosis, FMD	T	L	F	Fresh leaves crushed, pounded and drunk one litre, and inhale the smoke	2
			Jaundice	T	L	F	Fresh leaves with fresh leaves of C. hirsuta crushed and drunk a one-litre concoction via mouth	3
			Dingetegna	T	L, Bd	F	Fresh leaves or buds alone or crushed with fresh leaves of G. amygdalinum and E. divinorum mixed with water and drunk one-two litres; inhale their smoke	7
			Placenta remain	T	L	F	Fresh leaves with fresh leaves of G. amygdalinum, mixed with water, and drunk one-litre concoction	3
			NCD/A	T	L/Bd	F	Three buds are crushed, pounded with arekie or water, and butter given to the drunk or drunk by syringe	2
			LSD	T	L, Sb	F	Crushed with dry prepared black N. tabacum mixed with NaCl and water drunk one-litre concoction via oral	5
			Swelling eye, body swelling (Fuxxe'i gana)	T	L, Bd	F	Touch body skin of pained area with warmed boiled/heated fresh leaves/ buds without processed	4
			Blackleg	T	L, Bd	F	Eat fresh leaves or only three buds with butter; crushed with fresh roots of M. foetida and fresh leaves of H. lusitanica and E. divinorum, drunk one-litre concoct	10
			Pregnancy (fertility)	T	L	F	Crushed enclosed in fibre; add sex organ for three days	4
			Abdominal pain	T	Bd	F	Fresh buds crushed and ate with butter		3
			Snake bite (venom injection)	T	L		Crushed, pounded with water and drunk one-litre decoction	2
			Diarrhoea	T	Sb	F	Crushed fresh leaves of V. nobilis and drunk one-litre concoction through oral administration	5
			Evil eye, evil spirit	T	Rb	F	Crushed, washed the body and drunk one-litre decoction	1
			Coccidiasis	T	Bd	F	Crushed with fresh two-to-three pods of C. frutescens, mixed with butter, and eaten or drunk via oral	3
			Body swelling	T	Sb	F	Crushed, drunk one-litre decoct; touch the swelled by boiled	2
Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich	Cucurbitaceae	Uulli gereechcho	Rabies, babesiosis, anthrax, blackleg, dinegetegna	Cl	R	F	Crushed fresh roots with or without NaCl or livestock soil salt ('Borra'), mixed in water, and drunk one glass—one litre; also given for dogs and cats, oral and anal	9	MH-14
			Venign external livestock tumour	Cl			Fresh roots are crushed and drunk one-litre decoction via anal or oral administration	2
Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz	Amaranthaceae	Onno’i qaccabba (Gonje'e)	Aspiration pneumonia	H	R	F	Crushed, mixed with water, squeezed, and drunk half a litre through the mouth, sniffing or spitting the juice to the nose	9	MH-199
			Blackleg	H	R	F	Crushed, mixed with water and drunk one-litre decoction for every morning for four days	3
Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. **	Poaceae	Hixaana	Conjunctivitis/eye pain	H	R, L	F	Chewed and spited; crushed and squeezed; add two up to three drops by syringe in the morning and night	39	MH-86
			Aspiration pneumonia	H	L	F	Crushed, mixed with water, drunk one litre, inhale, chewed, and swallowed the juices by oral means	2
			Bloat	H	L	F	Crushed and drunk one-litre decoction through mouth	1
Cyperus rotundus L	Cyperaceae	Naaqa	Acidiosis	G	R	F	Crushed, mixed with water and drunk one coffee cup or one glass-one litre of decoction via mouth	2	MH-168
Cyphostemma adenocaule (Steud. ex A. Rich.) Desc. ex Wild & R.B. Drumm	Vitaceae	Dodoobba (Jaanjeechcho)	Acidiosis body swelling, snake bite	Cl	R	F	Crushed and drunk half a coffee cup—one litre of the decoct	1	MH-339
Cyphostemma pannosum Vollesen	Vitaceae	Gidiidoola	Skin wound	H	R	F	Roots are crushed, mixed with water, and pasted on the wound	9	MH-330
			Acidiosis blackleg, telleriosis (anaplasmiosis), spleen enlargement-tick-borne ailment, retained placenta, anthrax	H	R	F	Crushed and drunk one glass to two litres of decoction through oral and anal administration	4
Datura stramonium L.**	Solanaceae	Machaa’l haqqa	Rabies	H	R	F	Crushed with S. abyssinica roots or only mixed with water and drunk one glass or mug—two litres—one ‘Bulle’e’/equal to one Pepsi bottle’(Had.) immediately via mouth or anus	10	MH-69
