Table 2 Summary of the detailed information about the taxa, emerging from the ethnobotanical investigation

Abies alba Mill. BOLO0002913

Abete bianco

Abæd

Wild-native

MED: Bud infusion is a remedy for cold (1H) and bronchitis (1H), cone decoction cures chilblains (1 M), and resin ointment softens cracked (1 M)

Acer campestre L. BOLO0000996

Acero campestre

Wild-native

SMR: A piece of wood kept in the pocket keeps “evil eye” away and brings good luck (2P). A pagan wedding might be celebrated with the spouses dancing around the tree, for three times, saying magic spells (1P)

Achillea millefolium L.BOLO0052435

Achilea

Mellfoj

Melfòi

Erba vturena

Méllfoí

Êrba di tâj

Wild-native

FOOD: Flowers (2H) and leaves (2P) are eaten in salad since they have digestive properties (2H). Flowers are eaten fried (1P). Dried leaves are used to prepare a relaxing bitter tea (1P). A digestive liquor is prepared by macerating flowers (1H, 1 M) and leaves in alcohol (7H). Seeds are added in wine demijohns as preservatives (1 M)

MED: Leaf decoction calms stomachache (1P). The infusion of leaves and flowers is useful against dysentery (6H), calms stomachache (2H), and used in compress is wound-healing (6H). Cataplasm of young leaves (1 M) or decoction of flowering tops in compress (2H) are used to treat skin sores and cracks. Boiled flowers and leaves in compress help circulation and treat hemorrhoids (1 M). Flower infusion in compress is used against hemorrhoids (7H), and to clean small wounds (1H), the infusion per os is digestive (1H, 1 M), useful in case of cold, flu, and inflamed throat, since it is anti-inflammatory (2 M), together with mint, honey, thyme, and the lime tree it is used in cataplasm to treat pimples (7H). A flower-based cream is used to heal wounds (2H). Flower ointment is used to treat hemorrhoids (1H). Infusion of leaves and dry roots is used in compress for acne treatment (1 M)

COSM: Flower infusion is added to a warm bath to contrast cellulitis (1 M)

SMR: It is a magical plant, that protects from hex, purifies people and places from malefic influence, and is used to predict the weather (1H)

AGROPA: The whole plant is used to feed animals (1P) such as rabbits (3H)

Acorus calamus L. BOLO0006696

Calamo aromatico

Cudrés

Wild-alien

MED: Rhizome decoction is used in compress to relieve bone pain (2H)

Adiantum capillus-veneris L. BOLO0049554

Capelvenere

Capælvæner

Wild-native

MED: The decoction of dried fronds is a remedy for asthma (1 M), and cough (2 M), is a nasal decongestant in case of cold (1 M), is anti-inflammatory for sore throat (1 M), and has emmenagogue activity (1 M)

COSM: The water obtained from the decoction of dried fronds is cooled and used as a remedy for hair loss (2 M) and dandruff (1 M)

Aesculus hippocastanum L. BOLO0001211

Ippocastano

Marån d’Endia

Castagna mata

Maråṅ d'Endia

Wild-alien

MED: Seed decoction is drunk to reduce hemorrhoids (4H). Boiled seeds if eaten are laxative (4H). Dried fruit decoction is astringent and anti-diarrheal (1 M). Bark decoction is used in case of nosebleeds (2H) and bark infusion is drunk in case of hemorrhoids (2 M). Powdered seed cream is used to improve blood circulation and reduce varicose veins (3H)

COSM: Powdered seed together with soap gives a cream useful against skin spots (8H)

SMR: “Nuts” (seeds) kept in the pocket bring good luck (2 M), and keep flu and cold away (3P, 18H, 1 M). Placing three nuts on the bedside table keeps flu and cold away (2 M)

REP: Seed macerated for 24 h is an insecticide (4H)

Aethusa cynapium L. BOLO0030997

Cicuta minore

Prezzemolo selvatico

Wild-native

TOXIC: It is a toxic plant that looks like parsley (except for having bigger leaves). For this reason, it is important to pay attention when harvesting parsley, since birds could have spread the seeds of this toxic plant in the field (1 M)

Agrimonia eupatoria L. BOLO0052599

Agrimonia

Agrimônia

Erba dla vòs

Wild-native

MED: Dry leaf infusion is used for hoarseness and in case of voice loss (1 M). Flower macerated few days in a mixture of water and alcohol, is filtered and drunk to purify the blood (1H, 1 M). Flower infusion with honey and rose leaves is used in case of fatigue during swallowing (2H)

SMR: The plant is considered a protection from evil; flowers are used to fill small bags as protection from negative energies, and the whole plant is burned in rituals (1H)

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle BOLO0052807

Ailanto

Wild-alien

MED: Bark infusion is antiseptic and it is used against diarrhea and intestinal parasites (3H)

Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreb.BOLO0048969

Erba biga

Èrba Biga

Êrba bîga

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are eaten in salad or soup for their purifying properties (3H)

MED: Aerial part infusion is used to calm dysentery (3H), as emmenagogue (3H), and to heal wounds (3H)

SMR: This plant is believed to heal all kinds of illness (6H)

Ajuga reptans L. BOLO0004919

Erba biga

Bugula

Erba d'sant Albert

Wild-native

MED: Aerial part infusion (also in compress) is used to relieve skin irritations (1H). Aerial part oleolite (in olive oil) is used for inflamed joints (1H)

Alcea rosea L. BOLO0039772

Malvarosa

Malvon

Malvån

Beladona

Malvån

Wild-alien

MED: Flower infusion together with milk (1H) or flower decoction (1H) is used for sore throat (1H). The infusion of leaves and flowers is emollient (1H) and useful to soothe the oral cavity (1H). Root decoction calms cough (2H), is expectorant (3H) and its fumes are useful to treat bronchitis (3H). Root and flower infusion is used to treat dental abscesses (1H) and for eye rinse in case of conjunctivitis (1H)

Alkekengi officinarum Moench BOLO0029221

Alchechengio

Balunzin ròs

Vessicæria

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are eaten as a dessert or used to make a jam (5H)

MED: Fruit infusion or raw fruits are diuretic (3H). Fruit juice is laxative (1H). Dried berries (without the flower calyx) are powdered and placed on the legs in case of edema, due to sitting in the proximity of the braziers (1 M)

TOXIC: Green parts of the plant are poisonous (5H)

Alliaria petiolata (M. Bieb.) Cavara & Grande BOLO0003342

Alliaria

Erba di âj

Wild-native

MED: Crushed fresh leaves are applied on the skin as an anti-inflammatory, to treat sores and acne (1 M)

Allium ampeloprasum L. BOLO0006610

Porro

Pòrr

Wild-alien

FOOD: Whole plant is used to cook several dishes (1P, 2H). Soup of leek is useful against arthritis (2H) and gout (2H)

MED: The dens mixture obtained by boiling the leek is helpful in the case of wrynecks (1H)

Allium cepa L. -

Cipolla

Zivålla

Zìvålla

Cultivated

FOOD: Onion is widely used in cookery to prepare several dishes (14H), and it is one of the most used flavors (8H). Bulb is eaten in salad since it has disinfecting properties for the throat and oral cavity (2P, 2 M), and for its beneficial effect on the intestine (1 M). It ameliorates blood circulation (2P, 1H), has diuretic proprieties (1H, 2 M), it is used for rheumatism (3 M), it is purifying for the liver (1 M), and is a sleep-promoting agent (2 M). Generally, eating the raw bulb is considered fortifying (2 M)

MED: Bulb is eaten against tapeworm (3H). Bulb (row or marinated vinegar) disinfects the throat (1H). A clove of bulb calms the itch if rubbed on a mosquito bite (1P, 9H, 1 M). Bulb slices are applied on insect (1 M) (bee 1H) stings to relieve the pain. The film between the bulb layers is put on wounds for its high disinfectant power (1 M). A boiled bulb together with potatoes is used in compress in case of toothache (1H). A boiled bulb has laxative properties (3H, 1 M), lowers blood pressure (1H, 1 M), and is used in cataplasm to calm stomachache (8H). Cataplasm obtained by mixing bulb and butter is helpful against hemorrhoids (2H). Bulb juice is disinfectant (1 M) and is used on burns (3H), on insect bites (1 M), and to reduce the itch due to insect and spider bits (1H), it is used in case of cough (1H) or fever (1H). Bulb infusion helps to lose weight for its laxative properties (2H), it is used in case of colitis as a refreshing agent (1H), and as a diuretic (2H). Bulb decoction has diuretic properties (3H), and it is drunk to purify and fortify the body (3 M). The bulb is boiled in milk, and it is drunk against cough (1P). Syrup made with onion, sugar, and honey cures colds (3H). Leaf in compress is used in case of arthrosis (1H). Leaves are used to treat wounds (2P)

SMR: Twelve bulbs were traditionally used to predict rainy and dry months (1P, 1 M)

Allium sativum L. -

Aglio

Aj

Ai

Âj

Cultivated

FOOD: Garlic is widely used in cookery (18H, 5 M), and in dishes such as “agliata” (a soup with bins) (1 M). Garlic are used to flavor some dishes (9H)

MED: Garlic is given to eat (8H, 2 M) or smell (1P, 3H, 2 M) to kids to prevent intestinal parasite infection. Raw garlic is eaten to combat intestinal parasites (1H) and as an antidote for viper bite (1H). The bulb lowers blood pressure (2P, 30H, 6 M), it improves blood circulation (1H), is beneficial for the heart (1P), and it reduces cholesterol (2P, 2H). To chew the bulb calm toothache (2P) and sore throat (1 M). A clove of the bulb is kept in the mouth or in the nose against cold (1H). A clove of garlic is rubbed on ears to calm otitis (2H), on cold limbs to reduce chilblains (3H), and on the nose against cold (2H). The bulb is crushed in a mortar to obtain a juice useful to reduce calluses (2H, 2 M), warts (1 M), insect bites (1H, 3 M), and in case of viper or dog bites (1H). Ten bulbils are crushed and chopped in half a cup of oil, this semisolid preparation is rubbed on sore bones (1 M). The minced bulb in cataplasm is used to calm pain (1P), in particular neuralgia (1P). A paste obtained with a clove minced with breadcrumbs and a bit of milk is used to treat whitlow (“giradito”) (1 M). Cloves of garlic are crushed and mixed with olive oil to obtain an ointment used topically on the belly for digestive issues (4H), to eliminate intestinal parasites (2H), applied under the feet soles to lower the blood pressure (3H), and used to treat ear infection (2H). Bulb macerate in water is anti-lice (1H,) and calms insect bite itch (1H). Compress of bulb macerated in water is used to heal wounds (1 M). Bulb boiling water together with vinegar is used for gargles in case of toothache and gumache (3H). Bulb boiled in milk with honey is an expectorant (1P) and fights intestinal parasites (2H). A teaspoon per day of garlic macerate in alcohol is useful to prevent arteriosclerosis (1H). The external part of the bulb disinfects wounds (2P)

COSM: Garlic macerated in alcohol is used to cure alopecia (2H)

SMR: A clove of garlic in a glass protects from the diseases (1H), if kept under the pillow it is a remedy against intestinal parasitosis (3H). Braids made of garlic are hanged in the house to keep witches away (1P), and garlic wreath with red ribbon is used against “evil eye” (1 M). A garlic necklace keeps worms, snakes (2H) and intestinal parasites (15H) away

REP: Grounded garlic in water sprayed on roses keeps aphids away (1 M)

Allium schoenoprasum L. BOLO0008427

Erba cipollina

Wild-native

FOOD: Aerial parts are used to prepare several dishes (5P), and as spice (2 M)

MED: Aerial part has diuretic properties (1 M). It is eaten to heal from intestinal worms (1H). Aerial part infusion regularizes heartbeat (1H), and it is used in callus-reducer footbaths (1H). Leaves wraps are wound-healer (2H)

REP: Surrounding the windows with the leaves keeps insects away (1H)

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. BOLO0003359

Ontano

Ontan

Wild-native

MED: Bark decoction is used against sore throat (1P). Leaves are hemostatic in case of small wounds (1P)

Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. BOLO0007896

Aloe vera

Cultivated

MED: Leaf juice heals wounds (1H), protects from tumors if it is swallowed (1H), and makes the body more tonic and active (1H). It is used to massage the back in case of joint inflammation (4H). Leaf infusion reduces pain due to ulcers (1H)

Aloysia citrodora Paláu BOLO0011975

Erba citronella

Erba Luigia

Erba cedrina

Cedrina

Èrba zìdreina

Êrba zedrenna

Êrba zedrẹṅna

Cultivated

FOOD: Aerial parts are widely used in cookery as flavor and to prepare liquors (11H). Leaves are used as flavor (4H) and are eaten for the digestive effect (4H). Leaves are used to prepare digestive liquors (1 M, 1H), that stimulate appetite and reduce intestinal gasses (1H)

MED: Leaves are rubbed on teeth and gums to fight halitosis (2H). Leaf infusion disinfects the stomach (3H), lowers the fever (3H), and is relaxing (3H). Liquor in fumes calms cold (1H) and sore throat (1H)

DOM: Flowers are kept in the armchair to perfume linens (3H)

Althaea officinalis L. BOLO0049311

Altea

Alteja

Wild-native

MED: Leaf decoction together with pomegranate leaves is astringent (4H). Kids chew the roots to calm teething pain (1P, 2H). Root macerate is used to treat cough (1H). Root decoction is an expectorant (3H). Fumes of the decoction are useful in case of bronchitis (3H)

Anacamptis morio (L.) R.M.Bateman, Pridgeon & M.W.Chase BOLO0003126

Concordia

Fior ch’as surcen

Cuncordia

Wild-native

FOOD: Children suck the petals for their sweet taste (1 M)

Anethum graveolens L. -

Aneto puzzolente

Fnoc puzzleint

Cultivated

FOOD: It is used to flavor several dishes (3H). This plant is eaten to improve digestion (1H)

Angelica archangelica L. BOLO00030618

Angelica

Wild-alien

FOOD: Root liquor is digestive (1H)

MED: Root decoction reduces stress (3H) and stimulates digestion, preventing aerophagia and headache (3H)

Angelica sylvestris L. BOLO0049237

Angelica

Erba di cavéi

Angiælica

Angiaælica

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves and stems are used in cookery (1H)

MED: Flower infusion has digestive (1H) and purifying properties (2H), and it is useful against stomachache (12H). Seed powder is used against lice (3H)

COSM: Compress of boiled flowers and steam is used to prevent baldness and to strengthen the scalp (1 M)

Anthyllis vulneraria L. BOLO0046805

Vulneraria

Trifoiel seivadg

Trafujôla

Wild-native

MED: A compression wrap containing shredded flowers is used as a wound healer (1 M). Flower and leaf decoction, filtered for about 20 min, is used in compress for wound healing, burning, and abrasions (1 M)

AGROPA: The plant is used as feed for cattle (1 M)

Antirrhinum majus L. BOLO0003333

Bocca di leone

Båcca ed låuv

Wild-native

MED: Flower decoction is used in compress on burns (1 M) and on skin redness (1 M)

SMR: It was believed that anointing with seed oil makes a person more handsome (1 M)

REP: To place a spring of this tree in the room corners to keeps scorpions away (2 M)

Apium graveolens L. BOLO0049014

Sedano

Saerrel

Særrel

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves (1H) and stems (7H) are used in cookery. Raw celery is eaten to reduce stomach swelling (3H)

MED: Leaf infusion in footbath cures chilblains (2H). Infusion of roots of celery, fennel, parsley and butcher’s broom reduces the intestinal gases (6H). Fruit infusion is used to relieve stomach and intestinal inflammation (1H)

VET: A mixture of leaves infusion together with lard is used in cataplasm to treat cow’s mastitis (1H)

Aquilegia spp. -

Aquilegia

Wild-native

MED: Flower infusion is used per os as astringent (3 M), sedative (1 M), and topically as anti-inflammatory (1 M)

Arbutus unedo L. BOLO0055377

Corbezzolo

Curbæzzel

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits purify the liver (1P). Unripe fruits are eaten raw as diuretic (1 M), while ripe fruits with orange are used to prepare a jam (1 M)

Arctium lappa L. BOLO0022265

Bardana maggiore

Lâpa

Rezz

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used in cookery (1H). Roots are used to prepare a liquor (1H). Roots are boiled and eaten for their detoxifying properties (2H)

MED: Leaves are smoked to purify the lungs (2H). Minced leaves have anti-inflammatory action on skin (1P), and they are used on wasp bites (1P). Fresh leaves are applied on inflamed skin (1 M). Cataplasm of leaves in milk has cicatrizing properties (1H). Leaf and flower macerated in oil (oleolite) is used for skin affection (2H). The decoction of roots (3H) or the infusion of leaves (2P) are used as purifying and diuretic agents. Root decoction (a spun per day) is drunk against acne (2H) and rubella (1H). Root decoction in compress treats pimples (3H) and acne (2 M). Root oleolite is useful against acne (1 M). Root pulp is used as detergent in case of skin diseases (3H). Root syrup per os (two–three spoons per day) treats eczema (1H). Seed infusion is laxative (1H), and seed and leaf decoction is used to rinse the mouth in case of infections (2 M)

COSM: Compress of boiled leaves is used for skin rejuvenating (2 M). The leaves together with nettle leaves and oil are rubbed on the scalp against dandruff (1 M). Root pulp is used to prevent hair loss (3H)

AGROPA: Leaves are used in vegetable gardens to protect shoots and to prevent weed growth (3H). Leaves, due to their wide dimension, are used to cover shoots in vegetable gardens protecting them from high intensity sun light

GAME: kids used to play at war by throwing prickly flowers, which stick on the clothes (8H)

Arctium minus (Hill.) Bernh. BOLO0052425

Bardana minore

Wild-native

DOM: Leaves were used as toilet paper (1H)

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. BOLO0030285

Uva ursina

Wild-native

MED: Leaf infusion is diuretic (3H), laxative (3H), cures cystitis (1H), purifies the urinary tract, and prevents prostate conditions (2H)

Armoracia rusticana G. Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. BOLO0035660

Rafano rusticano

Cren

Rafan

Wild-alien

FOOD: The root is used to prepare several dishes (1P)

Artemisia absinthium L. BOLO0022765

Assenzio

Wild-native

MED: Leaves are used to prepare a digestive infusion (1P)

Artemisia dracunculus L. BOLO0012772

Dragoncello

Cultivated

FOOD: Leaves are an ingredient of several dishes, used because they are digestive (1H). Leaves are crushed to flavor rennet (3H). Fruits are used to prevent the formation of mold in foods (1H)

MED: Root decoction is used against sore throat (3H)

OUI: In times of poverty, a high amount of leaves was chewed to remove the sensibility of taste buds, enabling to eat also the bad taste food (2H)

Artemisia vulgaris L. BOLO0052428

Artemisia

Erba dal mosch

Artemîsia

Artemîʃia

Wild-native

FOOD: A liquor made with flowering tops (macerated for 20 days in alcohol (1 M)) stimulates the appetite (1 M)

REP: Bunches hung in the stables keep flies and gadflies away (1 M)

Arundo donax L. BOLO0041939

Cannuccia

Canòccia

Wild-alien

MED: Rhizome is used to prepare a diuretic decoction (1P)

Asparagus acutifolius L. BOLO0053689

Asparago selvatico

Sparazèna

Sparzeina

Sparazèna

Sprez

Sparzeṅna

Sparzenna

Spèrż

Wild-native

FOOD: Shoots are eaten cooked (5P, 26H)

MED: The shoots have diuretic properties (8P, 7H), and purifying activity (1P). They are urinary tract disinfectant (1P), kidney protective (1P), digestive (6H), kidney cleaner (1H), and bladder cleaner (1H). Asparagus cooking water relieves rheumatic (2H) and gout pain (2H). Young shoots (4H) and decoction of roots (4H) are used for kidney and bladder conditions

Asplenium ceterach L. BOLO0052408

Cedracca comune

Asplenio cedracca

Cedracc

Erba ruggine

Spaccapietre

Wild-native

MED: Root decoction is a remedy against cough (1H). Fronds boiled in wine prevent kidney stones (1 M)

Asplenium viride Huds. BOLO0021179

Asplenio

Felcetta

Êrba dal dôn

Wild-native

MED: Leaf infusion is febrifuge (1 M). Frond decoction is useful against bronchitis (1 M), as expectorant and antitussive (1 M)