Dicliptera foetida (Forssk.) Blatt	Acanthaceae	Omoro'o laba	Bat urine ailment	H	L	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one litre, washing the body with the decoction	1	MH-136
Dicliptera magaliesbergensis K. Balkwill	Acanthaceae	Baxaaxursa/Omoro labi jule'i/mani illi qaraare)	Pasteurellosis, evil eye (evil spirit)	H	R, L	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one litre of decoction via mouth while washing the body skin	1	MH-158
Dodonaea viscosa subsp. angustifolia (L.f.) J.G. West	Sapindaceae	Kitkiita	PPR (Peste des petits ruminants), diarrhoea	S	Bd	F	Fresh leaves with buds of G. amygdalinum, buds of C. macrostachyus, E. depauperata, B. antidysenterica, R. cordifolia, J. chimperiana, S. elliptica, and P. dodecandra, mixed with water, and drunk half a glass for young calf and two glasses for adults	17	MH-19
			Bat urine, back sore	S	L	F	Crushed, pasted on the painful area or wound, and tied	2
			Bloat	S	L	F	Crushed and drunk one-litre decoction	1
Echinops kebericho Mesfin. *	Asteraceae	Toosa	Abdominal pain Acidiosis	H	R	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one glass up to one litre of oral and anal administration	2	MH-195
Ekebergia capensis Sparrm	Meliaceae	Oloola	Rabies	H	Sb	F	Crushed the fresh leaves of Z. asiaticum, the fresh stem bark of S. oxyacanthum, and A. falcatus, mixed them with water, and drunk three coffee cups of the concoction	4	MH-248
Ensete ventricosum (Welw.) Cheesman. *	Musaceae	Weesa	Placental remain, trauma (broken bones)	H	L, Ps, Cm	F	Fresh red leaf/pseudo stem/corm ('Hamicho'-Had.) roasted and eaten until healed or removed from the remained placenta orally	21	MH-20
			Acidiosis, diarrhoea	H	R	F	Crushed or ‘Bu’o-Had’, ‘Hamicho-Had.’, mixed with water, and drunk one litre of corm ('Hamicho'-Hadiyissa) eaten livestock, eaten roasted/cooked corm	9
			Toxicity	H	Ps	F	Freshly crush, squeeze water, and drunk two litres of oral	1
Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter. *	Poaceae	Xaafe’e	Sore	H	Se	D	Unprocessed seeds are mixed with donkey faeces and pasted on the sore wound	1	MH-223
Erica arborea L	Ericaceae	Saate'e	Constipation	S	Bd	F	Fresh buds or leaves are crushed; drunk one litre orally	1	MH-233
Erythrina abyssinica Lam	Fabaceae	Qaala’i wora’a	Acidiosis	T	Sb	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one litre of the decoction and given oral administration	2	MH-332
Erythrina brucei Schweinf. *	Fabaceae	Wora’a	Aspiration pneumonia, acidiosis, constipation, abdominal pain	T	Sb	F	Chewed with fresh stem bark of D. schimperiana and/or with dry leaves of N. tabacum spitted to the nose, drunk one litre of concoction by oral and nasal route	15	MH-55
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. **	Myrtaceae	Qadaalli baarzaafa	Bloat	T	Sc	D	Drunk one litre of charcoal from C. macrostachyus and H. lusitanica mixed with water, and drunk one litre of concoct	11	MH-54
			Dingetegna	T	Bd	F	Boiled, mixed with butter, and eaten; inhaled the smoke	2
			Parasitic leech	T	L	F	Crushed with fresh C. esculenta rhizome and drunk	2
			Coughing, infection of grass hopper entrance, listeriosis	T	L	F	Crushed with dry prepared leaves of N. tabacum, mixed with water, and drunk one litre in three alternative days until healed	4
Euclea divinorum Hiern	Ebenaceae	Meegaara	Actinobacillosis, blackleg, dingetegna	T	Bd	F	Crushed with fresh buds of C. macrostachyus, boiled and eaten; burned with dry livestock dungs inhaled the smoke through the nose, oral, and nasal	16	MH-15
			Bloat	T	L	F	Fresh buds are crushed with fresh buds of R. neglecta and J. procera, mixed with water, and drunk one litre	1
			Diarrhoea, acidiosis	T	L	F	Crushed alone or with fresh root of B. suaveolens, mixed with water, and drunk one litre	2
			Conjunctivitis/eye ailment	T	Bd	F	Chewed and spitted to the eye	2