Atropa belladonna L. BOLO0029263

Atropa Belladonna

Bæladôna

Wild-native

MED: Root and leaf decoction calms stomachache (3H). Leaf and flower infusion is drunk in low dosages as a calming agent and sleep inducer (1 M)

OUI: The name “belladonna”, which means “beautiful woman”, derives from the dilating effect on pupils given by this plant; since this feature was considered glamorous in women, the fruits were eaten in small dosages to obtain this effect (1 M)

TOXIC: Fruits are poisonous (2H)

Avena sativa L. BOLO0041969

Avena

Væna

Væina

(A)vä\na

Cultivated

FOOD: Fruits are used to prepare bread (2H, 1 M) and to obtain liquor (2H)

MED: Fruit decoction has restorative (1H), laxative (1H), and calming properties (2H). Leaf infusion is used to wash the oral cavity in case of sore throat (1H). Leaf decoction in combination with basil leaves is used for tonsillitis (1 M)

GAME: Kids throw the spikes of oats at each other for they stick to their clothes (4H). Flowers are used to make whistles (1H)

Ballota nigra L. BOLO0049078

Ballota

Balota

Marobbi bastérd

Wild-native

MED: Decoction of the whole plant is a remedy for ringing in the ears (1 M)

Barbarea vulgaris W.T.AitonBOLO0052362

Barbarea

Rocla seivadga

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves eaten in salads cure the gouty foot (1 M)

MED: Shredded fresh leaves in cataplasms are used to treat knee scarring (1 M). Crushed seeds mixed with wine are used as diuretic (1 M)

Bellis perennis L. BOLO0053702

Margherita comune

Margaritenna

Margherètta

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are eaten in salad (2P), buds and petals are used as spices (1 M). Flower infusion is a restorative summer drink (1 M)

MED: Flower infusion purifies the blood (2 M), prevents hepatic conditions (2 M), is diuretic (3 M), and is used externally to treat dermatological conditions (1 M), rheumatisms (1 M), and to heal wounds (1P)

Beta vulgaris L. BOLO0055355

Bietola

Barbabiáttla

Cultivated

MED: Boiled leaves are eaten (3H) for their purifying action on the liver (3P). Boiled leaves and stems are laxative and emollient for the intestine (3H)

AGROPA: Leaves are used to enhance milk production in cows (1P)

Betula pendula Roth BOLO0017008

Betulla

Bdòll

Wild-native

MED: Dried leaves are boiled in water for few minutes and filtered; the infusion obtained is diuretic (3 M), depurative (3 M), useful for kidney stones (1H, 1 M), arthritis (1 M), cystitis (1 M), and to heal inflammatory conditions (1 M). Fresh leaf (harvested in spring) infusion is diuretic (1 M)

COSM: The cooled water of leaf infusion is used in compress against cellulitis (2 M). During spring, holes are made in the trunk (in the part of the tree facing at south) to extract the sap, which is sprinkled on the legs to drain and to prevent cellulitis (2 M)

Betula pubescens Ehrh. BOLO0000640

Betulla

Betuja

Wild-native

MED: Leaf infusion treats infections of the urinary tract (2H) and edemas (2H)

COSM: Leaf cream reduces cellulitis (2H)

Borago officinalis L. BOLO0053721

Borragine

Burâzen

Burâzen

Wild-native

FOOD: Whole plant is eaten and used to prepare several dishes (3P), tender leaves are eaten in omelets (2 M, 1H), soups, rolls (3H), and in salad (1H), flowering top is eaten in “tortellini” (a traditional dish) (1H)

MED: Leaf infusion lowers temperature (in case of fever) by increasing sweating (5H), it is also diuretic (2H). Leaf and flower oleolite is used for skin redness and skin itching (1H). Flower infusion is diuretic (3H) and purifies the liver (3H), it is used as antitussive (1H) and anti-catarrhal (1H)

COSM: Leaves and flowers oleolite (in olive oil) is used for dry skin (1H)

Brassica napus L. BOLO0008752

Rapa

Wild-alien

FOOD: Roots eaten in salad have digestive properties (2H)

MED: Root syrup is expectorant (2H)

Brassica nigra W.D.J.Koch BOLO0049296

Senape

Senape nera

Radisin seivâdg

Sænva

Wild-native

FOOD: Together with red apples it is used to prepare mustard (1 M)

MED: Seed cataplasm (together with linseed (1H)) is applied on the chest to cure bronchitis (2H). An enolite of seeds is prepared to treat kidney stones and as a diuretic (1 M)

Brassica oleracea L. BOLO0002291

Cavolfiore

Côl con e fior

Chevàl

Côl

Chevolfiåur

Cultivated

FOOD: Whole plant is eaten for its restorative activity (6H)

MED: Raw cauliflower is eaten to calm heartburn (1 M), and the decoction is a remedy for gastric and duodenal ulcers (1 M). Leaves are used in soothing wraps for the skin (3H). Fresh leaves are a remedy against rheumatisms (2H), they are applied on inflamed joints (5H), in the proximity of the liver area (1H), and on painful body parts in case of gout (2H). Fresh leaf wrap is a wound healer (2H). Leaves are boiled and applied on joints to calm pain (5P), and are wound healers (2H). Leaf infusion is used in footbaths to treat chilblains (1H). Cabbage syrup removes the excess of alcohol from the body (1H). Decoction of leaves and flowers is anti-anemia (1 M)

Verza

Vêrza

Cultivated

MED: The external leaves are placed between two worm patches and applied on the body part affected by rheumatism (1 M). Cooking water is optimal for heartburn (1 M). Leaf pulp heals wounds, promoting the expulsion of foreign matters (1H). Boiled leaf wraps are wound healers (2H). Boiled leaves bandages are applied on sore bones (3H). Fresh leaves are applied on reddish and inflamed skin as lenitive (4H)

COSM: Leaf boiling water is used to make refreshing footbaths (1H)

Cavolo cappuccio

Cultivated

MED: In case of cough and cold, leaves are boiled and applied between two towels over the sternum for their expectorant activity (1 M). Fresh leaves are applied on reddish and inflamed skin as lenitive (1 M)

Buxus sempervirens L. BOLO0001672

Bosso

Wild-native

MED: Leaf infusion is laxative (2H), it lowers the body temperature in case of fever, by increasing sweating (3H)

SMR: It is propitiatory and apotropaic, and for this reason, during Easter a sprig is kept in the pocket (1 M)

Calendula officinalis L. BOLO0053973

Calendula

Ganzant

Calàndla

Ganʒåṅt

Ganzȧṅt

Ganżànt

Cultivated

FOOD: Omelets of fresh flowers are prepared (1 M, 1H)

MED: Fresh leaves are rubbed on warts (1 M). Leaf and flower infusion calms stomach pain (4H). Leaves and flowers are used on skin in cataplasm for their healing and soothing properties (6H), while flower cataplasm relieves insect bites (1 M). Flower infusion is used to heal intestinal conditions (3H), as anti-inflammatory (1 M), anti-spasmodic (2 M) and anti-emetic (1H), it is a pain reliever and it is used to calm menstrual pain (3H). Cooled flower infusion is used in compress on irritated eyes (2 M, 1H). Flower decoction is used as an anti-emetic (1H), flower infusion in compress cures sores, cracks (1H, 1 M), and skin irritations (2H, 1 M), flower infusion or decoction in compress is soothing and emollient for reddened of skin and mucous membranes and it is useful for wound healing (1H, 1 M). Flowers oleolite is used on burns (8H), on inflamed skin (3H), and for belly massages to calm menstrual pain (1 M). Mixing vaseline and calendula flowers is prepared a skin crème, which is soothing on insect bites, useful for skin redness and burns for its wound healing properties (4H). Hydroalcoholic extract of flowers is used in drops as antibiotic (1 M)

SMR: Looking at calendula flowers is recommended to improve the sight, to calm the mind and to stay in a good mood (1H). Flowers kept in a flowerpot induce cheerfulness and a good mood (1 M)

VET: Leaf juice is applied to the domestic animals’ ear as anti-worm agent (1H)

Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hill BOLO0047089

Erica

Scôvva

Wild-native

MED: Flower infusion stops diarrhea in children (1 M)

DOM: A twig is inserted into the ham to check the degree of progress during the curing (1 M)

Campanula rapunculus L. BOLO0004405

Raponzolo

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are eaten in salad (1P, 1H)

Cannabis sativa L. BOLO0009161

Canapa

Chènapa

Cultivated

DOM: During winter, the woody part of the stems is burned in the fireplace (1P). An oil for lamps is obtained from the fruits (1P)

CRAFT: The fibers obtained from the stems are used to make ropes (1P), and fabrics (1P). The stem is used to make an insulating chipboard (1P)

Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik. BOLO0053703

Borsa pastore

Borsa de pastor

Bursa da paståur

Bûrsa dal paståur

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used in the preparation of dishes (3H). Seeds are added to the bread dough for their digestive properties (1H)

MED: Whole plant decoction cures fever (1P), is diuretic (1 M), and regularizes the menstrual cycle (1H, 1 M). A cotton ball is soaked in the fresh juice of the plant and inserted into the nostrils to stop nosebleeds (1H). A decoction of fresh aerial pats is used against menstrual pain (1H, 1 M), and, to regularize the menstrual cycle a spun of this decoction is drunk 8–10 days before the date in which menstruation is expected (1 M, 1H). Fresh aerial parts, pestled and mixed with clay, are applied on wounds to stop hemorrhage and promote the healing (1H). Fresh leaves are healers if directly applied on wounds (1 M). Leaf (5H) or whole plant (1 M) decoction used topically cleans and heals wounds. Leaf infusion is useful against dysentery (1H). Fruit decoction is used in compress to heal small wounds (1 M), to stop nasal bleeding (1 M), and it is applied on pimples (1 M)

VET: Whole plant decoction stops the bleeding in cattle (1 M), and patches soaked in the decoction are placed on sheep nipples as anti-inflammatory to facilitate mumming (1 M)

Capsicum annuum L. -

Peperoncino

Puvrunzeìn

Pevrunzén

Cultivated

FOOD: Fruits are widely used as a spice (7H), and in general in cookery (2H). Chili is eaten to improve blood circulation in case of cardiac conditions (2H)

MED: Aerial part infusion is used to calm rheumatic pains (3H), and gingival weakness (3H). Fruits reduce hemorrhoids pain (1H) and prevent flu (3H). A teaspoon of fruit decoction stops nausea and dizziness (2H). Chili helps digestion and improves blood circulation (9H). Dried fruit is pulverized and used to lower blood pressure (1H). Chili footbath restores body temperature (1H)

Carlina acaulis L. BOLO0022262

Carlina

Labrasnin

Cardôn

Wild-native

FOOD: Raw root is edible. It is used to treat sore throat (1 M), it is purifying for the liver (1 M), and it promotes digestion (1 M)

Carum carvi L. BOLO0030803

Cumino

Purchased product

FOOD: Fruits are used in cookery (1H)

MED: Fruit infusion is diuretic (3H), relieves heartburns and inflammations (3H)

Castanea sativa Mill. BOLO0003371

Castagno

Castâgn

Castàgn

Castagn

Wild-native

FOOD: Chestnuts are eaten cooked, or dried to make a flour used to prepare several dishes endowed with high nutritive value such as “polenta”, “frittelle” and “manfét” (2 M) and “castagnaccio” (1P, 10H, 1 M), which is very energetic (1 M). Grounded chestnut is used to make a typical dessert called “necci”, which is placed on chestnut leaves and cooked in terracotta pads on fireplace (53 M). Cooked fruits are eaten as astringent (1H), mild laxative (2H), and energizer (5H), but in large quantity they induce gum inflammation (1 M). Fruits are eaten dry with the addition of water or wine (2H)

MED: Raw fruits are eaten to cure stomachache (1H) and for their laxative properties (1H). A dry chestnut, kept in the mouth, reduces halitosis (1H). Flour mixed with water is used as remedy for stomachache (1 M), ant it protects the intestine from infections (1 M). Fruit decoction is a remedy for cold (2H, 12 M), sore throat (1H) and early feverish symptoms (2H). Fruit boiling water stops diarrhea (2 M) and cough (4H). The cooking water of fruits (1 M) or dried leaves (1 M) is used to make warm footbaths against chilblains

Leaf infusion is cough sedative (4H, 3 M), expectorant (1H) and disinfects the upper respiratory tract (4H). Barks and leaves dried for about three months are used in infusion useful against diarrhea (10 M), cold (12 M), and cough (16 M). Bark decoction stops diarrhea (4H)

COSM: Fruit boiling water gives a brownish color to the hair (1 M). Seed pulp is used in cleansing face masks (1H)

CRAFT: Chestnut wood is used to make poles, boxes, baskets, and fences (3 M). When the tree shows its first buds it has more lymph, so the bark is easily removed. In this period chestnut branches were cut to make “musette” or “musole”, a kind of flute (3 M). Kids make necklaces with the leaves, used as an ornament (1 M)

DOM: Leaves are harvested in August after the first rain, dried under the sun and stored during the winter to be used in the preparation of “tigelle” (a typical bread). Specifically, leaves are put between the dough and the pan to prevent the dough from sticking during cooking (3 M)

AGROPA: Leaves were sometimes used, instead of the more expensive straw, to make animal bedding (1 M)

OUI: Dried leaves were used as a tobacco substitute (2 M)

Celtis australis L. BOLO0049262

Bagolaro

Spaccasassi

Parpignån

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are prepared in jam, and eaten once a day, to counteract both stress and depression (1H). Ripe fruits are eaten raw (1 M)

MED: Leaf decoction is astringent and used in case of diarrhea and intestinal infections (1 M)

CRAFT: The woods are used to CRAFT tennis rackets (1 M)

Centaurea calcitrapa L. BOLO0048261

Calcitrapa

Cheicatreppel

Wild-native

MED: Flower decoction is a diuretic and urinary tract disinfectant (1 M)

AGROPA: It is a pest plant, to be removed from the vegetable gardens (1 M)

Centaurea cyanus L. BOLO0053788

Fiordaliso

Garufanin blô de grén

Wild-alien

MED: Flower decoction in compress relieves eye fatigue and conjunctivitis (1 M)

Centaurea spp. -

Fiordaliso

-

MED: After filtration, flower boiling water in compress is used on the eyes in case of stye (1 M), redness (1 M), and inflammations (1 M). Flower infusion is antipyretic (1 M), anti-diarrheal (1 M), cleanser of mucous membranes (1 M), and reliever of menstrual (1 M) and hepatic pain (1 M)

COSM: Hair is washed with the water of boiled flowers as anti-dandruff (1 M). Infusion of flowers is used externally as face cleanser (1 M)

Centaurium erythraea Rafn BOLO0050703

Centaurea minore

Erba dla fevra

Êrba da la fîvra

Wild-native

FOOD: The plant is used to prepare a digestive liquor (1H)

MED: Flower infusion is antipyretic (7H)

Ceratonia siliqua L. BOLO0014495

Carruba

Carrubo

Faeva marena

Cultivated

FOOD: Sweets and biscuits prepared with the leaves (2H) counteract stomach acidity (2H)

MED: Leaf infusion is used against tonsillitis (2H) and stomachache (2H)

AGROPA: Leaves are used to feed animals (2H)

Chamaemelum nobile L. BOLO0036665

Camomilla romana

Camumella

Wild-alien

MED: An herbal tea is made with dried aerial parts; it is calming and sleep inducer (2 M). The decoction is used for vaginal douching (1 M)

COSM: Washing the skin with flower boiling water, confers a bright complexion and removes spots and acne scars (1 M)

Chelidonium majus L. BOLO0052175

Celidonia

Chelidonia

Êrba di pôr

Wild-native

MED: The yellowish latex obtained from the stem is used to treat warts (1P, 24H, 6 M) and calluses (2 M). Leaf infusion is beneficial for the heart (1 M). Leaves and flowers together with 2 horse chestnuts (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) are added to baths for hands and feet, for the beneficial effect on circulation (1 M)

Chenopodium bonus-henricus L. BOLO0001104

Spinacio di montagna

Wild-native

FOOD: Boiled leaves are rich in mineral salts (1H)

DOM: Cooking water is used to wash the wool (1H)

Cichorium endivia L. BOLO0015307

Indivia

Scarola

Indivîa

Cultivated

FOOD: Leaves are eaten as remineralizing (8H)

MED: Seed and leaf decoction is laxative (2H)

Cichorium intybus L. BOLO0053713

Cicoria

Radicchio selvatico

Radećć

Cicoria sambadga

Radech

Radećć da camp

Radàcc'

Radecc amér

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are eaten in soup (2H) or (harvested before flowering time 1 M) in salads (6P, 9H, 1 M), fresh or boiled for their digestive (4H) and laxative (1 M). properties, to promote purification of blood (3 M), intestine (1H), liver (3H, 4 M) and organism in general (2H), and to stimulate the physiological renal function (2 M). The root is roasted and used to prepare an alternative beverage to coffee (2P, 3H)

MED: Leaves are laxative (3H), they have hepatic purifying proprieties (3P), and reduce gastric secretion (3H). Fresh leaves are used on ulcers and redness (1 M). Leaf infusion is beneficial for the liver (1 M). The water of boiled leaves is depurative (1H). Leaf and root decoction is purifying (8H). Leaves and flowers are used in wraps on painful body parts (1 M)

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. BOLO0049398

Cardo asinino

Stupion

Wild-native

FOOD: Tender stems are eaten boiled (1H)

MED: Fresh juice from leaves or stems is used to disinfect wounds (1H)

Cistus salviifolius L. BOLO0046881

Cisto femmina

Wild-native

MED: Aerial part decoction is digestive (1H)

REP: Flowers are kept under the pillow during the night to keep spiders away (1H)

Citrus aurantium L. BOLO14295

Arancio amaro

Cultivated

MED: Cataplasm of fruits is used on abscesses and ulcers (3H)

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck BOLO0014363

Limone

Limòòn

Limoun

Limån

Cultivated

FOOD: Lemon is used in cookery (1H). A liquor is prepared using the peel and laurel leaves (1H). A refreshing drink is prepared with lemon juice (3H) or with lemon slices (1H), and it is rich in C vitamin (1H)

MED: A slice of lemon covered with salt is used against herpes (2H). Fruit juice stops diarrhea (3H), cures inflamed tonsils, lowers fever (1H), and reduces leg swelling (4H). Hot lemon juice induces vomit, while cold lemon juice is digestive (4H), it is applied on wounds (1H), abrasions, and contusions (1H), to reduce pain and swelling. Half lemon juice mixed with boiling water and honey prevents cold (1H), and relieves stomachache (1H). Decoction of lemon, rosemary, and sage leaves is used against gastritis (3H), this decoction can be added with couch grass (1H). Lemon peel with warm water and sugar is useful against nausea (2H). Peel decoction together with juice and sugar is useful in case of stomachache and intestinal pain (4H). Lemon peel infusion cures stomachache (2H) and indigestion (1H). Infusion of couch grass and lavender together with a lemon slice is useful in case of arthritis (3H). A massage with lemon slice on temple cures headache (3H)

COSM: Lemon juice is used as aftershave (1H), or rubbed on the scalp against dandruff (3H)

Clematis vitalba L. BOLO0053711

Vitalba

Clematide

Vidêrba

Vizzadri

Asparago dei poveri

Videipar

Videlba

Videbal

Vizeibra

Wild-native

FOOD: Shoots are eaten in several dishes raw or boiled (3P, 14H, 12 M), they promote digestion (2 M). The young shoots are eaten in salads but only the young ones, otherwise they are irritating (3 M, 1H). Leaves are eaten also because they are remineralizing (1 M)

MED: Leaves are used to make a diuretic infusion (1H, 1 M), or to make bandages in case of arthritis (1 M). Leaves macerated in oil are used to treat scabies (1H). Leaves are used in wrap in case of arthritis, contusion and neuralgia (1H)

SMR: Eating shoots on the first of May is believed effective in keeping mosquitos away (1H)

GAME: Plant shoots are used as lianas by children (1 M)

CRAFT: Branches are used to make cribs (1H)

OUI: Dry drums and bark (2 M, 1H), stem (about 10 cm long) (1 M) and dry rolled leaves (3 M) were smoked as cigarettes substituted. This plant is also called “beggars’ plant” since the beggars used it to irritate their skin and arouse more compassion in the passers-by (2H)

Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze BOLO0053718

Mentuccia

Nepetella

Wild-native

FOOD: omelets are prepared with chopped leaves, eggs and milk (1 M). Leaves are used to flavor meat (3H) and tomatoes (1H)

MED: Aerial part decoction relieves stomachache, heartburn and stomach acidity (1 M). Leaf infusion is digestive (2H)

Coffea arabica L. BOLO0014844

Caffè

Purchased product

MED: Seeds are chewed against halitosis (2H)

COSM: Seeds are chewed to whiten and strengthen teeth (1H)

Colutea arborescens L. BOLO0046870

Colutea

Stærlin

Wild-native

MED: Leaf infusion is used to treat constipation (1 M)

DOM: Flexible branches are used as ties (1 M)

Convallaria majalis L. BOLO0006635

Mughetto

Læli—Mugàtt

Wild-native

MED: Leaf and flower infusion is relaxing (6H)

SMR: Flower perfume strengths memory (1H)

COSM: Flower macerate is used to prepare a perfume (1H)

TOXIC: Fruits are poisonous (2H)

Convolvulus arvensis L. BOLO0003321

Vilucchio

Vlòch

Wild-native

FOOD: Shoots are used in cookery to prepare several dishes (1P)

Coriandrum sativum L. BOLO0006798

Coriandolo

Curiandol

Wild-alien

FOOD: Leaves are used in cookery (2H)

MED: Leaf infusion relieves toothache (2H)

Cornus mas L. BOLO0053717

Corniolo

Pcôren

Curniòl

Cornio

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are eaten (6H, 2 M) to reduce sore throat (1H). Fruits are used to prepare a jam, which is astringent (1H), and alcoholic beverages such as “grappa” (4H). The roasted nut is used to flavor coffee (1 M)

MED: Bark decoction is used against colds (5H), as antipyretic (1 M), and anti-diarrheal (1 M). Fruits are astringent (1H)

COSM: Water from wood decoction is used in compress for oily skin (1 M)

CRAFT: Young shoots are used to make baskets (1 M), wood is used to make pipes (1H), and, due to its strength, it is widely used in constructions (1 M)

DOM: Macerated wood water is used to dye fabrics (1H)

Cornus sanguinea L. BOLO0003076

Sanguinella

Sanguènela

Sangunèla

Wild-native

MED: Small branches are put on gums in case of pain, bleeding (1H), and toothache (2H)

Corylus avellana L. BOLO0053684

Nocciolo

Clôr

Clur

Clûr

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are used in cookery (8H) and, eaten in large quantities after the meals. They promote the intestinal physiological functions (2 M), and are used to prepare jams (1H). Nuts are eaten as energizer (2H), especially useful for outdoor workers to endure the cold (7 M)

MED: Leaves are lenitive for skin (3H), they are useful against hemorrhoids and varicose veins, by improving the blood circulation (2H). Leaf infusion purifies the body (5H, 2 M), promotes wound healing (1H, 1 M), and is anti-inflammatory (3 M). Leaf and bark decoction improves the blood circulation of the eye (1 M). Bud decoction is used as anti-obesity (1 M)

DOM: Collecting juniper berries in a sack, a twig of C. avellana is placed at the mouth of the sack to keep it open (1 M)

Crataegus laevigata (Poir.) DC. BOLO0049263

Biancospino

Spinbianco

Wild-native

FOOD: Flowers are eaten by children (1 M)

MED: Flowers harvested in April and kept in paper bags, are prepared in infusion to promote sleep (3 M). Flower infusions have beneficial properties on heart and blood pressure (1 M). Flowers, before blossoming, are used to prepare a hydroalcoholic extract, which is administered in drops as a sedative, to promote sleep, and to regulate heartbeats (4 M). Berries infusion is beneficial for the heart (1 M)

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. BOLO0053714

Biancospino

Spin bienc

Spéin bianc

Mirandal

Spẹṅ bianc

Bianc(-e-) spén

Spén bianc

Maruga bianca

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits have refreshing properties (3H)

GAME: Fruits are used by children as ammunition for the blowgun (2H)

Crataegus spp. -

Biancospino

Spenbianc

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are eaten by kids for their sweetness, and are useful to stop diarrhea (1 M)

MED: Fruit decoction is astringent (2H). Fruit and flower infusion induce sleep (6H), it is used to combat leg swelling, calm heartbeat and reduce blood pressure (2H). The juice made from boiled fruits is useful for sore throat (2H). Flower infusion or raw fruits stop diarrhea (4H). Flower infusion is a remedy against ringing in the ears (1H), purifies the body because it is diuretic (2H), and lowers blood pressure (3H), it is antitussive (1H), sedative (4H), and regularizes heartbeat (1H). Flower infusion (3H, 2 M), and flower and leaf infusion (1H) are useful to cure insomnia. Flower decoction cures anxiety (1H) and tonifies the heart (1H, 1 M). Flower macerated in wine is drunk (two shots a day) to prevent hypertension (1H), and has sedative properties (1H)

DOM: Branches were used to heat the oven before cooking the bread (1 M)

SMR: A hawthorn branch on the cradle protects the baby from evil (1H)

Crepis sancta (L.) Babc. BOLO0053722

Radicchiella di Terrasanta

Ciocapiat

Wild-alien

FOOD: Basal leaves are eaten in salad (1P)

Crepis vesicaria L. BOLO0053947

Radicchiella vescicosa

Striccapugni

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are harvested after the snow season, and eaten in a salad (4P,4 M). They have a purifying effect (2P, 1 M)

MED: Leaf boiling water is drunk in the morning because it thins blood (1 M)

Crocus sativus L. BOLO0053263

Zafferano

Purchased product

FOOD: Pistils are used in cookery (1H)

Cucumis melo L. -

Melone

Mlon

Cultivated

MED: Pulp and seeds are eaten to calm stomachache (1H). Pulp infusion calms stomachache (1H)

Cucumis sativus L. -

Cetriolo

Zidrån

Zedrån

Zedran

Cultivated

FOOD: The fruit is eaten in salad since it is rich in minerals and vitamins (4H), it is refreshing (5H, 2 M) and thirst-quencher (2 M)

MED: Pulp is applied on insect bites (1H). A slice of the fruit cures skin affections (2H)

COSM: Juice and pulp are used to soften the skin especially after sunbathing (5H). Slices of the fruit placed on the eyes are useful to deflate eye bags and swelling (4H, 3 M)

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne -

Zucca

Zocca marenna

Cultivated

FOOD: It is used in cookery (3H)

MED: Seeds are peeled, crunched, and mixed with sugar to treat intestinal parasitosis (1H). Seed infusion is vermifuge (2H)

COSM: The pulp applied on the skin makes it smoother and firmer (2H)

Cucurbita pepo L. -

Zucca

Zòca

Zócca

Cultivated

FOOD: Fruits are used in cookery (4H)

MED: Roasted seeds promote digestion (4H), they are diuretic (2H), and useful against intestinal worms (1H)

Cupressus sempervirens L. BOLO0049344

Cipresso

Arzipræs

Wild-alien

FOOD: Fruits are used in cookery (2H)

MED: Fruit macerated in water is useful against spasmodic cough (1H) and venous stasis (2H). The oleolite of fruits relaxes back muscles (2H), and is useful in case of sciatica (1H)

SMR: The dead are buried next to the cypress to ensure “peaceful rest” (1H)

Cyclamen hederifolium AitonBOLO0052183

Ciclamino

Neapolitanum

Wild-native

MED: Bulbs boiled in wine are useful against ringing in the ears (tinnitus) (2H)

Cydonia oblonga Mill. BOLO0001857

Melo cotogno

Mail(g)dågnn

Cultivated

FOOD: Fruits are used in cookery (10H)

MED: The fruit boiled in sugar is squashed and used to remove catarrh (4H)

Cynara cardunculus L. BOLO0055365

Cardo

Chèrd

Cærd

Carciofo

Scarciôfel

Carciòfel

Chèrd

Carciòf

(S)carciòfel

Carciofen

Wild-native

FOOD: Artichoke is used in cookery (9H), fresh flowers are stored in oil (2H). Cooked flowers are depurative (1H), protective for the liver (1H), laxative (1 M), prevent liver diseases (1 M), and lower fever (1H). Leaves are used to prepare a digestive liquor (2H). Young leaves cooked and seasoned with oil are depurative (1 M) and detoxifying for liver (2H). Leaves are eaten to promote liver and pancreas secretions (4H). The fresh pith of the stem (called “costa”) with lemon juice is eaten in salad (1 M), it is protective for liver (1H) and promotes liver functions (1H); boiled in water it has liver depurative activity (3H), purifies the body (3H) and protects the liver (3H). Seed infusion keeps the liver healthy (1P)

MED: Boiled leaves promote digestion (1H) and are useful against headache (2H). The decoction of fresh leaves lowers cholesterol (1H, 1 M). The decoction of roots and leaves has diuretic properties (6H). The inner part of the stem has diuretic proprieties (4P). Leaf infusion purifies the liver(2H)

DOM: The boiling water is useful to dye fabrics (1H)

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. BOLO0049209

Gramigna

Gramaggna

Wild-native

FOOD: In time of war, it was made a flour out of the rhizome (1H)

MED: Whole plant infusion or decoction has diuretic properties (11H). Whole plant infusion with lavender and a lemon slice is useful against arthritis (3H). Rhizome decoction cures stomachache (3H), and it is used as douching for genitals to refresh from burning sensation (6H). Leaf decoction together with sage, rosemary, and lemon is useful against gastritis (1H). Leaf syrup is antitussive (1H)

AGROPA: The rhizome is used as feed for pigs (1P, 3H)

Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius BOLO0047328

Ginestra dei carbonai

Scornabec

Wild-native

MED: limbs are immersed in whole plant infusion to treat rheumatisms (1 M). Compress of flower buds is used to treat abscesses (1 M)

DOM: Branches are used as ties (1H, 1 M)

Cytisus spp. -

Ginestra

Wild-native

MED: Infusion of flowers, harvested in spring–summer, drunk two or three times a day, is diuretic (2 M), sedative (1 M), laxative (1 M), and prevents heart conditions (1 M). Dry flower decoction is used in case of cough (1 M) and asthma (1 M)

Dactylis glomerata L. BOLO0003292

Erba mazzolina

Erba mazzuleina

Wild-native

FOOD: Aerial parts are eaten in salad (2H)

AGROPA: Aerial parts are used to feed livestock (3H)

Daucus carota L. BOLO0052790

Carota selvatica

Carota

Arcot

Arcôt

Pistinèga

Wild-native

FOOD: Roots are edible (5H)

MED: Roots fresh or boiled stop diarrhea (9H), and improve and preserve the sight (5H), The green organs of the carrot, kept in the mouth, reduce mouth ulcers in kids (2H). Flower compress heals burns (1 M). Decoction of flowering tops in compress calms itch and pain of insect bites (1 M). Cataplasm of flower and leaves is applied on pimples (1 M)

COSM: Roots (fresh or boiled) promote suntan and skin regeneration (1H)

VET: Livestock are fed with carrots in case of cough (2H)

Delphinium consolida (L.) BOLO0602028

Speronella

Erba de grên

Wild-native

MED: The decoction of the plant has its anti-lice activity (1 M)

Delphinium staphisagria L. BOLO0045268

Stafisagria

Êrba pr i bdûc’

Wild-native

MED: Seed infusion is used against lice and scabies (4H)

TOXIC: Seed infusion is poisonous if drunk (2H)

Diospyros kaki L.f. BOLO0011460

Caco

Kako

Cachi

Cultivated

MED: Leaf infusion relieves sore throat (1H). Unripe fruits are astringent (1H)

COSM: Fruit pulp is applied on the skin to make it smoother and softer (2H)

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC. BOLO0053700

Rughetta selvatica

Rocla

Wild-native

FOOD: Fresh leaves are eaten in salad (6H)

Dipsacus fullonum L. BOLO0003288

Cardo dei lanaioli

Erba di brec

Sgærza

Wild-native

AGROPA: It is eaten by mules (1 M)

Dipsacus laciniatus L. BOLO0015328

Cardo dei lanaioli

Sgærz

Wild-alien

FOOD: Leaf decoction is drunk as a purifying agent (1H)

DOM: Bunches of flowers are used for wool carding (1H)

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott BOLO0052407

Felce maschio

Félvsa

Wild-native

MED: Root decoction is a remedy against intestinal parasites (1 M)

SMR: The pillow filled with leaves relieves legs and feet pain (1 M)

Echinacea angustifolia DC. BOLO0602032

Echinacea

Cultivated

MED: Root decoction cures herpes simplex (3H), and prevents flu (3H)

Echium vulgare L.BOLO0004948

Erba viperina

Echio

Êrba plåuʃa

Wild-native

MED: Root decoction is an antidot against snake bites (1 M). Leaf juice is placed directly on the viper bites (3 M)

SMR: Drinking the decoction of the root not only is an antidot against snake bites, but it also able to prevent this from happening (1 M)

Elymus repens subsp. repens BOLO0042714

Gramigna

Gramègna

Gramàgna

Mulaccia

Gramæggna

Wild-native

FOOD: Root decoction is purifying (2P, 2H), and refreshing for the intestine (2H). Whole plant is purifying (1H)

MED: The whole plant, rubbed on the skin, quenches the itching due to nettle sting (1P). Whole plant infusion is diuretic (2H), and for this reason, is a remedy for urinary tract infections (1H). Root boiling water is anti-anemic (1 M). Root decoction is diuretic (1P, 4H), and laxative (1P), it is a remedy for intestinal and bladder inflammation (1H)

AGROPA: It is a fodder plant (1H)

Equisetum arvense L.BOLO0052396

Equiseto

Erba cavallina

Coda cavallina

Stupion

Covva ed caval

Cuzédra

Coda d’caval

Cô d cavâl

Wild-native

FOOD: Shoots are used in cookery (2H) since they are rich in mineral salts (4H). Fertile branch is cooked like asparagus fruits (1H). Dry leaf infusion is diuretic, detoxifying (2 M), and excellent remineralizing (1 M). Whole plant infusion is purifying (1H), it is diuretic and remineralizing (2H). Whole plant decoction is remineralizing (2H)

MED: Stem decoction is a remedy against flu (1P). The stems are used to dab hemorrhage due to wounds (2P). Shoot infusion is diuretic (7H), it is used for burning sensation of intimate areas (2H), and it cures canker sores in children (1 M). Whole plant decoction is diuretic (1H) and digestive (1H). Branch decoction is diuretic and is used against cystitis (4 M). Leaf decoction cures kidney stones (1 M). Leaf infusion, drunk before meals, relieves arthritis pain (1 M), and is a remedy for osteoporosis (1 M). An anti-rheumatic ointment is made with grounded and boiled leaf and stem (3 M)

DOM: Dried aerial parts are used to sand the wood and to polish the pots (1P)

AGROPA: It is a pest plant of vegetable gardens (1 M). Whole plant is cultivated next to tomato because it protects it from diseases (1H)

REP: Boiled leaves together with nettle leaves are an excellent pesticide (1 M)

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. BOLO0052392

Equiseto

Coda cavallina

Coda cavalèna

Cô d’cavâl

Wild-native

FOOD: Whole plant is rich in mineral salts (1 M). Branch infusion is purifying (1H)

MED: Aerial part infusion strengthens kid bones and reduces the incidence of bone fractures (2H). Leaf juice is drunk in wine to stop diarrhea (1H). Cotton soaked in leaf juice is inserted in the nose to stop bleeding (1H). Fronds are chopped and the poultice is placed on bleeding wounds to stop hemorrhage and to promote healing (1H). Branch infusion is diuretic (2H, 2 M), and purifying (1H). Decoction of sterile stems is a good diuretic (1H) and antitussive (2H)

COSM: Aerial part infusion strengthens the hair and helps to manage alopecia (2H)

Erigeron canadensis L. BOLO0052437

Erigero

Sæpla

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves and stems are placed, together with other plants, in a container done with the bladder of ruminants (called "pitarola"), for the preparation of a cream used as rennet (1 M)

Eruca vesicaria (L.) Cav. BOLO0009292

Rucola

Ruchetta

Róccla

Rocla

Rugaͤtta

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are eaten in salad (7P, 13H, 2 M) or used to flavor dishes (3H). Leaves stimulate appetite (1 M)

MED: Aerial part decoction promotes sleep (1P). Leaves sedate cough (1H), aid digestion (1H,2 M), and strengthen memory (1H,1 M)

Euonymus europaeus L. BOLO0003052

Berretta da prete

Caurôs

Wild-native

MED: Fruit macerate is antiparasitic (1H)

CRAFT: Branches are used to make brooms and toothpicks (1H)

Eupatorium cannabinum L.BOLO0003278

Eupatorio

Chenva

Wild-native

MED: Root decoction is a remedy for constipation (1 M). Fresh leaves are wound and sore healer (1 M)

Euphorbia cyparissias L. BOLO0002910

Euforbia

Euforbia cipressina

Erba de lat

Erba latarola

Wild-native

MED: The latex contained in the stem is a remedy for warts and leeks (2 M, 1H)

Euphorbia helioscopia subsp. helioscopia BOLO0002904

Euforbia

Calenzuola

Êrba dal vulâdg

Êrba däl vulâdg

Wild-native

MED: Leaf infusion lowers temperature (2H). Root decoction or seed oil is used to expel intestinal parasites (2H). The latex of the stem removes warts and calluses (2H, 1 M)

TOXIC: The latex from the stem is very poisonous if eaten (1H)

Euphorbia lathyris L. BOLO0052732

Euforbia

Wild-alien

REP: It is cultivated to keep moles away since it produces toxic latex (2H)

Euphorbia spp.