Euphorbia abyssinica J.F. Gmel	Euphorbiaceae	Adaamma	Asthma (stenosis, respiratory organ)	T	St-Br	D	Dry stem branch burning and inhaling the smoking gas, nasal and oral administration	15	MH-200
			Body swelling, wound, livestock tumour	T	La	F	Milky latex juice extract and NaCl are added, then smeared on the cutted skin wound and swollen part; it burst the swell and released out as pus	6
Euphorbia depauperata Hochst. ex A. Rich	Euphorbiaceae	Gendeella	PPR (Peste des petits ruminants)	H	Bd/L	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one glass of young calf, two glasses of adults, orally	1	MH-47
			LSD	H	Bd/L		Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one litre of decoction oral administration	4
Foeniculum vulgare Mill	Apiaceae	Wollanga (Ashbe’e)	Aspiration pneumonia	H	L, Fr	F	Fresh leaves and fruits are chewed and spitted into the nose	4	MH-66
			Blackleg, pasteurellosis	H	L, Fr	F	Crushed, powdered, mixed with water, and drunk one litre of decoction, oral	1
Grevillea robusta A. Cunn. ex R.Br. **	Proteaceae	Giraar shuwwishuwwa	Constipation, diarrhoea, LSD, Acidiosis	T	L	F	Crushed alone or with fresh leaves of S. hypselodendron, mixed with water, drunk one litre	5	MH-106
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip	Asteraceae	Heebbaa	Actinobacillosis, trauma/blood accumulation, PPR (Peste des petits ruminants), diarrhoea, babesiosis (liver ailment), dinegetegna, acidiosis, placenta remain	T	L, Bd	F	Crushed and mixed with water, and drunk one litre of decoction for adults and half a litre for young people via oral administration	19	MH-07
			Conjunctivitis/eye pain	T	L	F	Mixed with water, squeezed, filtered, and added three drops to the eyes	3
Gymnanthemum auriculiferum (Hiern) Isawumi	Asteraceae	Baarawwa	Wound	S	L, Bd	F	Crushed with fresh/dry leaves of N. tabacum, pasted and tied; added the juice until cure	11	MH-03
			Fowl typhoid	S	L, Bd	F	Crushed the fresh or dry leaves of N. tabacum and drunk the juice through the beak via the oral route	5
Gymnanthemum sp.	Asteraceae	Aggagga	Dingetegna, diarrhoea, trypanomiasis	S	R	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk two-litre infusion of decoctions by oral administration	3	MH-309
Gymnosporia arbutifolia (Hochst.ex. A. Rich.) Loes	Celastraceae	Jonge’e	Conjunctivitis (eye pain)	T	R	F	Crushed, mixed with water, filtered by a neat white cloth, and added two to three drops to the eyes	1	MH-126
			Aspiration pneumonia	T	R	F	Chewed fresh roots spitted to the nose, nasal route	1
Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J. F. Gmel	Rosaceae	Suuxo	Bat urine ailment	T	Fl, Se	D	Crushed and mixed with water and drunk 1 coffee cup 1st by nose and ear; 2nd 1itter by anus at morning	1	MH-173
Helianthus annuus L.**	Asteraceae	Faaranj nuuga	Body swelling	H	Se	D	Powdered and mixed in water, and drunk one litre	1	MH-183
Hesperocyparis lusitanica (Mill.) Bartel. **	Cupressaceae	Faaranj hooma	Livestock trypanosomiasis, blackleg, dingetegna	T	L	F	Crushed fresh leaves NaCl, mixed with water and drunk one litre via mouth or anus	6	MH-61
Hordeum vulgare L.**	Poaceae	So'o	Acidiosis	H	Se	D	Powdered burned seeds, mixed them with water, and drunk one-litre solution of decoction orally	1	MH-222
Hymenodictyon floribundum (Hochst. & Steud.) B.L. Rob	Rubiaceae	Odeera (Wo'l qobbo'o)	Cysticercus: bovis, ovis (livestock ascariasis)	S	L	F	Leaves are crushed, mixed in water, and drunk. half-litre decoction given orally	1	MH-334
Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk	Aquifoliaceae	Ashmiinqa	Acidiosis	T	L	F	Crushed with fresh leaves or fruits of C. sativum, bulbs of A. sativum, and NaCl, drunk one litre and drunk one litre	2	MH-241
Juniperus procera L	Cupressaceae	Abash hooma	Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)	T	L	F	Fresh leaves boiled or burned in the fire with C. macrostachyus and smoked with the steam or gas	1	MH-60