Euforbia

Wild-native

AGROPA: Rabbits are fed with the whole plant (1H),

DOM: Leaf cooking water is used to color eggs of green (1H)

Euphrasia officinalis L. BOLO0054007

Eufrasia

Èrba pr'i och

Eufræsia

Wild-native

MED: Whole plant infusion is used to wash redden eyes and in case of conjunctivitis (2H)

Fagus sylvatica L. BOLO0053682

Faggio

Wild-native

FOOD: The fruits, deprived of their outer shell, are eaten as hazelnuts (1 M) or roasted and used as an alternative to coffee (2 M). Shepherds used to eat young leaves as hunger quencher (1 M)

MED: Bark decoctions is antipyretic (2 M). From the charcoal of the wood is obtained a balsamic substance, which is used for fumigations in case of cold (1 M)

CRAFT: The wood is very resistant and it was often used to craft furniture (4 M) and musical instruments (1 M)

DOM: The wood is used as fuel for the fireplace (1 M)

Ficus carica L. BOLO0055353

Fico

Fîg

Fic

Fîg

Fîg fiurån

Wild-native

FOOD: Figs are prepared in jam (3H), that is laxative (2H, 5 M). Figs are eaten fresh (2 M, 1H) or dried since they are laxative (19H) and rich in mineral (10H). They are used to prepare a traditional Christmas cake, made with apple mustard, pine nuts, and dried grapes (1 M)

MED: Dried figs are eaten to treat sore throat (1H). Fresh or dried fruit cures catarrh (4H). Fresh fruits are a remedy for colitis and vomiting (1H). Fruit decoction in milk is useful against colds and cough (1H). Fruit juice is applied on calluses (1 M) and warts (1 M). A liquor is obtained with fruits, yeast, sugar, and water and after maceration it is used as laxative (1 M), antitussive (1 M), for sore throat (1 M) and intestinal pain (1 M). Fruits are left in sugar and then boiled with water to obtain “fichi sciroppati”, the resulting syrup is used as cough sedative (1 M). The white latex from leaves and fruits is used to remove calluses and warts (5P, 28H, 10 M). It is applied on pimples (1H) and on insect bites (2 M), and is wound healer (1 M)

DOM: Leaves are abrasive and are used in cleaning (1P)

Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim. BOLO0034718

Spirea ulmaria

Wild-native

MED: Aerial part infusion cures gout (1H), and prevents flu (1H)

COSM: A cream made with aerial part is a remedy against cellulitis (1H)

Foeniculum vulgare Mill. BOLO0055391

Finocchio selvatico

Fnòcc

Fnòch

Fnocc sambadg

Fnôć

Fnòc'

Wild-native

FOOD: Aerial part is edible (1P, 5H). Fennel is used to prepare biscuits (2H). Fruits and stems are eaten in salad (3H). Leaves are eaten in salad or used to aromatize dishes (1H). Seeds are used to prepare aromatized “salami” (1 M) and “zucarén” (traditional biscuits prepared for marriages) (6H). Seed macerate in wine stops hiccup (1H). Aerial part macerate is used to prepare a digestive “grappa” (1H). Fruits are eaten to promote digestion (6H) and to reduce vomiting during pregnancy (2H). Stems with young buds are used to prepare a digestive and sweet brandy (1H)

MED: Whole plant infusion is digestive (11H). Seed decoction in wraps is a remedy for conjunctivitis (3H). Seed infusion is digestive (1H), deflating (1H) and together to licorice roots is galactagogue (3H). Fruit infusion is used in wraps on inflamed eyes (1H), it is digestive (2 M) and deflating (1 M), and it is a remedy for gastro-intestinal issues (1 M). Fruit decoction is galactagogue (1H). Infusion of fennel, anise, and parley fights stomach acidity (3H). Leaves are used to wrap abscesses (1H). Leaf infusion (2P) and decoction (2P) are digestive. Root infusion reduces intestinal gases (1H). Root syrup made with parsley, celery, and butcher’s broom reduces intestinal gases (6H)

Fragaria vesca L. BOO0055389

Fragoline di bosco

Frœvla

Frèvla

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are used in cookery (4H), to prepare jams (1H)

MED: Whole plant macerate stops diarrhea (2H). Rhizome decoction is used to wash the oral cavity in case of sore throat (1H). Leaf juice is used to remove red dots on the skin (1H). Dried leaf infusion is purifying (1 M). Root decoction and raw fruits have purifying properties (1H)

COSM: Fruit juice mixed with milk and yogurt tones the skin (1H)

Fragaria viridis Weston BOLO0034670

Fragola di bosco

Frèvla

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are used in cookery to prepare sweets and cakes, jams, and syrups (5H). Fresh fruits topped with red wine or lemon and sugar are eaten since they are rich in nutrients (3 M), help in case of flu (1 M), lower blood pressure (2 M), and have anti-inflammatory properties (1 M)

MED: Leaves are boiled and drunk in case of diarrhea (2H). Leaf infusion is diuretic (2 M), astringent (1 M) and it lowers blood pressure (2 M). Root decoction cures sore throat (2H). Slices of fruit applied on the face cure acne (1 M)

COSM: Slices of fruit are tonic for the face (1 M)

Frangula alnus Mill. BOLO0003053

Frangola

Spen

Zarven

Salvâdg

Wild-native

MED: Bark infusion (with leaves from plum tree and dog rose) is useful against constipation (3H)

Fraxinus excelsior subsp. excelsior BOLO0052224

Frassino

Frâsen

Wild-native

MED: Bark decoction is drunk in case of fever (1H,1 M), and diarrhea (1 M). Leaves infusion has laxative (2 M), and diuretic (1 M) properties

VET: Wood macerate is given to drink by livestock to treat gastrointestinal disorders (1H)

CRAFT: Wood was used to make handles of working tools (1 M)

Fraxinus ornus subsp. ornus BOLO0052247

Frassino

Wild-native

MED: Bark decoction relieves sore throat (6H)

REP: Rinsing oneself with bark decoction keeps insects away (1H)

Fraxinus spp. -

Frassino

Wild-native

VET: The bark has veterinary uses (3H), the extract in water (having a light blue color) is used to treat sore troth in chicken (1H)

REP: The bark in water is used to keep insects away from livestock (1H)

Fumaria officinalis L. BOLO0048716

Fumaria

Fumæria

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaf infusion with honey purifies blood from toxins (2H)

Galanthus nivalis L. BOLO0046895

Bucaneve

Wild-native

MED: Whole plant infusion is an emetic that relieves gastric pain (1H), and in small quantity it helps to focus (1H)

Galega officinalis L. BOLO0049465

Galega

Galâiga

Wild-alien

MED: Fruit decoction is a galactagogue (1H). Leaf and flower infusion lowers glycemia (1 M)

Galium odoratum Scop. BOLO0027161

Asperula

Stellina odorosa

Wild-native

FOOD: Fresh branches are used to make a digestive liquor (1H)

MED: Whole plant infusion purifies the liver (1H) and it has diuretic properties (1H)

Galium sylvaticum L. BOLO0006790

Caglio di bosco

Wild-native

FOOD: It was used to curdle milk (1 M)

MED: The whey of the milk curdled with this plant is drunk for its anti-inflammatory activity on the urinary tract (1 M) or used externally for baths and packs (1 M)

Galium verum L.BOLO0004410

Gallio

Impresa-gâj

Wild-native

FOOD: Stems are used to make rennet for cheese production (1H, 1 M)

Genista tinctoria L. BOLO0004411

Ginestra

Wild-native

CRAFT: The stems, which are very resistant, are harvested in spring and kept together in bunches stored in damp jute sacks. Because of their strength, they are used to tie up vines, and in the stuffing of chairs (2 M)

Gentiana lutea L.BOLO0053596

Genziana

Genzîæna

Wild-native

FOOD: Roots is macerated in “grappa” with sugar for 2 months, obtaining the so called “grappa di vipera”, named after the shape of the root that looks like a viper (2 M). Flowers and leaves are used to make liquors (1 M), which are bitter and digestive (2 M)

MED: Flowers and leaves infusion is antipyretic (1 M), immune system stimulant (2 M), digestive (3 M), astringent (1 M), and vermifuge (1 M)

Gentiana spp. -

Genziana

Genzîæna

Genzianella

Wild-native

MED: Harvested in meadows, root boiling water is a powerful laxative (1 M). Root infusion is useful for gastrointestinal disorders (1 M). Root decoction is beneficial for the liver (2 M). Leaf boiling water is beneficial for the intestine (1 M)

DOM: Flowers is used to dye fabrics (1 M)

Geranium robertianum L. BOLO0052405

Erba Roberta

Erba rossa

Geràni seivâdg

Wild-native

MED: Whole plant decoction is used to lubricate eyes (1 M)

Ginkgo biloba L. BOLO0015151

Ginkgo

Cultivated

MED: Leaf infusion helps to keep the memory in a good state, preventing brain diseases if it is taken once a day in the evening (2H). It also reduces headache (2H) and prevents ictus (1H). Leaves are used to prepare a cream useful to heal creaked skin (1H) and to relieve hemorrhoid pain (1H)

Glechoma hederacea L. BOLO0048777

Edera terrestre

Erba quattrina

Laͤddra terræstra

Wild-native

MED: Leaves have cicatrizing and lenitive proprieties (1H). Leaf juice in lard has cicatrizing properties useful in case of burns and wounds (1H). Whole plant boiled in milk is used to treat bronchitis (1 M)

Globularia bisnagarica L. BOLO0003041

Morine

Wild-native

MED: Leaf decoction stimulates diuresis (1H) and intestinal transit (1H)

Glycyrrhiza glabra L. BOLO0055352

Liquerizia

Nigulezzia

Miclézzia

Sugabacàtt

Cultivated

FOOD: Roots are eaten (6H). Juice is used to prepare candies (8H)

MED: Dried roots are chewed to raise the blood pressure (13H) and to remove catarrh (9H), in addition, they are laxative (3H). Root decoction relieves throat inflammation (3H) and cough (9H), is laxative (2H) and digestive (3H). Root infusion is diuretic (2H) and laxative (2H). Green root infusion together with fennel fruits is galactagogue (3H)

Hedera helix L. BOLO0049243

Edera

Læddra

Ladra

Laͤddra

Laddra

Wild-native

MED: Fresh leaves in cataplasms heal pimples (1H). Leaves in cataplasm soften the skin, heal cradle cap (6H), and cure varicose veins (1 M). A cataplasm made of leaves and lard is applied on burns (1H). Cataplasms of boiled leaves heal pimples (1 M). Leaves are used to prepare an ointment that promotes wound healing (4H). Leaf boiling water is used for footbaths useful in case of ingrown toenails (1 M). Leaf infusion is a remedy for flu (2H), cough (1H), sore throat (4H), hemorrhoidal (5H) and menstrual pain (2H), caries, and toothache (1H). Leaf decoction regularized menstrual period (1H), it is used externally to make bandages for rheumatism (2 M) and neuralgia (1 M), and used to make healing packs for pimples, redness, and sores (1 M). Leaf decoction in vinegar is used to wrap painful joints and in case neuralgia (2H). Decoction of young fresh leaves in compress relieves calluses (1 M). Fumigation made with boiling stems and leaves is a remedy for cold (1 M)

COSM: Leaf boiling water is used for the last rinse on dark hair to give shine (1 M). Fresh leaf juice is used to dye hair (1H). Leaf infusion is anti-cellulitis (1H)

SMR: A leaf is placed on the hair to prevent the blisters formation after getting burned (1H)

VET: When goats are nervous they are fed with fresh leaves since it is relaxing (2H)

OUI: At the beginning of 1900, asylum patient heads were wrapped with ivy leaves, believed able to make them peaceful (1H)

Helianthus tuberosus L. BOLO0052419

Topinambur

Wild-alien

FOOD: The rhizome is boiled and eaten (2P, 1H) and has diuretic proprieties (5H). It is used to prepare several dishes (4H) and is rich in mannitol (1P)

Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don BOLO0007211

Elicriso

Perpetuino

Wild-native

MED: Flower infusion has a cough sedative effect (1P). Aerial part decoction is useful to disinfect the first respiratory tract (4H), and for heartburns (2H), or it is used as a rinse to disinfect the throat (2H)

COSM: Leaves are used to prepare an ointment that reduces cellulitis (1H)

Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench BOLO0053442

Stecade

Liquérézia

Cultivated

MED: It is antiasthma and is used to treat cold (2 M). The decoction is liver depurative (1 M). Flowering top infusion is used for rheumatism (1 M)

Helleborus foetidus L. BOLO0052535

Elleboro

Erba zitona

Cava denti

Êrba dal mæl zitån

Wild-native

OUI: The rhizome, positioned between the tooth and the gum, was used for the extraction of teeth, hence its vernacular name “cava denti” which means “teeth remover” (2 M)

VET: It is painkiller and antipyretic for animals. The root, dried and decorticated, is inserted into a hole-incision in the ear of the animal, to cure the fever. However, it created also a large inflammation in the treated area (1 M)

Helleborus spp. -

Elleboro

Erba de mèl ‘d l’azton

Wild-native

VET: The root is inserted into a hole-incision in the ear of the animal to treat the erysipelas, called by the informants “mèl ‘d l’azton”(2H)

Helleborus viridis L. BOLO0003022

Elleboro

Erba nocca

Erba zitona Èrba dal mèl zitòn o fitòn

Êrba dal mæl zitån

Wild-native

VET: it is detoxifying for cattle (5 M). Fresh leaves, roots and stems were inserted in the ears of pigs to cure the erysipelas, removing the infection (14H, 8 M). The root is inserted in the ears or in the anus of cows and pigs when they do not produce milk, or they are inappetent (10H)

Hepatica nobilis Schreb. BOLO0057770

Epatica

Fegatella

Erba di bogn

Cultivated

MED: Leaf decoction is purifying for the liver (1 M). Leaves juice is used on pimples (1 M)

Hibiscus spp. -

Ibisco

Cultivated

MED: Leaf infusion reduces kidney issues, since it promotes diuresis (3H), and it is also sedative (3H). Root decoction reduces cough (1H), and it is used to relieve hepatic inflammation (1H)

COSM: Flowers are used to prepare a shampoo to strengthen the hair (1H)

Hippophae rhamnoides L. BOLO0039434

Olivello spinoso

Marugo

Wild-native

FOOD: The yellow fruits have a sour taste and are harvested especially in calcareous and limestone landslides. They are used to make a jam, and due to their vitamin and mineral content, they are very useful to strengthen the immune system (4 M)

AGROPA: The berry juice was used to smooth horses’ hair (1 M)

Hordeum murinum L.BOLO0052315

Orzo selvatico

Spigarôla

Wild-native

FOOD: It is often eaten by old people because it is easy to digest (1 M), and very energetic (1 M). Eating barley strengthens the bones (1 M) and helps to prevent heart (1 M) and lung conditions (1 M), it is beneficial in case of gastritis (1 M) and helps to focus (1 M). During the war, it was greatly cultivated, roasted in the fireplace and ground to make a coffee substitute beverage (1 M)

MED: A punch of barley is boiled in water which, once cooled, is used to make gargles for sore throat (3 M) and gingivitis (1 M). Barley boiling water is useful against enteritis (1H). Fruit decoction is used in compress on reddened eyes (1 M), and drunk as an anti-inflammatory (1 M)

Hordeum vulgare L. BOLO0042641

Orzo

Urzón

Ôrz

Cultivated

FOOD: Toasted and grounded barley is used to prepare a coffee-like drink, which is purifying for urinary tract (1 M), intestine (1 M), stomach (1 M), and digestive (1 M)

MED: Fruits are used to make warm wrap on the chest in case of flu (2H)

VET: Aerial parts promote cattle digestion (1P)

AGROPA: Aerial parts are used to make the cow bed (1P)

DOM: A yellow paper, used to wrap food, it is obtained from the straw (1P)

CRAFT: The stems are braided to make handbags (1P)

Humulus lupulus L. BOLO0055369

Luppolo

Loppel

Loppel-Lopla

Wild-native

FOOD: Female flowers are used to make beer (6H). The tips of shoots are eaten (1P), and have a digestive effect (1P). Female flower infusion stimulates appetite (1 M)

MED: Female flower infusion promotes digestion (2H) and stimulates appetite (1 M). Flower infusion is relaxing (5H) and increases sexual desire (1H), it helps to manage sexual desire because it contains estrogens (1H). The beer was used on insect bites (1 M)

SMR: Female flowers are used to fill the pillow of insomnia sufferers (1P, 1 M)

Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. BOLO0054770

Ortensia

Cultivated

MED: Infusion of cleaned roots is drunk at the morning as diuretic (5 M), and it is useful against meteorism (1 M). Leaf infusion is relaxing (1 M), and depurative (1 M)

DOM: This plant is widely used as a decoration for house and garden (5 M)

Hylotelephium maximum (L.) Holub BOLO0017292

Borracina maggiore

Erba della Madonna

Erba di san Giovanni

Fèva grâsa

Erba dla Madòna

Êrba grâsa

Fæva Grâsa

Wild-native

MED: Leaves are used to soothe burns, remove calluses, cicatrize small wounds, and to cure “giradito” (whitlow) (17H). Leaf pulp is used on burns (3H), wounds and pimples (1H), and on other skin diseases (1H), for its healing properties, it is used in warps on wounds and plagues to extract pus and promote healing (3H). The plant combined with beeswax, olive oil, and a few sprigs of elderberry is used to make a regenerating and healing cream for chapped skin, especially for winter rhagades (1 M). The latex from leaves has a cicatrizing effect, it is applied on insect bites to relieve pain and irritation (1 M), and it is used to treat burns (1 M)

Hyoscyamus niger L. BOLO0029275

Giuquiamo

Dente cavallino

Êrba d’Santa Pulògna

Wild-native

MED: Flower and leaf infusion has relaxing properties (6H). Whole plant macerated in oil is used to relieve pain (3H). Leaves are used to make anti-asthma cigarettes (1H). Fumes of boiling water from seeds are inhaled with the mouth in case of toothache (1H)

Hypericum perforatum L. BOLO0053787

Erba di San Giovanni

Iperico

Èrba ed San Zvàn

Erba ‘d San Zvàn

Erba d’San Zvan

Êrba d' San Zvân

Êrba d’San Z’Van

Wild-native

MED: Flowers are macerated in oil, obtaining a reddish oleolite, which has cicatrizing properties (1 M), soothing and anti-inflammatory activity (4H, 1 M), it is useful to treat burns and skin irritations (1P, 13H, 3 M), bone pain (4H), insect bites (1 M). This oleolite is prepared with flowers in 100 mL of olive oil (or vaseline oil (1 M)), then it is left under the sun for 2 weeks, shaking it from time to time (6H). The use of this oil is not recommended before sun exposure since it might induce black spots on the skin, on the contrary, it is useful as after sun (1 M). Flower infusion promotes digestion (1H, 1 M), reduces menstrual pain (1H), and lowers blood pressure (2 M). Flower decoction has cicatrizing properties and it is used in compress on wounds, sores, burns, erythema (1H, 1 M). Leaf infusion is useful against diarrhea (2H), as expectorant and cough sedative (1H), it is anti-depressant (1 M), in particular in case of depression related to menopause (1H), is also used to relieve stress, insomnia and anxiety (5H). Leaf macerate in hot oil is used to treat rheumatisms (3 M), pimples, burns, and as wound healer (2 M)

SMR: The flowering tops are harvested traditionally on the night of June 24th (the day of St. Joan), and it keeps demons and evil spirits away, for this reason, a branch is kept above the main entrance of the house or on the stables for protection (4H, 1 M). A flower bunch is burnt to keep demons away (1 M). A bath in a bathtub full of flower increase woman fertility if it is done on 24th of June (1H)

Hyssopus officinalis L.BOLO0015026

Issopo

Isôp

Wild-native

MED: Flower infusion is digestive (1 M), it is used against sore throat (3H), and to expel catarrh in case of cough and bronchitis (1H, 1 M). Flowering tops infusion is used in compress to enhance wound-healing (1H). Leaves are used to wrap wound to promote healing (2H)

Ilex aquifolium L. BOLO001688

Agrifoglio

Ponztôp

Wild-native

MED: Dry leaf infusion is febrifuge (1 M), diuretic (3 M), astringent (2 M), and it heals hand rheumatisms (1 M). Leaf and fruit macerate is useful in case of rheumatic pain (2H). The bark is washed and used in infusion to drink in case of fever (1 M), and hand rheumatism (1 M)

SMR: A twig was hung at the entrance of the house to keep evil spirits away (1 M)

AGROPA: Thanks to its thorny leaves, it is cultivated in the garden and vegetable garden to delimit and protect it from wild animals (2 M)

Iris spp. -

Giaggiolo

Iris

Îrios

Wild-alien

MED: Fried leaves are applied on body parts affected by rheumatic pain (1H)

Juglans regia L. BOLO0053169

Noce

Nus

Nûʃ

Nûs

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are eaten (7H) for their energetic value (3 M), and to promote digestion (1 M). They relieve migraines (1 M), decrease stress (1 M), and promote small wound healing (1 M). To eat walnuts helps to stay young (1 M). With the unripe nuts is prepared the digestive liquor called “nocino” (7 M). Twelve walnut husks are macerated in alcohol for 48 h to obtain the “nocino” a typical digestive (5P, 26H). Walnuts are collected during the night of St. Joan (24th of June) and macerate in alcohol, sugar, and liqueur wine for 40 days, obtaining the “nocino”, which has digestive properties (2 M, 8H). Squeezed nut oil is used to cook (1 M). A leaf is put under the pan to give a nut flavor to the “tigelle” bread (1 M)

MED: Leaf decoction is used in lavender or compress against Herpes simplex (1 M). Leaf decoction, in foot bath, improves blood circulation (1H). Leaf infusion is astringent (3H). Leaf macerated in water is used to wash genitals and to heal from genital infections (1H). Walnut husk infusion is used in case of renal colic (2H), and intestinal parasites (3H). Squeezed nuts oil is able to lower cholesterol although it goes rancid earlier than olive oil (1 M)

COSM: Walnut husk decoction is used to give brownish color to the hair (1 M, 1H). Squeezed nuts oil is used to soften skin (1 M). Leaves are boiled to do refreshing footbath that decreases sweaty feet (2H, 1 M)

VET: Cats and dogs are rubbed with leaf decoction to keep fleas and ticks away, and to treat skin inflammations (1H, 1 M)

CRAFT: The wood is widely used for furniture (1 M)

DOM: Squeezed nuts oil is used to light oil lamps (1 M)

SMR: A walnut tree planted in proximity of the house is considered a good auspice (2H). To keep one or two walnuts in the pocket heals from fever (1 M). A legend says that keep a couple of walnuts in the pocket keeps evil spirits away (1 M). Fresh leaves are applied on ears to heal mumps (1H)

Juniperus communis L. BOLO0053710

Ginepro

Żanævver

Zaneivar

Żanàvver

Ȥanaͤvver

Wild-native

FOOD: Cones are used in cookery, to flavor the wild game and meat (2P, 20H, 5 M), and are an ingredient for ham and “salami” (1 M). They are used to make toning (1 M) liquors (11H, 14 M)