Justicia schimperiana (Hochst.ex. Nees) T. Anderson	Acanthaceae	Xummunga	FMD, diarrhoea	S	Bd		Fresh buds were boiled with fresh buds of C. macrostachyus, breathing or inhaling the smoke through the nose or mouth, crushed, and drunk one mug for calf and two mugs for adults with water	2	MH-31
Kalanchoe hypseloleuce Friis & M.G. Gilbert. *	Crassulaceae	Hancuura	Body swelling	H	L	F	Boiled fresh leaves or stems in fire, crushed, and inserted in the painful area by cutting the painful place	1	MH-127
Lasiosiphon glaucus Fresen	Thymelaeaceae	Ollawwa	FMD	S	Sb	F	Stem bark is pressed, tied to the head and legs, and crushed water infusions of decoctions via oral route	46	MH-37
			Rabies	S	Sb	F	Crushed stems from sunrise and drunk one litre of decoction	5
Lathyrus oleraceus Lam. **	Fabaceae	Gite'e	Nasal bote	H	Wh	D	Crushed dry straw with dry N. tabacum leaves, mixed in their drinking water, and killed them in the water	1	MH-227
Lavandula dentata L	Lamiaceae	Qadaalli wereeggi fiita (Naatira laba)	Abdominal pain/ache	H	L	F	Crushed with NaCl, mixed with water, and drunk one litre	1	MH-167
Lysimachia ruhmeriana Vatke	Primulaceae	Uulli saratichcho (Guffi saratichcho)	Aspiration pneumonia	H	R	F	Roots chewed with NaCl and spitted to the nose	1	MH-139
Maesa lanceolata Forssk	Primulaceae	Kowwaada	Babesiosis, diarrhoea, aspiration pneumonia	T	Sb	F	Crushed from sunrise, mixed in cold or warm water, juice add to nose; drunk one mug-one litre; spitted to the nose; oral and nasal administration	5	MH-02
Melia azedarach L. **	Meliaceae	Niima laba	Dingetegna	T	L	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk in one litre of decoction; orally	4	MH-209
Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Hochst. ex Baker. *	Fabaceae	Billawwaqqa	Coughing, aspiration pneumonia	T	Sb, L	F	Crushed the fresh leaves of D. viscosa subsp. angustifolia, mixed them with water, and drunk one-litre of the concoct; orally	3	MH-97
							Chewed and spitted to the nose or mouth	2
Momordica foetida Schumach	Cucurbitaceae	Hamash waasa	Diarrhoea	Cl	R	F	Crushed, mixed with charcoal powdered with C. molle in cold or warmed water; drunk one to two litres, young to adults	48	MH-06
			Abdominal pain, abdominal ache	Cl	R	F	Crushed fresh roots and leaves of S. hypselodendron, mixed in cold or warmed water, drunk one litre or powdered mixed in water and drunk one litre separately	3
			Bat urine ailment, aspiration pneumonia, acidiosis	Cl	L, R	F	Crushed, mixed cold or heated water, added the juice to the urine-injured area, and drunk one litre with fruits or leaves of C. sativum for bloating via anal administration	13
			Blackleg, dingetegna, anthrax	Cl	R	F	Crushed roots alone or with leaves of C. macrostachyus mixed with cold or warmed water, and drunk one-two litres of oral	16
			Telleriosis/anaplasmiosis (spleen enlargement-tick-borne ailment)	Cl	R	F	Crushed with dry prepared leaves of M. foetida, mixed with two cups local arekie, and drunk one litre of concoction	3
			LSD	Cl	L	F	Crushed with dry leaves of N. tabacum and bulbs of A. sativum, drunk one litre until healed via mouth	3
			Swelling oxen head area due to fraction of yoke	Cl	L	F	Fresh leaves crushing and rubbed on the pained area	1
			Epizootic lymphangitis	Cl	L	F	Fresh leaves are crushed and drunk in one litre via anal administration; orally	1
			Actino-bacillosis (cause wooden tongue)	Cl	L	F	Crushed with fresh leaves or buds of C. macrostachyus, drunk one litre; eat boiled buds of it; and inhale the smoke with dry dung	2
			Evil eye (evil spirit)	Cl	R, L	F	Crushed freshly and drunk one litre immediately, oral	1
Myrtus communis L	Myrtaceae	Goonchi qasha'a	Diarrhoea	S	Sb	F	Crushed from sunrise; drunk one litre until cured, oral	1	MH-169
Nicotiana tabacum L.**	Solanaceae	Tambaa'i koshsho'o	LSD, Acidiosis, Coughing, livestock TB, body swelling	S	L	FD	Crushed, fresh, or dry black product by E. depauperata fresh leaves alone or with a bulb of A. sativum, rhizome of Z. officinale fresh leaves of C. macrostachyus, mixing with water, and drinking one to two litres for two days via mouth and anus	162
			Aspiration pneumonia	S	L	D	Dry prepared leaves with sunrise stem bark of E. brucei and A. schimperiana chewed and spitted the fluid to the nose; closed with fibre chewing and spitting juice	17
			Skin wound	S	L	D	Dry leaves crushed with NaCl, powdered with fresh buds with latex of C. macrostachyus and G. auriculiferum, mixed with water, paste; tied	22
			Back sore	S	L	D	Crushed, powdered and sprinkled on the painful area	12
			Nasal bote, snake bite, insects’ infection	S	L	D	Crushed with a bulb of A. sativum and a rhizome of Z. officinale, covered with ensete fibre, held in the mouth and spitted to the nose or mouth, crushed, and sprayed to protect the snake from a bite on the physical environment	28
			Body swelling, telleriosis	S	L	D	Crushed with rhizome of Z. officinale, mixed with local arekie, and drunk one litre, rubbed swollen area	11
			Conjunctivitis (eye pain)	S	L	D	Crushed, squeezed, and added three drops of the filtrate, then added two–three drops by syringe	6
			Livestock tumour	S	L	D	Crushed dry prepared leaves, mixed with water paste and tied on wounded area; drunk one-litre charcoal	2
			PPR (Peste des petits ruminants)	S	L	D	Crushed and pasted the decoction on the sore mouth	3
			NCD	S	L	D	Crushed and mixed with arekie and drunk by using a syringe through the beak, oral means	4
Nigella sativa L.**	Ranunculaceae	Heemachchi enja	Acidiosis	H	Se	D	Crushed with dry or fresh leaves and dry of C. sativum, A. corrorima, and R. chalepensis, rhizome of Z. officinale, and A. sativum, powdered, mixed with water, and drunk one litre through the mouth and anus	5	MH-03
Ocimum basilicum L.var. cinnamon Basil sweet. **	Lamiaceae	Gimmenja (Basso'i bila laba)	Constipation	H	L	F	Crushed and drunk one litre of decoction via oral administration	1	MH-148
Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst.ex Benth	Lamiaceae	Minaantoofa	Acidiosis (bloat)	H	L, Ag	F	Crushed with livestock salt ('Borra') and fresh or dry bulbs of A. sativum, Z. officinale, and R. chalepensis, drunk one litre of concoction via mouth	4	MH-23
Ocimum spicatum Deflers	Lamiaceae	Buubayye (Angaambiisha)	Conjunctivitis (eye pain)	S	L	F	Crushed and added two–three drops by syringe	5	MH-67
			LSD, michi, African horse sickness/AHS	S	L	F	Crushed alone or with fresh leaves of N. tabacum, mix and drunk one glass of concoction by oral route	1
Oldeania alpina (K. Schum.) Stapleton	Poaceae	Leema	Trauma (broken bone)	H	St	D	Dry stems are chopped or pressed and tied to the broken bone for proper attachment	1	MH-174
Olea europaea L. subsp. cuspidata Wall. ex G. Don	Oleaceae	Weera	Livestock tumour	T	Bd	F	Fresh buds are crushed and drunk one-litre concoction through oral administration	2	MH-111
Olea welwitschii (Knobl.) Gilg & G. Schellenb	Oleaceae	Siigeeda	Aspiration pneumonia	T	Sb, L	F	Fresh stem bark from sunrise, fresh leaves crushed and spitted to the nose	2	MH-261
Olinia rochetiana A. Juss	Penaeaceae	Guna	Aspiration pneumonia	T	Bd	F	Fresh buds are crushed and spitted into the nose	2	MH-39
			Pregnancy (fertility)	T	Bd	F	Crushed with fresh buds of C. macrostachyus and C. longicauda-enclosed fibre and inserted in the female sex organ for 30 min	1
Oncoba spinosa Forssk	Salicaceae	Itakkam kuukka	Abdominal pain	T	L, Fr	F	Fresh leaves or ripe raw fruits crushed and drunk one litre	1	MH-351
Oxalis corniculata L.**	Oxalidaceae	Goro’ama (cii'i mixmimixo'o)	Snake bite (venom injection)	H	L	F	Crushed, and drink one mug, jug, or litre of the solution decoction through the mouth	1	MH-350
Pavetta oliveriana Hiern	Rubiaceae	Gaarawwa laba (Meentichchi gaarawwa)	Bat urine ailment	S	L	F	Crushed and drunk one litre; dry faeces of eagle powdered and drink one-litre decoction	1	MH-228