MED: Juniper cones are antihemorrhagic (1 M), astringent and are used to treat pimples (1 M). Cone decoction has disinfectant properties for the respiratory tracts (3H), and it is used to treat urinary tract infections (1H). Infusion of cones is diuretic (3 M), and purifies the body (1H). Cones macerated in withe wine together with mustard is a remedy for cystitis and kidney stones (1 M). Cones are macerated to obtain a syrup useful in case of cough (1H). Cones are boiled to obtain a thick mixture useful against urinary incontinence (2H). Cones ash is inhaled in case of cold (1H). Flowers, harvested in spring, are used to make a purifying and slightly laxative infusion (1 M)

COSM: Leaf macerate with lavender, rosemary, thyme and sage is used on fatty skin (2H)

DOM: Whole plant is burned to perfume the house (1H). This plant is used to clean chimneys from soot (1 M)

SMR: Branches of this plant were placed in the stables to keep “evil eye” away (1 M). REP: Branches keep insects away from stables (1 M)

CRAFT: Traditionally the Christmas tree was a juniper (1 M)

Laburnum anagyroidis Medik BOLO0003099

Maggiociondolo

Maz

Wild-native

AGROPA: Sheep and goats if fed with this plant produce tastier milk for cheeses (1 M)

OUI: “Maggiociondolo” was used for the traditional flowery processions in May for its beauty and perfume (1 M)

Lactuca sativa L. BOLO0602029

Lattuga

Insalae

Latuga

Latûga

Cultivated

FOOD: It is commonly eaten in salad (8H), because it is purifying (3H), it is used to prepare a soup that calms stomachache (1P)

MED: Fresh leaves are applied on dermal inflammations for soothing (1H). Raw leaves are galactagogue (4H) as well as leaf decoction (2H), which is also applied on the sore tooth to calm the pain (1P), and it is used to prepare an anti-cough syrup (2H). The juice extracted from the lettuce core is used to calm cough in children (1P)

Lamium amplexicaule L. BOLO0049113

Erba ruota

Sementaria

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves were chewed because they taste like mint (1 M)

Larix decidua (L.) Mill. BOLO0003050

Larice

Wild-native

MED: Hydroalcoholic extract of newly shoots, harvested in spring, cures sore throats (1 M)

Lathyrus oleraceus Lam. BOLO0014393

Taccole

Mangiatutto

Wild-native

MED: Whole plant is eaten since it is laxative and reduce intestinal gasses (1H)

Laurus nobilis L. BOLO0053683

Alloro

Mlor

Mlòri

Mlôr

Wild-native

FOOD: Dried leaves are used to flavor dishes (4P, 19H, 4 M), and help digestion (1H). Leaves were used together with other herbs to curdle the cheese (1 M). Leaves together with lemon peel are used to prepare a liquor called “canarino” (1H). Fruits are used to prepare a digestive liquor called “laurino” (1 M)

MED: Leaves are used to make wraps on the chest in case of cold (1H), they are smelled to relieve nausea and stomachache (1H). Leaf decoction is a remedy for stomachache (4P), cough (3P), cold (1P), and intestinal gases (2H), and it is diuretic (1P). Leaves decoction was given to children to make them fall asleep (1 M), the decoction with chamomile promotes relax (1P) and sleep (1P). Leaf infusion disinfects oral cavity (5H), it is a remedy for colds (2H), to lower blood pressure (1H, 1 M), and it has a sedative effect (1 M). Dried leaves infusion is drunk after meals to treat aerophagia (1H). Leaves infusion together with lemon peel (called “canarino") is useful against stomachache and nausea (9H). Leaves baths and footbaths stimulate blood circulation (6H). A berry is eaten to lower blood pressure (1 M). Fruits are macerated in oil to make wraps against hemorrhoids (1H)

COSM: Leaf infusion is a remedy for sweaty feet (2H)

DOM: Dried leaves are burnt to overtake bad smell (4H), and to perfume the house (1H)

REP: Begs filled with leaves keep moths away from drawers (1H). Dried leaves are used to keep moths and small insects away from armchair (1H) and from flour of wheat and barley (1H)

Lavandula angustifolia subsp. angustifolia BOLO0029441

Lavanda

Lavand(l)a

Lavȧṅdla

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves (1H) and flowers (1H) are used to flavor several dishes

MED: The essential oil has relaxing and calming action (1P), 4–5 drops are used in fumigation to relieve flu (1 M). Flowers are used for fumigation (placed in boiling water) balsamic for the first respiratory tract (2H). Flower alcoholate is used for messages to relieve headache (1H). Flower alcohol macerate has disinfectant properties for the skin (1H). Flower infusion and essential oil calm pain (7H), and is anti-lice (5H). Flower infusion relaxes muscles (2H), is used to treat migraine (1 M) is sedative (2H, 2 M) and diuretic (1 M), it is used to make decongestant fumigation (3 M). It can be used topically or drunk to purify the skin, especially in case of acne (1H). Topically, flower infusion is used to promote scar healing (2 M), to make massages that relax muscles (1 M), and bandages for burns (1 M). Lavender infusion together with lemon peel and couch grass is useful in case of arthritis (3H). Lavender infusion together with violet, sage and chamomile is a remedy for arthritis (1H). Top flowering decoction treats cold (1 M). Some drops of essential oil on the pillow conciliate sleep (1 M)

COSM: Leaf macerated with juniper, rosemary, thyme and sage is used on fatty skin (2H). Flowers are used to make perfumed and relaxing baths (1H). Flower infusion is used to make footbaths (1 M). Flower essential oil hydrates the skin (4P) and the scalp (3P). Flower macerate is used as perfume (1H) called “Acqua di lavanda”

VET: In case a dog is bitten by a viper, flowers are rubbed on the bite (1H)

REP: Bags filled with flowers are placed in the wardrobe to keep away insects such as moths (2P, 20H, 1 M). A sprig is kept in the closet as a pest repellent for clothes (2 M). Aerial parts are rubbed on the skin to keep insects away (1P, 5H). Some drops of essential oil in the house keep scorpions away (1H). Flower alcohol macerate applied on animal skin repels insects (1H)

DOM: Bags filled with flowers are used to perfume linen (10P, 28H, 4 M) and are used to make scented soaps (1 M). Essential oil is used also to perfume the house (2P) and in scented diffusers (1 M). The plant is ornamental (3 M). Often the flowers are placed in jars to perfume and refresh the room (1 M)

SMR: The flowers are harvested on the night of S. Johan (23th of June) and placed in small bags under the pillow to induce premonitory dreams (1 M). Bunches of lavender are kept in the house to bring calm, thanks to the color and scent (2 M)

AGROPA: The whole plant attracts bees which make honey (4H)

OUI: The essential oil is used for relaxing massages (1 M). Lavender bath wash is made to cure kid weakness (1H)

Lavandula spp. -

Lavanda

Lavand(l)a

Wild-native

MED: Dried flower infusion relieves abdominal muscle spasms (1 M), fatigue, and exhaustion (1 M). Flower cream relieves abdominal pain (1 M)

SMR: A pillow filled with lavender flowers helps to calm headache (1P)

DOM: A bunch of flowers is used to perfume the linen (3P)

REP: A bunch of flowers keep insects away (1P, 2 M)

Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. BOLO0046847

Lampascioni

Cipollaccio col fiocco

Purraͤtt

Wild-native

FOOD: Bulb is used in cookery (1H), it is eaten in salad for its diuretic activity (1H, 1 M)

MED: Bulb juice is rubbed on insect bites to soothe the itch (1 M)

Leucanthemum vulgare subsp. vulgare BOLO0046847

Margherita

Wild-native

FOOD: Flowers are eaten in salad (1P)

Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch BOLO0015233

Levistico

Cultivated

MED: Aerial parts infusion purifies the liver (2H)

Lilium candidum L. -

Giglio

Giglio di Sant’Antonio

Cultivated

MED: Pistil macerate (in alcohol for 15 days) is massaged to relieve rheumatic pain (1H)

Linaria vulgaris subsp. vulgaris BOLO0003308

Linaria

Êrba däl stréjj

Wild-native

FOOD: Flowers are eaten in salad (1H)

MED: Leaf and seed infusion is purifying (3H). Aerial parts in cataplasms cure skin conditions (3H) and hemorrhoids (3H)

SMR: The plant is used by wizards to perform evil deeds (1H)

Linum usitatissimum L. -

Lino

Lén

Lein

Len

Lẹṅ

Purchased product

MED: Seed flour in cataplasm, is used to cure furuncles (2P), wound infections (4H), and abscesses of insect bites (2P); applied on the thorax, cures cough (5P, 1H), sore throat (1P) and bronchitis (1P), by enhancing catarrh expulsion (5P, 3H). Seed flour is used in warm wraps as a remedy for cold (24H), stomachache (8H), muscular inflammation (1H), and, applied on the belly, cures constipation (2H). Boiled seeds wrapped in a piece of fabric and placed on the chest is cough sedative (14H). A paste obtained by mixing seeds with water, is put on a gauze applied on the chest as a remedy against cough (3 M), pneumonia, and bronchitis (11H). Two teaspoons of seeds are left in a glass of water overnight, then the water is drunk for its laxative effect (15H, 1 M). Seed infusion is anti-inflammatory (1 M), laxative (1 M), stimulating of immune system (1 M) and cures cystitis (1 M). Leaves decoction is used in wrap on the belly in case of flu (1H). Leaves in cataplasm are applied on the belly in case of cough (2H), or on ankles in case of sprain (2H)

COSM: Seed infusion is applied on damaged hair (2 M), and is emollient for the skin (1 M)

DOM: Seed oil is used to shine wood furniture (1H)

Lonicera caprifolium L. BOLO0053681

Caprifoglio

Ligabòsc

Wild-native

MED: Bark decoction stimulates sweating (2H). Leaf infusion is anti-inflammatory for the throat (2H). Leaves are applied on the skin to cure wounds and vesicles (2H). Fruit juice is laxative (7H)

TOXIC: Raw seeds are poisonous (7H)

COSM: Flowers are used to prepare beauty creams and perfumes (7H)

Lonicera periclymenum L. BOLO0602030

Caprifoglio

Wild-native

FOOD: Flowers are sucked for their sweet taste (1 M)

MED: Flower infusion is diuretic (1 M), and relieves belly pain (1 M)

Lotus corniculatus L. BOLO0046868

Ginestrino comune

Trifoi zal

Orioleina

Gatell

Wild-native

MED: Flower infusion is used in compress on eczema (1H)

AGROPA: The whole plant does not cause flatulence; thus, it is good as feed for livestock (1H)

Lupinus albus subsp. albus BOLO0009685

Lupino

Lupino

Wild-alien

MED: Seed cooking water is anti-lice (2H). Seed macerate is used on eczema and to remove cradle cap (1H). Leaf infusion is a remedy for stomach acidity (1H)

Malus domestica (Suckow) Borkh. -

Melo

Mæil

Mail

Cultivated

FOOD: A digestive liquor is prepared with the seeds (1H). Cooked apples are laxative (2P)

MED: Root bark decoction is a remedy for the fever (1P). Bark decoction stops diarrhea (1H). Juice obtained from cooked apple cures cough and bronchitis (9H). Flower infusion is drunk in case of cough (3H), and sore throat (3H). Fruits decoction is vitaminizing (1H)

Malva sylvestris L. BOLO0046878

Malva

Mèlva

Mæiva

Méiva

Mælva

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used to prepare a liquor (3H), which heals from stomach conditions (1H). Leaves, eaten in salad, are slightly laxative (2H). Flower and leaf infusion is a refreshing (7H) and emollient (3H) beverage

MED: Mauve infusion together with mint and chamomilla is a remedy for gastritis (1H). Mauve baths deflate the feet (1P). Mauve compress gives relief in case of injuries (4P). Leaves are chewed to calm toothache (1P), or used in wraps on inflamed gums (1H). Grounded leaves mixed with milk in cataplasm cure pimples and promote expulsion of foreign matter (1 M). Leaves are used to relieve burnings of the intimate areas (9H) and the decoction is used for intimate and refreshing lavenders (1P, 3 M), for gastrointestinal affections (2P), to promote digestion (1H), for inflammation of oral cavity (3P, 3H, 5 M) and throat (1H). Leaf infusion is refreshing (1P, 3 M), soothes intestine (1H,2 M), it cures intestinal disorders (1H) and intestinal (2H) and mouth (2H) inflammation; it purifies urine (1H), relieves belly pain (2H), and detoxifies in case of various infections (1 M), it is diuretic (1H), digestive (1H), emollient in case of heartburns and stomachache (6H), it is also used to reduce anxiety and to induce sleep (2H). Leaf infusion together with blueberry and oak bark is in wrap against hemorrhoids (2H). Leaf boiling water (after filtration) is used against toothache (1 M), inflamed gums (1 M), drunk as digestive (1 M) or in case of cough (1 M). The leaves after decoction are placed between gauze pads and laid on painful body parts (1 M). Leaf juice has healing activity (2H). Flower and leaf juice relieves painful stings (1H), mixed with olive oil is used to treat burns and shingles (1H), while warmed in olive oil is useful in case of earache (1H). Flower infusion is drunk in case of cough (2 M), and catarrh (2 M), sore throat (3 M) and gingivitis rinses (2 M); it is used for external rinses in cases of vaginitis (1 M), and in compress it treats skin diseases (2 M). Leaf and flower decoction regulates intestine functions (5H), is digestive (1H) and anti-inflammatory for the intestine (1H). It is used for rinsing the mouth in case of irritation (2 M, 5H), for toothache (2P), gums ache (1P), stomachache (13P, 5H), abdominal spasm (2P, 4H, 1 M), cough and sore throat (12P, 7H 1H, 2 M), since it is expectorant is used in case of bronchitis (1 M, 2H). In compress it treats skin diseases (4H, 6 M), itching and skin redness, and refreshes the skin of newborns after inflammation due to diaper (1H). It is used against hemorrhoids both in cataplasm and per os (1 M) with honey (1P). The same decoction, together with apple, lemon, chestnut and honey is cough sedative (3P). Leaf and flower infusion is digestive (1H), it cures kidney issues (1H), colitis (7H), constipation (2 M), and cough, by cleaning the respiratory tract and removing catarrh (6H). It is used for rinsing in case of mouth irritation (1 M) and inflamed gums (2H). Aerial part decoction protects genitals (1H), relieves hemorrhoidal pains (3H 1H), and it is used in lenitive intimate lavenders (4H), Aerial part infusion relieves cough (6H), reduces gastritis pain (2H), and it is used in disinfectant mouthwashes (1H), and for mouth affections (6H); in compress it is used against toothache and abscesses (5H), as anti-inflammatory, analgesic and as a remedy for rheumatic pain (4H), applied on chest is as anti-tussive (1H). Whole plant decoction is diuretic (2H), enhances digestion (1H), is used for constipation (1H), toothache, oral cavity inflammation (22H), irritated skin (7H), to disinfect the throat (2H) and to clean kidneys (1H, 1 M). Decoction of leaves, decorticated roots and flowers yields an oily liquid which is laxative (4 M), promotes digestion (1 M), cures stomach and intestinal conditions (1 M), and gingivitis (4 M). The decoction of roots (boiled for 3 h) is used for gastrointestinal affections (2P), is beneficial for liver and kidney (1 M), it is applied topically as plagues healer (1H). Leaf and root syrup together with laurel leaves is a remedy for hemorrhoids (3H) and cough (2H)

COSM: Flower infusion in compress softens the skin (2 M). Leaf infusion is applied on the face to promote suntan (1H)

VET: Leaf infusion promotes digestion and rumination in grazing livestock (2H)

Marrubium vulgare L. BOLO0029938

Marrubio comune

Marubbio

Marrobbi

Wild-native

MED: Whole plant macerate is cough sedative (2H). Leaf infusion is laxative (1 M)

Matricaria chamomilla L. BOLO0049060

Camomilla

Camamella

Camumèla

Camumélla

Wild-native

FOOD: The flowers are macerated for 20 days in alcohol, then filtered and added to a solution of water and sugar to obtain a liquor (3P). Flower infusion is refreshing (6H)

MED: Flower infusion has relaxing proprieties (4P, 49H, 10 M), it calms the nervous system (1H), promotes sleep (11P, 24H, 10 M), is calming for kids (1H). It relieves abdominal (3P, 9H, 2 M), and menstrual pain (5H), and colic in infants (1H), and has beneficial properties for gastrointestinal system (2 M). It is diuretic (1P, 3H), digestive (1P, 1 M, 2H), purifier (1P), calms cough (1P), phlegm, cold and sore throat (3H), and it disinfects the first respiratory tract (12H), it is used for sore gum (1P), to wash oral cavity (2H). With the addition of salt it cures “giradito” (whitlow) (2H), and, assumed with a drop of olive oil, it has a laxative effect (7P, 4H). It is used to wash reddened eyelids (1P), and eyes (7H, 2 M), and in case of conjunctivitis (7P, 11H), and to wash genitals (2H), and as derivative enema (1H). Cooled flower infusion is applied in the ears to treat otitis (1H). In compress it is used on inflamed mucous and skin (1H), as an anti-inflammatory (4P), against candidiasis (1P), abscesses and toothache (3H). In case of injuries the wrap of the infusion calms pain (1P). Flower infusion together with lavender, violet and sage is anti-arthritis (1H). Chamomilla infusion together with mint and mauve is useful in case of gastritis (1H). The decoction of mauve together with mint is useful against cold and catarrhal (2H). Flowers are used for fumigation (added to boiling water) for stuffy nose (1H)

COSM: Flower decoction (1H) and flower infusion (5P, 16H, 1 M) are used to lighten the hair. Flower infusion is used as body and face cleaner (1H). Flower infusion is used to do relaxing baths (1 M) and footbaths (1H)

Medicago sativa L. BOLO0049492

Erba medica

Erba medga

Spagnèra

Spagna

Spâgna

Wild-alien

FOOD: Fresh flowering tops are eaten in salad (1H)

MED: Leaves in cataplasm have anti-hemorrhagic action (1P). Flower infusion is useful for people suffering of rickets (1P), it improves blood circulation (1H) and digestion (1H). Whole plant infusion has restorative properties (5H), purifies the body (3H), and is galactagogue (2H)

AGROPA: The whole plant is eaten by cattle (2P) and used as fodder (8H). The plant is cultivated to enrich the soil (1H). The flowers attract bees which make honey (1H)

DOM: The root is used as stove fuel (1P)

Melilotus officinalis Pall.BOLO0048756

Erba sulfanenna

Wild-native

MED: Fresh flower juice is rubbed on eyelids to relieve inflammations (1 M), flower infusion is used in compress for eyes and eyelids inflammations (1 M)

Melissa officinalis L. BOLO0052727

Melissa

Êrba limauna

Erba limona

Erba cedrina

Êrba Limåuna

Êrba Limåuna

Wild-native

FOOD: A digestive (6H) liquor is prepared with leaves (1P). Leaves are used in cookery to flavor several dishes (2H), and drinks (1 M). Leaf infusion is refreshing (2H), and bracing (2H)

MED: Young leaves are eaten to fight halitosis (3H). Leaves are rubbed on mosquito bite (7P). Leaves and lemon macerate in alcohol is digestive (1P) and calms headache (1P). Leaf infusion has choleretics (1 M), digestive (10H, 4 M) and depurative (3 M) properties, it is relaxing (9H) for the gastrointestinal system (3 M), sedative (1H, 3 M) and useful against abdominal cramps (2 M), swelling (1 M) and migraines (2H, 1 M). It was believed that cloistered nuns used to drink leaf infusion to decrease sexual energy (1 M). Aerial part infusion is calming (1H) and digestive (7H), it reduces insomnia (6H), headache (3H), gastrointestinal pain (1H), stomachache (2H), and sore throat (1H). Dried aerial part decoction improves moodiness and memory (1 M), induces sleep (4 M) and relieves stomachache (1 M)

REP: Bunches of lemon balm are hung to keep insects away from clothes (1P). It is planted since it repels mosquitoes (2H)

DOM: Leaves are used to perfume the clothes in the wardrobe (5H)

COSM: Fresh leaves are used to polish the tooth (1P)

Mentha spp. -

Menta

Mæinta

Mìntoccia

Mintâster

Mintastar

Mänta

Mintâster

Maͤinta

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used in cookery (1H), to flavor tea, infusions (4P), beverages, meat (6 M), and several dishes (5H 2H,2 M). Leaves are used to prepare a liquor (14H), obtained by maceration in alcohol for 20 days, then water and sugar are added; it is filtered, and it is drunk since it is digestive and refreshing (2 M). Leaf infusion is refreshing (2P, 7H, 2 M), and has bracing (6H), digestive (1H) and thirst-quenching (2 M, 8H) properties. Leaves are chewed to refresh the mouth (7P, 2H). Fresh leaves are used to prevent the formation of rennet in milk and to prevent fruits from rotting (2H)

MED: Leaves are chewed as anti-halitosis (8H). Dried leaves are used on skin to relieve itching (1H). Cataplasm of mint leaves and butter are used to soothe itchy skin (2H). Leaf juice relieves cephalalgia (1H), fresh leaves can be rubbed on the forehead and on the temples to relieve headache (1M). Leaf infusion purifies the liver (1H), is diuretic (3H), digestive (12H, 5M), useful in case of stomach acidity (2H) and stomach conditions (1H), it calms hiccup and stops vomit (1H), carsickness and seasickness (1M), and intestinal swelling (1M); it removes halitosis and disinfect mouth (2H), relieves persistent cough (2M) and sore throat (3H).It is used to relieve insect bite itching (7H), is an analgesic used in case of neuralgia and migraine (1M), it is used to massage the temples to relieve headache (1P). Once cooled, water of infusion is used for rinses in case of oral cavity infections (2M) and diseases (1H). Leaves infusion together with thyme, linden, yarrow and honey is used as treatment against pimples (7H). Infusion of mint, rosemary and sage leaves is useful in case of arthritis (2H). Mint infusion together with chamomilla is useful in case of gastritis (1H). Leaf decoction is used against stomachache (2P) and to promote digestion (1P). Flower infusion together with chamomile is used in fumes against cold (3H). Flower infusion together with violet, elder and linden is used in case of cold (1H). Aerial part infusion is digestive, cures stomachache, and abdominal pain (3H), and in mouthwashes treats toothache (1H)

COSM: Whole plant is a refreshing ingredient for warm baths (1M). Fresh leaves together with bicarbonate is used as toothpaste (1H). Leaf infusion is used for breath scenting (1H)

REP: Leaves are rubbed on skin to keep mosquitoes away (2P). The plant is used to keep mice away (1M)

SMR: Infusion of mint leaves was believed to cause male impotence (1 M)

VET: Racehorses are fed with mint to purify their blood and make their coat shinier (1H). Leaf infusion is used to purify livestock liver (1H)

Mercurialis annua L. BOLO0052395

Mercorella comune

Marcurèla

Wild-native

MED: Aerial part infusion is used as laxative (1H), or in case of indigestion (1H)

Mespilus germanica L. BOLO0052613

Nespolo

Nèspel

Næspel

Cultivated

FOOD: Fruits are eaten (2H) since they are rich in sugars (2 M) and nutrients (4H), they are used to prepare jam and sweets (12H, 1 M). Fruits have anti-inflammatory (1 M), diuretic (1 M) and laxative (2H, 1 M) properties. Eating fruits helps in case of diarrhea (1H)

MED: Unripe fruits are astringent (1H, 2 M). Raw fruit decoction is useful in case of diarrhea (1H). Leaf and fruit decoction in mouthwash cures oral inflammation (1H). Dried bark decoction is used to treat diarrhea (2 M), inflamed throat (1 M) and fever (1 M)

TOXIC: Nut should not be eaten because is toxic (1 M)

OUI: Eat too many fruits might cause hemorrhoids (2H)

Meum athamanticum Jacq. BOLO0602033

Finocchio selvatico

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves and stems, harvested in spring, are eaten for their deflating and digestive properties (2 M)

Morus alba L. BOLO0055382

Gelso

Gels

Måur bianc

Wild-alien

FOOD: A jam is made with the fruit (2P, 2H)

MED: Fruit juice is a remedy for sore throat (1H)

AGROPA: Leaves were used to feed silkworms (2P, 3H)

Morus nigra L. BOLO0053168

Gelso

Fòia dla mora

Måur naigher

Wild-alien

FOOD: Fruits are edible (2H)

MED: A jam made of fruits is a remedy for sore throat (2H)

Morus spp. -

Gelso

Wild-alien

FOOD: Fruits are used to prepare jam and sweets (6H). Fruits are sweet, they promote digestion (1 M) and have beneficial properties for the intestine (1 M)

MED: Bark decoction is laxative (2H)

CRAFT: The wood is used to make pipes (1H)

AGROPA: Leaves were used to feed silkworms (1 M), whose eggs were kept worm, laced in patches near women's breasts

Musa paradisiaca L. BOLO0048458

Banano

Cultivated

MED: Fruits are astringent (1H), they are eaten to prevent muscle cramps (1H), since they are rich in magnesium (1H)

Myosotis arvensis Hill BOLO0003328

Non ti scordar di mé

Wild-native

MED: Aerial part decoction in compress is used for eye inflammations (1 M). Flower decoction has a relaxing effect (1 M)

Narcissus jonquilla L. BOLO0048662

Giunchiglia

Zunchellja

Carsan

Wild-alien

MED: Flower infusion is anti-diarrhea (1 M), antispasmodic (1 M), sedative (2 M) and sleep-promoting (1 M), and it is a remedy for cough (2 M) and asthma (1 M). In compress it is applied on burns (1 M)

Nasturtium officinale R.Br. BOLO0052373

Crescione

Cærson

Carsån

Carsån

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are eaten in salad or soup (2H, 1 M), they stimulate the appetite (1 M), and are tonic due to the content of vitamins and minerals (2 M)

MED: The cooking water is anti-inflammatory for the intestine (2H), the decoction is refreshing and used to treat urinary tract inflammation (1 M). Leaves are used in cataplasm to treat pimples (1 M)

Nerium oleander L. BOLO0602034

Oleandro

Cultivated

MED: Leaf decoction in lavender is lenitive for hemorrhoids (1H)

REP: Flower infusion has insecticidal properties (1P)

Nicotiana tabacum L. BOLO0013908

Tabacco

Tabac

Tabâc

Cultivated

REP: Leaf macerate is used as insecticide (2H)

Ocimum basilicum L. BOLO0014555

Basilico

Basalecc

Basaléc

Ba§alécc

Cultivated

FOOD: Leaves are used in cookery to flavor several dishes (16H, 1 M), and to prepare a digestive liquor (1 M)

MED: Leaf infusion is digestive (8H), diuretic (2H) and refreshing (2H), and it is useful against vomit (1H). Leaf decoction calms anxiety (1 M), and it is applied to the inflamed part of the oral cavity (1H). Leaf macerate cures sore throat (1H) and cold (1H)

REP: Leaves rubbed on skin keep insects away (3H)

Oenothera biennis L. BOLO0049289

Enagra comune

Pedga ‘d esan

Wild-alien

MED: Root decoction relieves stomachache (1H)

Olea europaea L. -

Olivo

Uliv

Ulîv

Cultivated

FOOD: Olives are purifying, so they are eaten before drinking alcohol. (1H)

MED: Olive oil is applied on burns to prevent blister formation (2H), and it cures ear infections (2P), and soothes earache caused by otitis (16H). Two spoons of olive oil are helpful against gallstones (1H), and stomach swelling (1H). Olive oil is put on stye to heal it quickly (3H). One teaspoon of olive oil a day on an empty stomach promotes intestinal transit (9H). Elder bark is boiled in olive oil to obtain an ointment useful against burns (2H). Leaves together with elder are used to make an oleolite useful against burns and dry skin (9H). Olive oil together with a garlic clove is used to make an ointment useful against intestinal worms (2H)

COSM: Olive oil makes hair shinier (2P)

SMR: The farmers plant an olive branch at the beginning of orchard rows in sign of good omen (1P). An olive tree branch represents peace (6H), it is used to bless the wheat field (1H), it was burnt to ward off the hail, which ruins crops (3H),

Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. BOLO0003054

Lupinella

Erba crocetta

Lupinæla

Wild-native

MED: Aerial parts are used to disinfect small wounds (1H). Flowers attract bees which make honey, useful for sore throat (1H) and tiredness (1H), and as liver purifier (1H)

AGROPA: The plant is used to feed livestock (3H), sheep have a higher quality wool if they are fed with this plant (1H)

Ononis spinosa L. BOLO0053004

Ononide

Ligabó

Êrba spinósa

Bunæga

Wild-native

MED: Root extract, prepared in vinegar and cold water for 10 min, is used for gargling to treat sore throat (2 M), as a mouthwash to protect inflamed larynx and bleeding gums, and to calm pain associated with caries (1 M)

Origanum majorana L. BOLO0014611

Maggiorana

Mazurèna

Mażurèna

Mazurèna salvâdga

Mażurèna salvâdga

Wild-alien

FOOD: Leaves are used to flavor foods (3 M) and sauces (1 M). Aerial parts are used to prepare several dishes (3H), they stimulate the appetite and are digestive (6H)

MED: Fresh or dried leaves infusion cures cold (2 M), cough (2 M), it is digestive (1 M) and useful in case of migraine (1 M)

Origanum vulgare L. BOLO0053946

Origano

Urêghen

Wild-native

FOOD: Aerial parts are used to prepare several dishes (3H), they stimulate the appetite and are digestive (6H,1 M)

MED: Flower infusion is digestive (1H) and useful against intestinal conditions (1H). The essential oil is useful as an antibiotic (2H) against candida (1H) and as a remedy for burns and wounds (2H). Fresh or dried leaves infusion is digestive and is a remedy for heartburns (1 M)

Oryza sativa L. BOLO0020594

Riso

Ris

Rîs

Cultivated

MED: Fruits are boiled and eaten in case of diarrhea (9H) and intestinal conditions (1H)

Osmunda regalis L. BOLO0049945

Felce florida

Wild-native

MED: Aerial part infusion is abortive if it is drunk every day (1H). Whole plant (including root) infusion is abortive (1H). Leaves are used to wrap and heal wounds (3H)

Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. BOLO0003030

Carpino nero

Carpinæla

Wild-native

FOOD: Bud infusion is regenerating (1 M)

MED: Bud infusion is draining (1 M), and useful for sinusitis (1 M) and cold (2 M)

DOM: The wood is used as fuel for the fireplace (1 M)

Oxalis acetosella L. BOLO0047854

Acetosella

Êrba bròssca

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are eaten in salad and are purifying (4H)

MED: Leaf decoction is diuretic (1H)

DOM: Leaf juice is used as a stain remover, especially to remove ink or rust from clothes and for this property it was used also to polish copper pots (1 M)

SMR: Flower and leaf are used to cast spells, and burnt to bring good luck. The plant growing in the garden brings good luck (1H)

Paliurus spina-christi Mill. BOLO0052515

Spèn marug

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are eaten and taste like apples. (1H)

MED: Fruit decoction has diuretic properties (1H)

Papaver rhoeas L. BOLO0055375

Papavero comune

Papâver

Rusætt

Ruṡatt

Ruʃaͤtt

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used to prepare several dishes (2P, 1H, 1 M), leaves and flowers are eaten in salad (1H). Flowers are a spice used in cookery (1 M)

MED: Flower infusion is sedative (12H), it promotes sleep also in kids (1H), it calms cough (1H), removes catarrh (1H) and purifies liver (3H). Seed infusion is drunk to induce and promote sleep (2 M), especially used to asleep children (3H). Latex is a cough sedative (3H) and induces sleep in kids (3H)

COSM: Whole plant decoction has anti-wrinkles properties (1 M)

AGROPA: It was used as rabbit feed (1 M). Whole plant is considered a weed species for the grain (1 M)

CRAFT: Once the girls used the buds to make dolls (1 M)

Parietaria officinalis L. BOLO0052779

Erba vetriola

Parietaria

Erba venta

Vidariôl

Wild-native

MED: Fresh leaves are chewed to calm toothache (1H), and rubbed on the skin to soothe the itching caused by nettle leaves (1H). Leaf decoction is used in case of edema (1H), it is diuretic (1H) and it is used to make wrap on burns and skin irritations (1H). Dried leaf tea has diuretic properties, and it is beneficial for the urinary tract (2 M). Aerial part decoction is a remedy for fever (2H), colic, stomachache (2H), and catarrh (2H). Whole plant decoction is diuretic and it is used against cystitis (2 M), bladder pain (1P), and pains due to the menstrual cycle (1P), it was also used to treat scarlet fever (1 M)

DOM: Leaves are used to clean the glass (2 M), also aerial parts are used to clean bottles and flasks due to their abrasive action (2H), for this reason this plant is called “vetriola” which means glassy (1 M)

Passiflora caerulea L. BOLO0011097

Passiflora

Fiåur dla Pasiån

Cultivated

MED: Whole plant infusion is relaxing (6H), and used to soothe burns and skin inflammation (7H)

SMR: The opening of this plant's flower at dawn symbolizes the Madonna giving us the good morning (1H)

Pelargonium spp. -

Geranio

Gerâni

Girani

Gîrâni

Cultivated

MED: Fresh leaves are applied on burns (1H). The outer face of the leaf, harvested in spring–summer, is placed on wounds to "get the infection out" (1 M). The leaves are used to make a relaxing decoction (2 M). The water of this decoction, once cooled, is used for rinses against gingivitis (1 M), gargles in case of sore throats (1 M), to wash acne (1 M), to massage temples in case of migraine (1 M), it is applied on the body to reactivate blood circulation (2 M), and in compress on burns (1 M) and erythema (1 M)

COSM: Cooled water of leaf decoction in bandages is anti-cellulitis (1 M)

REP: It is an ornamental plant used to keep away insects (9H). Water of leaf decoction, placed in vases on the balconies of the windows, keeps mosquitos away (1 M)

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre BOLO0037076

Pepe d’acqua

Erba de pever

Wild-native

FOOD: Flowers are used to flavor dishes and hunter (2 M)

Petasites hybridus (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.BOLO0602031

Farfaraccio

Farfalloni

Wild-native

MED: Leaves, collected in shady places, are a healing agent (1 M), and are used in poultices on rheumatism of the knees (1 M), their boiling water is drunk as antispasmodic for the intestine (1 M)

AGROPA: Leaves are used to shelter the seedlings of tomato plants of the garden from wind and cold (1 M)

Petrosedum rupestre (L.) P.V.Heath BOLO0007413

Sedum

Wild-native

MED: Flowering plant is harvested in June, leaves are crushed and rubbed on leeks and warts to heal (3 M)

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss -

Prezzemolo

Pidarsùl

Prasôl

Parsemul

Cultivated

FOOD: Leaves are used in cookery to flavor several dishes (18H, 1 M)

MED: Leaves were eaten to abort (3P, 10H), and to reduce hernia swelling (1H). Fresh leaves are applied on insect bites (3H), and on sore udders after breastfeeding (3H). Fresh leaf juice is used in compress on tired eyes (1 M), and in wraps for conjunctivitis (1H). Leaf pulp together to vinegar is used to blindfold contused parts (1H). A ball is made with leaf pulp together with salt and olive oil and used against toothache (1H). Leaf decoction has an expectorant action useful against cough (1P), it is digestive (1 M), diuretic (1 M), and anti-lice (1 M). Decoction of parsley and sage leaves is useful in case of lack or delay of menstrual cycle (3H), the same effect is obtained by eating fresh leaves (1 M). Leaf infusion is purifier (5H). Syrup made with fennel roots, parsley, celery and butcher’s broom reduces intestinal gases (6H). Infusion of parsley, fennel and aniseed is a remedy for stomach acidity (3H). A beverage obtained by mixing ten stems of parsley in one liter of wine is drunk once a day to reduce heart pain (1H)

VET: Leaves are used to get cats to abort (2P, 2H)

Phaseolus vulgaris L. BOLO0040218

Fagiolo

Fasôl

Cultivated

FOOD: Seeds are consumed in salads for their protein content (3 M). To eat high quantity of beans prevents intestinal conditions (1 M), constipation (2 M) and hemorrhoids (1 M)

MED: Infusion of bean peel is useful against gout if it is taken daily for a week (2H). Seeds are used as slimming ingredients in high fat meals because they reduce the fat absorption (1H)

GAME: Seeds dried in the sun are used as number markers in the game of bingo (1 M)

Phedimus spurius (M.Bieb.) 't Hart BOLO0014087

Sedum

Wild-alien

MED: Peeled leaves applied on pimples and skin inflammation are healer (2 M)

Phytolacca americana L. BOLO0046782

Fitolacca

Wild-alien

OUI: The red berries are used to color white wine, making it red and thus more valuable to sell (2P)

Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. BOLO0015195

Abete rosso

Abæid

Abaͤid

Wild-native

MED: A drop of resin a day cures respiratory conditions (3H), and heals wounds (1 M). Branches are placed in the warm bath to help in case of rheumatisms, and for the same issue it is used the branch decoction in compress (1 M)

Pilosella officinarum Vaill. BOLO0023244

Pilosella

Wild-native

MED: Whole plant infusion promotes edema resorption and reduces leg swelling (1H)

COSM: Aerial part is used to prepare an ointment that reduces cellulitis (1H)

Pimpinella anisum L. BOLO0031209

Pimpinella

Anice verde

Cultivated

FOOD: Fresh leaves are eaten as liver purifier (1H)

MED: Infusion of parsley, fennel and aniseed reduces stomach acidity (3H). Leaf infusion is useful as intestinal anti-inflammatory and purifying agent (1H). Seed lotion is applied on hair as anti-lice (1H). Seed infusion stops hiccup (1H)

REP: The whole plant keeps mosquitos away (1H)

AGROPA: The plant is used to feed farm animals (2H)

Pinus cembra L. BOLO0054088

Pino

Pén

Cultivated

MED: Cone macerate is useful against cough (5H)

Pinus mugo Turra BOLO0021781

Pino mugo

Pino speciale

Wild-native

FOOD: The cones are used to make a liquor (1 M)

MED: The cones are used to make a balsamic (1H) and cough sedative (2H, 6 M) syrup

Pinus pinea L. BOLO0052235

Pino

Pén

Cultivated

FOOD: Pine nuts are largely used in cookery (13H)

Pinus spp. -

Pino

Pén

MED: Resin is used in fumigation for respiratory tract disorders (7H), such as cough (1H) and colds (1H). Resin is spread on a toast, and it is eaten to reduce pregnancy associated nausea (1H). Leaf infusion is expectorant (1H)

Pinus sylvestris L. BOLO0002747

Pèn

Pén

Pen salvâdg

Peṅ salvâdg

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are rich in vitamin C (1H)

MED: Bud decoction is expectorant, cough sedative (1P), useful in case of flu, catarrh and bronchitis. Bud infusion or fumigation have expectorant and antiseptic activity (1H, 3 M). Resin is applied on broken arm to reduce pain and to promote healing (2H)

Plantago afra L.BOLO0602035

Psillio

Psél

Piantâzen

Laͤingua d’ôca

Cultivated

MED: Seeds are put in water to make a laxative jelly (1H)

Plantago lanceolata L. BOLO0053695

Piantaggine

Piantagine

Længua d’ôca

Lingua d'oca

Urec d’esen

Êrba di zinq neruv

Lengua d'òca

Lengva ‘d can

Lèngua d’oca

Piantâʒen

Piantâzen

Laͤingua d’ôca

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used in cookery to prepare salads and soups (1 M, 3H)

MED: Leaves are astringent (1 M) and anti-inflammatory (1 M), used for gargling in case of inflamed throats (1 M) and gingivitis (1 M). The crushed leaves are used to heal wounds (1P, 2H) and in cataplasm to relieve itch and inflammation due to insect bites (1 M). Leaf infusion is refreshing (1 M), purifying (1 M) diuretic (1 M), and used as a cough remedy (1 M), in compress it is placed on burnt areas of the body (1 M), on insect bites to relieve itching (1 M), and to treat conjunctivitis (1 M). Leaf decoction is laxative (1 M). The infusion of seeds is used for gastrointestinal issues (1 M) and as nasal decongestant (1 M)

VET: Rabbits are fed with the whole plant to prevent dysentery (1P)