Pentanema confertiflorum (A. Rich.) D.Gut.Larr., Santos-Vicente, Anderb., E. Rico & M.M. Mart.Ort. *
	Asteraceae	Anca (qadaalli haagallo'o/Bulshaana laba)	Coughing Pasteurellosis	S	L	F	Fresh leaves are crushed, pounded in water, and drunk one litre; NaCl and livestock soil salt (‘Borra’) are drinking one litre orally	2	MH-300
Peponium vogelii (Hook.f.) Engl	Cucurbitaceae	Humbusha (Dunguruulla)	Anaplasmiosis (spleen enlargement)	H	L	F	Crushed, fresh leaves and drunk half litre of water mixed decoction via mouth	1	MH-242
Phaseolus lunatus L	Fabaceae	Boloqe’e (Lob otongora)	Dingetegna Diarrhoea	Cl	R	F	Crushed, mixed in cold or warm water, and drunk one-two litre solution for equines (mule, donkey, and horse)	2	MH-216
Phoenix reclinata Jacq	Arecaceae	Sale’e (Dimbaaba)	Conjunctivitis (eye pain)	T	Se, Bd, Tw		Chewed either the parts and spitted a drop; add two- three drops into the painful eye	4	MH-110
Phyllopentas schimperi (Hochst.) Y.D. Zhou & Q.F. Wang	Rubiaceae	Wo’l oda'a	Cysticercus, bovis, ovis/ascariasis	H	L	F	Crushed, mixed with milk, and drunk one litre of decoction through oral administration	1	MH-232
Physalis peruviana L	Solanaceae	Onjooro’o	Dingetegna	H	R	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one litre via mouth	2	MH-114
Phytolacca dodecandra L’Her	Phytolaccaceae	Haanja	Aspiration pneumonia	S	L, R	F	Chewed three leaves, buds, and roots, squeezed, and spitted the filtered water to the nose	10	MH-161
			Diarrhoea	S	Bd	F	Crushed and drunk two mugs for adults, half for calves	6
Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh	Fabaceae	Maccoqaara (Qaala'i weddeeshsha)	Bloat	T	L	F	Fresh leaves are crushed and drunk in one-litre decoction by oral administration	1	MH-323
Platostoma africanum P. Beauv	Lamiaceae	Heedoo'l maaxa	Diarrhoea	H	L	F	Crushed and mixed it with water and drunk one-litre decoction through oral means	2	MH-25
Prunus africana (Hook.f. Kalkm.)	Rosaceae	Araara	Body swelling, bloat	T	Sb	F	Fresh stem bark from sunrise was crushed, mixed with cold water, and drunk one-litre solution	3	MH-57
			Back sore	T	Sb	F	Crushed from sunrise, paste on the wound	1
Ricinus communis L	Euphorbiaceae	Qobbo’o	Swelling eye, body swelling	S	L	F	Boiled or warm and touch the painful body skin	1	MH-125
Rotheca myricoides (Hochst.) Steane & Mabb	Lamiaceae	Haniga	Aspiration pneumonia, evil sprit	S	Sb, L. Bd	F	Chewed sunrise-stem bark or buds or leaves and spitted the juice to the nose.; stem bark or either part is amulated. on the head or on the hind leg of cattle to against evil eye/sprit	4	MH-186
Rubia cordifolia L	Rubiaceae	Haaro’o (Baarxusha)	Michi diarrhoea, aspiration pneumonia, bat urine ailment	Cl	L, R	F	Crushed roots alone or with buds of fresh D. viscosa subsp. angustifolia leaves, mixed with water, and drunk one litre; spitted to nose the decoction via mouth	8	MH-68
Rumex abyssinicus Jacq	Polygonaceae	Shiisho’o	Babesiosis, dinegetegna, abdominal pain	H	R	F	Crushed, pounded in water, homogenized in cold water, and drunk a litre of decoction via oral route	19	MH-22
			Pregnancy (fertility)	H	Bd	F	Crushed with three fresh buds of C. macrostachyus, fresh C. schimperi roots, enclosed fibre and insert in female sex organ, and tied lower tip at the tail	3
			Livestock tumour (skin wart/venign-external tumour)	H	R	F	Crushed, pasted, and then tied to the painful area	5
Rumex nepalensis Spreng	Polygonaceae	Go’ichcho	Rabies	H	R, L	F	Crushed it, mixed it with water, and drunk one glass or mug decoction via mouth	3	MH-21
Ruta chalepensis L. **	Rutaceae	Qantalaama	Abdominal pain, acidiosis (bloat)	H	L, Fr	F/D	Crushed with fresh or dry leaves or fruits of C. sativum, seeds of A. corrorima, rhizome of Z. officinale, and bulbs of A. sativum mixed with NaCl or salt soil of livestock (‘Borra’), soil in cold water, and drunk one-two litres	99	MH-83