Plantago major L.BOLO52180

Plantago

Urach d'esen

Zentnòd

Wild-native

MED: Fresh leaves are applied on sores, wounds or skin rashes to promote healing (1H). Leaf infusion is used against cough (1H) and sore throat (1H), it is astringent (1H), reduces hemorrhoids (1H), and purifies intestine (1H). Seed decoction regulates intestinal functions (1H)

Plantago spp. -

Piantaggine

Wild-native

MED: Leaves are placed on pimples, abscesses, redness and wounds to facilitate healing and as anti-inflammatory (10 M). Fresh leaves are placed on insect bites or skin irritation to calm pain and reduce the irritation (1H, 5 M). Fresh leaves are pestled and used as poultice to heal perioral dermatitis (1 M). Leaf in cataplasm are used to heal wounds (3H) and furuncles (3H). Leaf infusion calms cough (1H) and sore throat (1H), itis intestinal astringent (1 M) and purifying (1 M). Leaf decoction is used against skin reddening, pimples and insect bites (2 M)

COSM: Leaves and roots are chopped, boiled and added with vaseline and essential oils to make an emollient ointment (1 M). Leaves are boiled in milk and the resulting extract is used on dry skin (1H)

AGROPA: Leaves are used to feed livestock since they are energizing (2H)

Polygala vulgaris L.BOLO0052892

Poligala

Amarella

Erba da la tass

Wild-native

MED: Whole plant decoction, together with Hypericum perforatum and Tussilago farfara is used against bronchitis as expectorant (2 M). Root decoction is used to calm cough, including persistent cough (1 M)

Polygonum aviculare L. BOLO00522220

Centonodi

Cruzola

Coreggiola

Wild-native

MED: Aerial part decoction of is used to stop bleeding and hemoptysis (1 M), and the juice of this plant is used to heal wounds (1 M). Aerial part infusion is expectorant, and it is used to relief upper respiratory ways (1H)

OUI: Aerial parts infusion was given to kids to slow down their growth and delay the recruitment to the front (1H)

Polypodium vulgare L. BOLO0052410

Falsa liquerizia

Felce dolce

Finta liquerizia

Faelza dulza

Faͤllza dåulza

Wild-native

FOOD: Roots are chewed to quench hunger and thirst and for its licorice like taste (2H), which makes it appealing for kids (3 M). It is eaten because it reduces thirst, since it is plenty of water (1H). Roots are also eaten for their digestive and beneficial properties on the intestines (1 M)

MED: It is chewed in case of sore throat (1H). Root decoction is laxative (1 M). Leaf and root decoction is vermifuge (1 M)

Populus alba L. BOLO0052832

Pioppo bianco

Wild-native

MED: Bark decoction is a remedy for stomachache (1H) and diarrhea (1H)

SMR: To sleep under a poplar during a rainy night makes a desire come true (1H)

Populus nigra L. BOLO0017028

Pioppo

Fiòp

Piòp

Fiòpa

Wild-native

MED: Buds decoction fluidifies bronchial secretions (2H) and promotes sweating (2H)

COSM: Buds together with poppy and lettuce are mixed with pork fat to obtain an ointment useful for dry hands (1P)

VET: Branches are used to feed rabbits to control their growth and strengthen the teeth (1H)

Portulaca oleracea L. BOLO0053723

Porcellana

Purʒlœna

Êrba grâsa

Wild-native

FOOD: It is eaten in salad (3P) since it is rich in minerals and iron (2P). Leaves are eaten because they are purifying (2H)

MED: Fresh leaves are wrapped on wounds, furuncles, and bee stings (9H). It is used to prepare a laxative infusion since it is rich in mannitol (1P). Whole plant infusion is useful to stop diarrhea, vomiting (3H), and post-partum hemorrhages (3H), it improves sexual performance (2H)

Primula ciliata Moretti BOLO0047214

Primula orecchia d’orso

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are cooked or eaten raw (1 M)

MED: Leaves are cleaned and used to make a diuretic (1 M), sedative (1 M) for cough (1 M), and anti-inflammatory (1 M) infusion. Leaf decoction is applied in bandages on the areas affected by rheumatism (1 M). Root decoction is an excellent diuretic (2 M) and anti-diarrheal (1 M); it is effective in case of cough (2 M) and as an anti-nausea (1 M). Water is added to chopped roots and used in bandages to heal muscular pain (1 M)

Primula spp. -

Primula

Prèmla

Premmivair

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used to prepare “green lasagna” (2 M). Children suck the flower for its sweet nectar (1 M)

GAME: Children enjoy blowing the yellow primrose flowers like whistles (1 M)

Primula veris L. BOLO0052883

Primula

Premmiveir

Premmavaira

Wild-native

FOOD: Flowers are eaten in salad (6H)

MED: Root and flower infusion calms cough, promotes catarrh expulsion (6H), and activates blood circulation (1H). Flower infusion is used against gout (1H). Leaf infusion calms muscular pain (1H)

COSM: Pounded flowers are applied on the skin to make it stronger and younger (1H)

GAME: Children enjoyed blowing the yellow primrose flowers like whistles (5H)

Primula vulgaris Huds.BOLO0003314

Primula

Wild-native

FOOD: It is used to prepare several dishes (8P, 1 M). Flowers were sucked for their sweet taste (3 M)

Prunus armeniaca L. BOLO0040379

Albicocco

Biricóquel

Mugnèg

Cultivated

FOOD: Dried fruits are eaten since they are remineralizing (8H)

MED: Fruits are eaten against intestinal parasites (5H). Fruit infusion is useful in case of high fever (1H). Pulp decoction is used to cue ear conditions (1H)

Prunus avium L. BOLO0047972

Ciliegio

Zrìs

Zris

Zrî§

Wild-native

FOOD: Cherries are used to make a refreshing drink (1P), jams, and candies (2P, 7H). Fruits are eaten (3H) and have purifying properties (9H), are rich in vitamins and nutrients (1 M). The darkest cherries are eaten as anti-inflammatory (1 M). Fruits eaten in large quantities have a laxative effect (9H)

MED: Fruits are mild laxative (3 M), depurative (2 M) and heart protective (2 M). Fruit juice stops diarrhea (9H). Fruit infusion or decoction are used to treat urinary tract conditions (4H). Petiole decoction has diuretic proprieties (1P, 6H), it is also useful to lower fever (2H), and to relieve kidney pains (1H). Petiole infusion is a diuretic (1H, 1 M), purifying and antibacterial (1 M) and useful to eliminate toxins (1 M). Seeds are inserted in a small bag, which is warmed up and applied on the neck to fight neck pain (5H, 1 M), or on body parts affected by rheumatism (2H). Seed powder is used to relieve muscular and joint pain (3H)

Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. BOLO0052581

Rusticano

Rusticàn

Cultivated

FOOD: Fruits are laxative (1H) and are used to prepare a jam (2H). Fruits are eaten immature for their acid taste (7H)

Prunus cerasus L. BOLO0052556

Amarasco

Mârasca

Zreza marasca

Wild-alien

FOOD: The fresh fruits are eaten in summer because they are very rich in vitamins and nutrients, they are useful to reduce heat (2 M), and, together with cherry fruits, are used to make jams (1 M). Fresh fruits are laxative (1 M). Fruits are used to prepare a digestive liquor (10H) named “maraschen” (2H, 1 M)

MED: Petiole macerate has diuretic properties and calm intimate burns caused by the cystitis (8H). The fruits have diuretic properties (1 M) and help to prevent heart conditions (1 M). Fruits macerated for 40 days in sugar yield a diuretic juice (1 M)

DOM: twigs, stripped of their fruits, are bitter and are used, along with the leaves, to preserve vegetables, which then turn out to be more digestible (1 M)

Prunus domestica L. BOLO0052554

Susino

Pròggn

Prògn

Proggn

Wild-alien

FOOD: Fruits are eaten since they are rich in vitamins (3 M) and minerals (1 M). Fruits are used to prepare jam (3H) rich in minerals and vitamins (4H)

MED: Fruit decoction and dried fruits promote intestinal transit (7H), calm cough (2H) and improve liver functions (2H). Fruit decoction is a tonic against all diseases (2H) and it is laxative (6H). Leaf decoction is useful against intestinal worms (1H). Leaf infusion of plum tree, rose hip and alder buckthorn is useful against constipation (3H)

Prunus dulcis D.A.Webb BOLO0047959

Mandorlo

Madṅel

Cultivated

FOOD: Almonds are used in cookery (10H)

MED: Almond oil is used against skin diseases (10H), intestinal parasites (2H) and to relax muscles (4H). Almonds are eaten on an empty stomach to lower the fever (2H) and to relieve nausea and vomiting in pregnant women (2H). Almond nutshell decoction (to take daily for ten days) is useful to cure whooping cough (2H)

COSM: Almond oil is used to soft skin (1H)

Prunus laurocerasus L. BOLO0053691

Lauro

Lauræl

Wild-alien

FOOD: Ripe fruits without seeds are macerated in alcohol for half month to prepare a digestive liquor called “laurino” (2H, 2 M)

Prunus persica (L.) Batsch BOLO0052582

Pesco

Pésg

Pèsc

Pêṡg

Cultivated

FOOD: Fruits have restorative properties (5H). The fruits are preserved under syrup (2P, 5H). A wine is obtained with the leaves (1P)

MED: Fruit infusion is used as intestinal calming and laxative (2H). Leaves are used in wraps on the belly to fight intestinal worms (1H). Leaf infusion is sedative (1H)

Prunus spinosa L. BOLO0053715

Pruno selvatico

Sprugnazzi

Brugnòl

Prugnôl

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are used to prepare a digestive liquor (12H, 3 M), are eaten or used to prepare a jam (3H). Fruits are rich in vitamin C and they are useful for seasonal ills (8H). Fruits are eaten (7H), help digestion (6H), and purify the gastrointestinal tract (4H). Eaten in large quantities are laxative (4H). Fruits are astringent (1 M)

MED: Leaf infusion is used in case of constipation (2H). Flower infusion is digestive (1H) and laxative (1H). Flowers are laxative (1 M). Bark decoction lowers fever (1H)

DOM: Bark was used to dye the wool of red (1H)

COSM: Bark is cut and used as toothpaste (2H)

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn BOLO0052409

Felce

Felce aquiline

Feìlz

Fållʒa

Wild-native

FOOD: During famine time, a flower was made of the dry rhizome (1 M)

MED: Leaves chopped and soaked in water and alcohol are sprinkled on the area affected by rheumatic pain (3 M). Frond infusion is a remedy for rheumatism (2 M)

SMR: Roots are used to prepare an infusion to drink as a love potion (1 M). This plant is harvested and kept at home as a talisman against the difficulties of life (1 M). A legend says that if this plant is harvested at sunrise on June 24th and put in a vase with some coins, it will bring money (1 M). A seed collected on the same morning and carried always with you, brings good luck in gambling (1 M). Root decoction is used to prepare footbaths or handbaths to soften calluses (2H)

OUI: Aerial parts were used as envelopes to protect fruits during transport (2H). Root decoction is used to prepare baths with a relaxing effect (2H)

REP: It keeps away bugs and parasites (2 M)

Pulmonaria officinalis L. BOLO0046792

Polmonaria

Erba dla Madòna

Pulmonæria

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are fried and eaten (1P)

MED: Leaf infusion is useful against respiratory diseases (1P, 1 M), catarrh (2H), and fever since it improves sweating (5P)

Punica granatum L. BOLO0006621

Melograno

Maeilgranae

Mail ingranè

Mailgranè

Mæilgranæ

Cultivated

FOOD: Fruit juice is refreshing and rich in vitamins (7H). Fruit peel is used to flavor several liquors (3H). Fruits are used to prepare sweets and syrup (4H). Fruits are used to prepare syrups and sweets (2H). Eating fruits improves blood circulation (1H)

MED: Leaf decoction together with althea leaves stops diarrhea (4H). Fruit is mild laxative (1H). Fresh flowers are refreshing and disinfect gums (1H). Flower infusion is used to wash inflamed gums (2H). Fruit juice together with blackberry juice is used to wash the oral cavity in case of pharyngitis (1H). Fruit peel decoction is used to lower fever (2H), stop diarrhea (1H), and regularize the intestine (1H). Decoction of root bark and fruit peel is used against intestinal parasites (10H). Bark decoction (1H) or root decoction (2H) stops diarrhea. Seeds are diuretic (2H)

SMR: The plant spreads serenity (1H) and positivity (1H)

DOM: It is used as an ornamental plant (1H)

Pyrus communis L. BOLO0014531

Pero

Pere volpine

Pere selvatiche

Pere rossoline

Pæir

Per

Cultivated

FOOD: Fruits are used to make a liquor (1 M). Fruits are macerated to make “grappa” (1P). Fruits are eaten (8H), and in high amounts, they are laxative (3H). The fruits were stored in the cellar amidst straw throughout the summer and eaten in the winter, they are rich in minerals and vitamins (5 M). Fruits were usually dried and eaten since they are cheaper than dried fruits (1 M)

MED: Infusion of leaves, bark, buds, and flowers is a diuretic, and it is drunk three times per day to cure urinary tract affections (2H)

CRAFT: Wood is used to craft musical instruments (1H)

Quercus petraea subsp. petrea BOLO0005624

Rovere

Wild-native

CRAFT: Wood is used to make wooden barrels (1H)

Quercus pubescens subsp. pubescens BOLO0016721

Roverella

Wild-native

FOOD: The acorns, roasted and grounded, were used to make a coffee substitute beverage (1 M)

DOM: This plant commonly has galls that are rich in tannins and were used to dye tissues (1 M)

Quercus robur L.BOLO0052400

Quercia

Wild-native

FOOD: The acorns, roasted and grounded, were used to make a coffee substitute beverage (1 M)

OUI: Pigs are fed with the fruits, giving their meat a better quality (2P)

Quercus spp. -

Quercia

Quérza

Quêrza

Wild-native

MED: Leaf infusion soothes oral cavity inflammation (1H). Shredded bark is used against epistaxis (2H) and diarrhea (with the addition of rue leaves) (3H). Bark decoction is useful in the case of hemorrhoids (3H), it is astringent (2H), anti-inflammatory (2H), and analgesic of first respiratory ways (2H). Bark decoction can be added with blueberry and mauve leaves to do local wraps against hemorrhoids (2H). Gall powder is astringent (1H)

CRAFT: Wood is used in carpentry (7H) and to craft wine barrels (2 M)

AGROPA: Fruits are used to feed several animals, such as pigs (18H, 1 M), since they are very nutritious and help pigs’ digestion (1H)

VET: Gall powder is used against dog eczemas (1H)

COSM: Leaf decoction reduces sweating (1H). Bark infusion is used to wash feet and armpits to reduce sweating (1H). Bark decoction is used in a bath to reduce sweating (2H)

Ranunculus arvensis L. BOLO0003027

Piè gallo

Ranuncolo

Wild-native

MED: A small ball made of two leaves chopped is placed inside a gauze on the body part affected by swelling; after a few hours or half a day, it forms a blister full of liquid, which is punctured to make the swelling disappear (3 M)

Ranunculus ficaria L.BOLO0003338

Calta palustre

Wild-native

MED: Leaves are used as a remedy against calluses (1 M)

Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. sativus (L.) DominBOLO0002283

Ravanello

Ravanell

Cultivated

FOOD: Root is edible (6H)

MED: Radish reduces the risk of kidney affections (1H)

SMR: For kidney disease treatment, an infusion of seven “ravanelli” (radishes) is prepared by letting it boil for 7 min. Then it is important to drink it for 7 consecutive days (1H)

Raphanus raphanistrum L. BOLO0002280

Rabarbaro palmato

Cultivated

MED: Root decoction purifies the liver (2H) and body (2H). A cream made of roots is used to calm hemorrhoid pain (1H)

Ribes nigrum L. -

Ribes nero

Cultivated

MED: Fruit macerated in alcohol and water is useful in case of asthma (2H). Fruit jam is used to cure burns (1H). Seed decoction cures flu (1H), rheumatism (1H), and relieves gout pain (1H). Seeds ointment is useful in case of eczema (1H)

DOM: Fruit juice was used as ink (2H)

Robinia pseudoacacia L. BOLO0053679

Acacia

Acâg

Acàg

Acâǵ

Acâg'

Wild-alien

FOOD: Flowers are eaten fried (1P, 17H, 2 M), are used to prepare sweets (3H), and a liquor (8H). The young branches are collected, washed, and chewed to quench thirst (1 M)

MED: Flower decoction is useful against stomachache (3H). Flower infusion is laxative (1H), cures sore throat (5H) and respiratory affections (3H). Leaf and flower infusion is astringent and is a remedy for diarrhea (1 M), colds (3 M), coughs (3 M), throat inflammations (1 M), and gingivitis in oral rinses (1 M). The honey from the flowers is a cough sedative (3H)

AGROPA: Flowers attract bees which make honey (10H, 2 M)

SMR: The branches, characterized by numerous thorns, were kept in the house to ward off spirits (1 M)

CRAFT: Wood is used to make scaffolds since it is very resistant (2 M)

DOM: Wood is burned to heat the house (1H, 1 M)

Rosa canina L. BOLO0010048

Rosa sambadga

Ròsa salvàdga

Rôʃa mâta

Pizincul

Wild-native

FOOD: The flowers are used to prepare sweet pancakes (1P), jam (1P, 2 M), and a refreshing drink (2H), prepared by macerating the petals of 10 flowers in water for a day (1P). With the petals a liquor is prepared (1P); it is better not to use the inner white part because it is bitter. Leaves are used to flavor tea (1H). Fruits are used to make “grappa” (1H, 1 M). Shoots, called “peloni” (2 M) were peeled and eaten for their sweet taste (1 M), and as a remedy for sore throat (1 M), and earache (3 M). They are beneficial for the liver (1 M), gums (1 M), and digestion (1 M). The fresh fruits are eaten because they are rich in vitamin C (5 M, 1P). Fruits, collected in October–November are used to make jam (10 M, 5H). The fruits, also called “pizzincule”, are sweet and their jam has anti-inflammatory (1 M), vitaminizing (1H, 1 M), remineralizing (17H), and astringent (15H) properties. It also helps to prevent flu (2H), and it cures sore throat (3H)

MED: Fruit jam is astringent (1H, 1 M) and helps to heal the wounds on the sides of the mouth (1 M). Fruits pulp is a wound healer (1 M). Fruits are macerated in water for some days and the obtained liquid is drunk in case of cough and cold (2 M). Fruit decoction cures flu (3H, 1 M), because it is rich in C vitamin and other vitamins (7H). Dry fruit infusion is drunk in case of coughs (1 M) and colds (9 M). Fruit and leaf infusion is used for gargling against sore throat (1 M). A syrup useful to treat diarrhea in infants is made with fruits by pounding and boiling them in water and finally adding sugar (3H). Flower infusion is used to wash the oral cavity in case of sore throat (1H) and together with honey is used in case of inflamed mouth (2H) and tonsils (2H), flue (1H). Washed petal infusion is drunk in case of cold (5 M), flu (2 M), seasonal allergy symptoms (3 M), cough (3 M), asthma (2 M) and throat inflammation (1 M); the infusion once cooled is used to rinse the eyes affected by conjunctivitis (3 M). The dried petals infusion is laxative (1P). Petals macerated in water are used, as eyewash, for reddened eyes (1H), and to treat neonatal candidiasis (1H). Petal juice is used in the case of rosacea (1H) and as eye drops to wash eyes (1H). Leaf or flower infusion is used in case of diarrhea (3H, 1 M), and it is used to wash mouth or skin (1H) to heal burns and wounds (1H). Leaf infusion together with honey and agrimony flowers, is used to wash the mouth in case of difficulties in swallowing (2H). Leaf infusion together with plums and frangula bark is laxative (3H). Leaf and seed decoction are used in the case of intestinal parasites and intestinal disorders (2H)

TOXIC: The internal hairs of the fruits are toxic; thus, it is important to remove them before the preparation of the jam (13H)

COSM: Petal juice is used as perfume (1H) and to produce “Acqua di rose” (rose’s water) to lighten the skin (1H). Fruits are used to prepare ointment toning for the skin (1H). Fruit pulp is used to shoot hands (1 M)

DOM: Petals and fruits were used to create natural dye (1 M). Flowers are used to perfume linden (3H)

SMR: It is believed that fruit decoction is useful in case of a bite by a rabid dog (1H, 1 M), which is why the plant is called “rosa canina” (doggy rose). It is believed that eating the fruits once a day at sunset immunizes against all flu and diseases (1H)