			Blackleg	H	L, Fr	F/D	Fresh leaves and fresh or dry fruits are crushed and drunk one-litre decoction by oral or anal administration	5
Rytigynia neglecta (Hiern.) Robyns	Rubiaceae	Garawwa	Acidiosis	S	Bd	F	Crushed together with the fresh buds of E. divinorum and fresh buds of J. procera, mixed and drunk	1	MH-48
Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf	Amaryllidaceae	Got tuma (Hamashshi weesa)	Acidiosis	H	R, L	F	Crushed the dry-prepared N. tabacum leaf and drunk a litre of concocted solution	3	MH-238
			Shoat pox	H	R	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one coffee cup decoction via mouth	2
Schrebera alata (Hochst.) Welw	Oleaceae	Lob haqqa	Conjunctivitis (eye pain)	T	L	F	Squeezed the crushed, mixed with water, filtered, and added three drops to the eyes or spitted to the nose	1	MH-284
Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen	Polygalaceae	Mukke'e	Dinegetegn acidiosis, babesiosis. anthrax, body swelling abdominal pain, actinomycosis	T	Rb	F, D	Crushed its part from sunrise, mixed with water, and drunk one litre of decoction oral and anal administration	25	MH-206
			Diarrhoea	T	Rb	F, D	Crushed, with root bark of X. americana and stem bark of C. molle, mixed water, and drunk one litre of concoct	7
Shirakiopsis elliptica (Hochst.) Esser	Euphorbiaceae	Shaqama	Bat urine ailment, diarrhoea	T	L	F	Crush fresh leaves and apply cream or ointment to the wound	1	MH-33
Sida rhombifolia L	Malvaceae	Qarxaffa	Snake bite (venom injection), acidiosis, constipation abdominal pain	S	L	F	Crushed and mixed it with water and drunk a mug to one-litre decoct via mouth	5	MH-134
Spiniluma oxyacantha (Baill.) Aubrév	Sapotaceae	Faraxxi qasa	Rabies	T	Sb	F	Crushed and drunk three coffee cups of decoction for one day via mouth or anus	4	M-28
Solanum incanum L	Solanaceae	Heemachchi looraawwa	Actinomycosis	S	Fr	F	Ripe fresh fruits, crush, decoct, and drunk. half litre	3	MH-38
			Conjunctivitis (eye pain)	S	Fr	F	Ripe fruit was crushed, squeezed, mixed with water, and added to the eyes with two–three drops	1
			Bloat	S	R	F	Crushing fresh roots and drunk one mug / a glass orally	2
			Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)	S	Fr	F	Fresh, ripe fruits are crushed and given with butter	2
Stephania abyssinica (Quart. -Dill. & A. Rich.) Walp	Menispermaceae	Huma	Diarrhoea, acidiosis, anthrax, pasteurellosis, dingetegna	Cl	R	F	Crushed with fresh stem bark from the sunrise of C. macrostachyus and drunk 1 mug of concoct via mouth	30	MH-49
			Rabies	Cl	R	F	Crushed fresh leaves of D. stramonium and drunk one litre of concoction through the mouth and anus	7
Tapinanthus sp.	Loranthaceae	Buni xanqo	LSD	Hemp	L	F	Crushed fresh whole parts and drunk 1 L of decoction by means of oral route	1	MH-202
Terminalia brownii Fresen	Combretaceae	Dibi'n haqqa	Constipation	T	Sb	F	Fresh stems are crushed and drunk in one litre of decoction by mouth	1	MH-327
Thymus schimperi Ronniger. *	Lamiaceae	Ishina	Aspiration pneumonia	H	L	F/D	Chewed and spitted at the nose or mouth of sick livestock through the oral or nasal route	1	MH-85
Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.(Synonym of: Zanthoxylum asiaticum (L.) Appelhans, Groppo & J.Wen.	Rutaceae	Seego'o	Rabies	Cl	L	F	Crushed fresh leaves, mixed with water, and drunk one mug until cure	2	MH-09
			Dingetegna	Cl	Fr	F	Crushed with fresh leaves of C. macrostachyus and E. divinorum, drunk one litre of the infusion of concoct	2
Trigonella foenum- graecum L. **	Fabaceae	Shuqoota	Faciolosis	Cl	Se	D	Mix poweder seeds with water and drunk one litre for bovines, sheep, and goats via mouth	1	MH-94
Urera hypselodendron (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Wedd. (Synonym of: Scepocarpus hypselodendron (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) T.Wells & A.K.Monro.	Urticaceae	Hariira (Dooqa)	Cysticercus, bovis, ovis (ascariasis), acidiosis, constipation,	Cl	L	F	Crushed alone or with fresh leaves of G. robusta, mixed with water, and drunk one litre of water solution, oral	13	MH-130
Urtica simensis Hochst. ex A. Rich. *	Urticaceae	Amaa'l doobba (Cimcima)	Evil eye (evil spirit)	H	L, Bd	F	Crushed with fresh roots of A. africanus, mixed with water, and drunk one litre, concoction, oral mean	3	MH-194
			Bat urine ailment	H	L	F	Crushed, mixed with A. dimidiata, and drunk three mug infusion concoction	3
Vepris nobilis (Delile) Mziray	Rutaceae	Xaa'a	Acidiosis	T	L	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one litre of decoction via mouth	2	MH-73
			Diarrhoea, constipation	T	Sb	F	Crushed from sunrise both with C. macrostachyus and drunk one litre of concoct via mouth	2
Verbascum sinaiticum Benth	Scrophulariaceae	Got buyya	Aspiration pneumonia	H	R	F	Chewing and spitting at the nose decoction	4	MH-316
			Constipation	H	L	F	Crushed, mixed with water, drunk one -two litre decoct	5
Verbena officinalis L	Verbenaceae	Qisqisa (Modollo'o)	Abdominal pain	H	R, L	F	Roots or leaves are rushed, and a litre of decoction is drunk via mouth	5	MH-166
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Solanaceae	Ajaar buyya	Arthritis (gouge or mondy-morning ailment), acidiosis	S	L, R	F	crushed fresh leaves or roots, mixed them with water, and drunk a one-litre decoction for bovines and equines via oral and anal administration	4	MH-378
Ximenia americana L	Olacaceae	Qaala’i kooshshaama	LSD, diarrhoea, aspiration pneumonia	S	L, Sb	F	Crushed, mixed with water, and drunk one litre until healed; spitted the decoction to the nose via oral and nasal means	4	MH-273
Zea mays L.**	Poaceae	Boqqolla	Acidiosis	H	Se	F	Powdered burned seed, mixed with water, and drunk one litre	225	MH-225
Zingiber officinale Roscoe. **	Zingiberaceae	Jaanjibeela	Actinomycosis, acidiosis, abdominal pain, diarrhoea	H	Rh	F	Crushed the bulbs of A. sativum, dry or fresh leaves or fruits of C. sativum, R. chalepensis, and dry seeds of A. corrorima and drunk the concoction	64	MH-64

Growth form: Habit: Hàb = habit; H = herb, S = Shrub, T = Tree, Cl = Climber, and Hemp = Hemi-parasite; Part used = PU (Whole part = Wh; above ground = Ag or if below ground = Bg); Leaf = L; Root = R; Stem = St; Flower = Fl; Fruit = Fr; Pod = Pd; Seed = Se; Rhizome = Rh; Bulb = Bu; Bark = Ba, Stem bark = Sb, Stem charcoal = Sc, Root bark = Rb; Latex = La, Buds = Bd, Bula = Bl, Pseudo stem = Ps, Corm-Cm); Conditions of the Preparation = CP (Fresh-F; Dry-D; Fresh or Dried- F/D); Preparation Forms (PF), MT, and Ra are used symbols or as it = PF (Burning = Bn, Chewing = Ch, Concoction = Co, Decoction = De, pounded = Pu, powdered = Po, or Grinding = Gr, Crushing = C, Warming/Boiling/Heating = Wa/Bo/He, Roasted/Cooked = Ro/Ck, Infusion = Inf, Squeezing = Sq, Cutting = Cu, Chopping = Cp); Means of Treatment = MT(Drinking = Dk, Smoking = Smo, Eating = Et, Fumigating = Fum, Ho = Holding on pained tooth, Touch the pained area = Tu, Inhaling/sniffing = In/Sn, Inserting = Ins, Pasting = Pa, Painting/Creaming/Smearing = Pt/Cr/Sm, Dermal/External = Dr/Ex, Spitting to the mouth or eye = Sp, Sprinkled = Spr, Rubbing = Ru, Dropping = Dp, Eye = Ey, Swallowing the chewed juice = Sw, Amulet = Am a plant part which is tied at legs or on the horn/head of cattle and legs, Spraying, = Spy, Tie around the pained area = Td,Wrapped = Wr, Without process = Wp; Smelling through nose/mouth = Sme, Washing = W); Physical = Ph; and Route of Administration = RA (Oral = O; Nasal = N; Eye (Optical) = Ey/Op; Dental = Dt; Dermal = Dr, Ear (Auricular) = (E/Au), Anal = An, and, Endemic to Ethiopia (*), Introduced into Ethiopia (**), Native not used asterisks, Total number of informants who cited the medicinal plants for treating the major aliments = UR ( use report); VN: = Vernacular name, and MH = Mulatu Hankiso

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