CRAFT: Petals were collected during Pentecost to adorn the churchyard (1 M)

Rosa gallica L. BOLO0047261

Rosa

Ròsa

Rô§a

Rô§a di mis

Wild-native

FOOD: Flowers are used to make a liquor (8H). Petals are used to flavor several dishes (3H)

MED: Flower infusion is used as eyewash for reddened eyes (3H), and to wash the oral cavity in case of sore throat (1H)

COSM: Flower infusion is used for beauty care (12H). A lipstick was made of the petals of red flowers (1H)

Rosa spp. -

Rosa da giardino

Ròsa

Wild-native

FOOD: Flowers are prepared in liquor (2H) and jam (1H)

COSM: Leaf infusion has refreshing properties for facial skin (1P)

Rosmarinus officinalis L.BOLO0053712

Rosmarino

Rusmarein

Rusmarèn

U§marén

Uʃmarẹn

Cultivated

FOOD: It is used in cookery as flavor (3P, 35H, 19 M), and it enhances meat digestion (4H, 2 M)

MED: Leaves are eaten to increase the sexual desire (1H). Smelling rosemary during the day promotes cold healing (2 M). Leaf decoction is used to wash genitals to cure thrush (5P), and in the case of hemorrhoids (7P), it is also used to cure skin inflammation (1P). Leaf decoction together with lemon and sage is used against gastritis (3H). Leaf decoction together with sage, lemon and devil’s grass (Cynodon dactylon) is used against gastritis (1H). Leaf infusion, drunk two times per day, calms colitis (2H), it is useful in case of migraine (1H), it is digestive (7H) and expectorant (1H). Leaf infusion together to sage prevent flu (2H). Leaf infusion (together with sage) is used as digestive (2H). Leaf infusion together with sage and mint leaves, drunk once a day for one month, is useful against arthrosis (2H). Leaves and branches are used in a footbath to remove fatigue and pain (1P, 1H). Flower infusion is useful against oral cavity inflammation (1H). Leaf and flower infusion is useful against intestinal conditions and abdominal swelling, it is recommended to drink 3 cups a day before the main meals (1 M). Branch infusion in warm water is drunk to treat hemorrhoids and varicose veins (1H), liver pain (1 M), coughs (7 M) and colds (7 M), to improve blood circulation (1H) and digestion (1H). Branch decoction in wine is used to wash and disinfect wounds (1H). Branch macerate in wine is useful for the liver (1H), it is diuretic (1H) and deflates belly (1H). Branch infusion made in wine is useful in case of asthma (3H), and as remedy to relieve fatigue (1 M). Branch macerate is used in footbath to improve blood circulation (8H); the fumes of this macerate open the lungs (2H) and heal cold (2 M, 1H). Branch powder is placed on wounds to promote healing (1H)

COSM: Rosemary wraps are applied to oily hair to remove dandruff (2P). Leaf infusion is used to wash hair to strengthen it (1H). Flower infusion is used to strengthen the scalp (1H). Branch infusion in warm water is drunk in the morning to purify the skin (1H) and to make it more beautiful (2 M), and, in packs, it is anti-cellulitis (1H, 1 M)

REP: Branches are put in the armchair to keep away moths (1H, 2 M). Fresh leaves rubbed on hands keep insects away (2H)

Rubus idaeus L. BOLO0034966

Lampone

Wild-native

FOOD: A high amount of fresh fruits are eaten by pregnant women to help fetal development (1 M). Fruits are washed and eaten fresh for their vitamin supply and pleasant taste (7 M)

MED: Leaf infusion is drunk for two weeks to cure sore throat (1H) and gums inflammation (1H), it is refreshing (1H), diuretic (2 M), anti-diarrhea (1 M), anti-inflammatory of the respiratory tract (1 M) and digestive (1H)

Rubus plicatus Weihe & Nees BOLO0034949

More

Cultivated

MED: Fruits are eaten to regularize the intestine (1 M)

Rubus ulmifolius Schott BOLO0053719

Rovo

Râza

Ràggia

Ràza

Rov

Râza

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are eaten (4H) and used to prepare sweets (2H), liquor (2H), and jam (6H), which is useful in case of cough (8H), sore throat (6H) and diarrhea (1H). The brambles are eaten cooked and considered beneficial for the throat (1 M)

MED: Aerial part decoction is used to calm abdominal spasms (1P). Leaf decoction is useful against diarrhea (7H), inflamed gums (3H), and irregular menstruation (1H). Crushed leaves are used in cataplasm on plagues (3H). The external surface of the leaf put on wounds promotes the healing of the infection (1 M). Leaves together with a slice of bacon are applied on pimples (called “bugni”), promoting pus spillage (1H). An ointment made with leaves and butter is useful against hemorrhoids (3H). Root decoction is used as an anti-inflammatory for the oral cavity (3H)

SMR: Leaves are used for the ritual of “segnatura” to heal from herpes zoster (called “fuoco di Sant’Antonio”): a leaf is passed over the person body while spells are cast. The ritual is repeated for several days (1H)

COSM: Fruit juice with milk is an emollient and firming lotion for the skin (3H)

DOM: The bramble, called “razze”, peeled and deprived of thorns, is used as a tie for wheat (1 M)

Rumex acetosa L. BOLO0003346

Vignarra

Acetosa

Erba brusca

Êrba bróssca

Erba brosca

Erba forta

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves, that have vinegar-like aroma, are eaten in salad or boiled to cure vitamin deficiency (1H), for their refreshing (1 M) and diuretic properties (3H, 2 M), and because they purify the liver (1H) and promote digestion (2 M). Children ate leaves because of their sour, tart taste (2 M). Leaves are chewed for their pleasant sour taste (1 M). Whole plant is useful for treating loss of appetite (2 M)

MED: Leaves wrap is used to cure hemorrhoids (5H). Leaf decoction is used to wash the mouth in case of oral inflammation (1H), it is drunk in summer to depurate the organism (1H). Root infusion is useful against abdominal swelling (2H). Leaves are crushed and mixed with oil to remove calluses (10H)

Rumex alpinus L. BOLO0054200

Rabarbaro

Wild-native

MED: Root decoction is digestive and depurative for the liver, it is useful in case of diarrhea or fever (1 M)

Rumex crispus L. BOLO0052213

Romice

Rumgia

Rongia

Lengua d’bò

Wild-native

MED: Leaves wrap is applied on bruises (2P). Roots are grounded and applied on eczemas (2 M)

Ruscus aculeatus L. BOLO0053692

Pungitopo

Ponztôp

Ponzôp

Ponżtôp

Wild-native

FOOD: The shoots are used in cookery to prepare several dishes (1P). During the war, seeds were roasted and used as coffee substitutes (1 M). Root infusion invigorates the body (3H)

MED: Dried shoots decoction (1P), and leaf decoction (1 M) are diuretics. Root decoction is diuretic (1H, 1 M), purifying (1 M), and anti-inflammatory (1 M), it cures kidney stones (5H), joint pain (2H), urinary infections (1H), and improves blood circulation (1H). It is also used to make bandages on the legs with varicose veins (1 M). Decoction of roots (1 M) or roots and leaves (1 M) is an anti-hemorrhoids remedy. Root infusion is antipyretic (2 M) and useful against kidney stones (1 M). Root infusion together with parsley, fennel, and celery reduces intestinal gasses (6H). Root cream reduces varicose veins and swelling feet (1H)

SMR: Growing this plant in the garden keeps evil spirits away (1 M)

CRAFT: This plant is used for Christmas ornaments (2 M) and decorations (1 M)

COSM: Root decoction is used to make footbaths (1 M) and on bandages to treat cellulitis (1 M)

Ruta graveolens L. BOLO0032445

Ruta

Rùda

Rûda

Wild-native

FOOD: The aerial parts are used to flavor liquors and dishes (3P, 16H). Rue liquor is digestive (4H) and tonic (1H)

MED: Leaves crushed are applied as cataplasm against stomachache (1P). Leaf infusion keeps intestinal parasites away (1H). Leaf decoction together with oak bark stops diarrhea (3H). Leaf macerated in olive oil is used in cases of muscular or joint pain and neuralgia (1H). Leaf juice, heated together with a bit of olive oil, is placed into ears in case of otitis or ear infections to hill and reduce earache (1H, 1 M)

SMR: The table was covered with an odd number of petals (higher than 50) to have peaceful sleep and digestion (1H). The aerial parts were used as amulets (2P). The plant cultivated in the garden keeps “evil eye” away (1 M)

REP: The whole plant keeps fleas and lice away (1P). The plant is cultivated in the garden to keep vipers away (9H, 1 M). The fresh branches keep mice away (1H)

Salix alba L. BOLO0003364

Salice

Sâls

Wild-native

MED: Decoction of branches bark cures fever (1P). Bark decoction is laxative (1H), useful in case of flu (5 M), fever (2 M), pains (1 M), cold (1 M), sore throat (1 M), migraine (1 M), and menstrual pain (1 M). Flower infusion is sedative (3 M), and was claimed able to decrease sexual energy (1 M)

CRAFT: Farmers make baskets and several tools for peasant life with the willow branches (3P, 4H, 1 M)

Salix caprea L. BOLO0003060

Salice

Salicone

Wild-native

AGROPA: Leaves are used to feed goats (1 M)

VET: Leaves help goats against swelling (1 M)

DOM: Branches are used to tie vine (1 M)

Salix purpurea L. BOLO0052838

Salice rosso

Wild-native

MED: Thin sticks, held in the mouth, are a remedy for bronchitis (1 M)

Salix spp.

Salice

Wild-native

MED: Bark infusion is a healer (3H). Leaf infusion reduces inflammation, headache, and contusion pain (2H)

SMR: Wood sticks are used to look for underground water by dowsers (1H)

Salvia officinalis L. BOLO0038758

Salvia

Sælvia

Sélvia

Sèlvia

ʃælvia

Seiva

Cultivated

FOOD: Leaves are used to flavor meat (1 M), and to prepare several dishes (5P, 16H, 10 M), since they make food more digestible (9H). Aerial parts are used to make liquor (1H), which is done using sage, white wine, and a bit of alcohol, and this enolite has a tonic effect (1 M)

MED: Leaves are disinfectant on mouth sores (3P, 3H), and are rubbed on teeth and gums to fight halitosis (5H). Leaves (5M) or aerial parts (1M) rubbed on gums have anti-inflammatory action. In case of toothache, leaves are chewed (1M). Leaf macerate is used to wash the mouth in case of toothache or inflammation (3H). Leaf decoction promotes digestion (2P, 4M), relieves stomach pain (1M), it is useful in case of diarrhea (1M), as anti-depressive (1M), to face menopause (1M), to treat menstrual cycle conditions (1M), and it reduces autumnal cold sweat (1P). Leaves decoction is also used to make rinses in case of inflamed gums (1M). Leaves decoction with lemon, rosemary, and devil’s grass (Cynodon dactylon) is used against gastritis (1H). Leaves decoction together with lemon and rosemary is useful against gastritis (3H), while together with parsley is useful in case of delay or lack of menstrual period (3H). Sage decoction is used against menstrual pains (2H). Leaf infusion is anti-inflammatory (1M), digestive (7H, 1M), diuretic (1M), expectorant (2M), it calms flu (1M), cough (4H, 2M), cold (4M), asthma (1H), hot flashes (1H), colitis (3H), gastritis (2H), abdominal cramps (1H), and to gargle against toothache (1H). The same infusion regularizes the menstrual cycle (1H) and is useful for menopause (1H), it reduces flatulence (1H) and sweating of hands and feet (1H). Dried leaf infusion, once cooled, is used for oral rinses for canker sores (1M, 1H), gingivitis (1M), and infections (1M). In case of toothache, leaf infusion is used to wash the mouth (2H). Sage leaf infusion together with lavender, violet, and chamomilla is useful against arthritis (1H). Infusion of sage leaves, rosemary, and mint is used against arthrosis (2H). Leaf infusion together with thyme, linden, and vervain cures headache (6H); together with rosemary treats flu (2H). A syrup made boiling leaves with apples and sugar is used to calm cough (1M). Sage branches are used to make fumes which promotes the healing of sore throat (3H) and cold (3H). Leaves have aphrodisiac power (1M)

COSM: Leaf macerate together with lavender, thyme, and juniper is used on oily skin (2H). Dried leaves infusion, once cooled, is used for dry hair (1M). Leaves rubbed on teeth have a whitening effect (6P, 13H, 8M). Powdered leaves together with lime are rubbed on teeth to whiten them (2H). Leaves are placed in water for footbaths to limit sweating in the feet (1M)

SMR: The plant protects from curse (1H)

Salvia pratensis L. BOLO0053688

Salvia di pre

Wild-native

FOOD: A precious honey is obtained from the flowering tops. This honey after a maceration of 20 days in brandy, is drunk as stimulating and exciting (1H)

MED: Leaves are rubbed on gums to reduce sore gum (1H) and fight halitosis (1H)

COSM: Leaves rubbed on teeth have a whitening effect (2H)

Salvia sclarea L. BOLO0029324

Salvia scarlea

Sœivia seivadga

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used to flavor dishes (2 M)

MED: Aerial part infusion is used to treat whooping cough, called “tosse canina” (1 M), this infusion is a tonic and indicated in case of fatigue and convalescence (1 M). Decoction of the blue flowers is useful against stomachache (1 M)

Sambucus ebulus L. BOLO0053023

Ebbio

Erba da l’udor pulèn

Wild-native

REP: Flowering tops are collected in bouquets, and due to their bad small, are used to keep lice and fleas away from chickens and from dogs (2H)

Sambucus nigra L. BOLO0053680

Sambuco

Sambûc

Sambùc

Zambug

Sanbûc

Sambug

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are used to make sweet “frittelle” (17H, 5P). Fresh fruits are eaten as an energy source (1 M), and they are laxative (1 M). Fresh fruits are used to make a jam (22H, 3 M), endowed with depurative (5H) and laxative properties (4 M), a liquor (6H, 3 M), and a syrup, which is slimming (1 M), refreshing (1P). Flowers are used in cookery (5H), and are added to water to prepare a thirst-quenching drink, which is purifying and rich in vitamins (4 M). Dried flowers in tissue bags are used to flavor wine (1H). Flower jam is laxative (2 M). Flowers are macerated in water together with lemon to obtain a syrup that is remineralizing (1H) and diuretic (1 M). Flower liquor is digestive (4P). Fruits and flowers are prepared in jam (15H) and liquor (3H)

MED: Fresh leaves were pounded and crushed with vinegar and salt and collected with gauze, which is then used to treat mouth abscesses (1 M). Boiled leaves heal burns and wounds (6P). Leaf ointment is useful in case of hemorrhoids (1H). Fresh fruits are used to make a juice to treat rheumatism (1 M). White fruit decoction is beneficial for the respiratory tract (1 M). Flower infusion is febrifuge that stimulates sweating and the consequent elimination of toxins (1 M), it is drunk in case of cold (3H, 2 M), cough (2 M), asthma (1 M), urinary inflammation (2H), and to improve blood circulation (1 M). The same infusion is diuretic (2H), relaxing (4H) and reduces migraine (4H) and headache (1H). Flower infusion in compress is placed on wounds and burns (1H, 2 M) (it needs to be kept for at least 20 min (1 M)), and on eyes in case of stye (1H, 1 M). Flower infusion together with mint, violet and linden, treats cold (1H). Flower decoction is used against earache (2H) and hemorrhoids (1H). Flowers boiled in milk prevent gout (2H). Flower syrup is useful in case of cold (1H). Flowers are macerated in “grappa” to obtain an alcoholate used in rubs and massages in case of rheumatism (1H). Flower jam is useful in case of colds, flu and cough (2H), Flowers and leaves are crushed and mixed with honey to obtain a cream, which improves blood circulation of legs (2H). Oleolite of branches together with olive leaves is used against burns (17H). An ointment made with elder and elm bark together with olive oil is used in case of burns (2H). Bark infusion cures flu (2H), migraine (1 M), and it is diuretic (1 M). Bark soaked for 30 days in a liter of white wine, is drunk diluted in water, for joint pains (1 M), hands rheumatism (1 M), and cystitis (1 M). Exudate from the bark is collected to be applied on a contused body part (1 M)

SMR: Leaves are rubbed on warts and then closed in a pot, which has to be buried, and, as soon as the leaves rot in the pot, the warts are healed (2H). An ancient legend said that whoever found an elder tree in the shadow of a willow was very lucky and had to cut some wooden circles, which became powerful talismans to be carried during dangerous journeys (1 M). According to an old peasant saying to burn elder wood was a bad omen (1 M), and its ashes invite the devil to enter the house (1 M). In making flutes, stems have to be carved at night before the cockcrow, otherwise the instrument sounds hoarse (1H)

CRAFT: Elder stems are used to make flutes (1H, 1 M). The hoe handle is made from elder branches (1P). Flexible branches were used to replace the missing branches of the Christmas tree (1 M)

DOM: Fresh fruits are used to make ink (1 M, 6H). Clusters of white fruits were placed in layers alternated with seasonal fruit to promote its preservation (1 M)

OUI: Branches were smoked instead of cigarettes (1 M). Black fruits are used to fish freshwater fishes (2H)

Sanguinaria canadensis L. -

Sanguinaria

Cultivated

SMR: The flower is given to the loved one to make them fall in love (3P)

Sanguisorba minor Scop.BOLO0053687

Meloncello

Pimpinella

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used in cookery to prepare several dishes (2H), they are eaten in salad (1P), and promote digestion (1P, 1H)

Santolina chamaecyparissus L. BOLO0025375

Santolina

Santuneina

Cultivated

MED: Leaf infusion promotes digestion (3H), and when applied on the skin it relieves insect bite itching (3H)

Saponaria officinalis L. BOLO0052459

Saponaria

Wild-native

DOM: Rubbed leaves produce a foam and for this reason, they were used to wash clothes (1 M)

COSM: Leaves are used to wash hair (1 M)

Satureja spp. -

Santoreggia

Wild-native

FOOD: Aerial parts are used to flavor several dishes (12H) and to make a liquor (1H)

MED: Flower and leaf infusion promotes intestinal gas elimination (3H), and disinfects the oral cavity (1H). Whole plant infusion is an expectorant (1H)

Saxifraga spp. -

Saxifraga

Wild-native

MED: Dried flower infusion cures cold (2 M) and cough (1 M) and in gargles cures throat inflammations (1 M), it is very effective in case of muscle cramps

SMR: Since the plant grows on rocks it was believed that root decoction was able to cure kidney stones (1 M)

Sedum acre L. BOLO0035256

Risetto

Borracina acre

Saͤimpervaird

Sänpervîv

Êrba dal sajàtt

Wild-native

MED Fresh leaves are rubbed on the skin to relieve the itching of insect stings (7H). Flower infusion is a diuretic and lowers the blood pressure (3H). Leaf juice is used on burns to help cicatrizing, and on calluses and warts to remove them (1H)

Sempervivum montanum L. BOLO0050692

Semprevivo montano

Wild-native

FOOD: It is used in cookery added to fresh salads (1 M)

MED: The infusion of leaves is used as eye drops in case of ophthalmic inflammations (1 M). Leaf juice is used directly on calluses (1 M) and to heal cuts (1 M)

COSM: Leaf juice is emollient (1 M), and it is sprinkled on the skin to refresh it (1 M)

AGROPA: If cows ate this plant they would go into heat (1 M)

SMR: Leaf juice is given to newborns to drink as a "potion" to prolong their life (1 M) and as protection against convulsions (1 M)

Sempervivum tectorum L.BOLO0035192

Erba dal saètt

Urciæla

Wild-native

MED: Leaf juice is rubbed on insect bites or on burns to soothe itching (1H)

SMR: It was grown on the roof to keep lightning away (1H)

Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke BOLO0053709

Silene

Strigoli

Sciopetin

Vverzoli

Stridul

Ciuchæt

Ciuchaͤtt

Ciuchét

Striduli

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used in cookery to prepare several dishes and to fill “tortelloni” (13P, 3 M). Leaves harvested before flowering (3 M) are eaten in salad (7H), because they are purifying (4H), and beneficial for the stomach (3 M)

GAME: Kids play with the flowers enjoying popping them (1P, 1 M, 6H)

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. BOLO0055362

Cardo mariano

Carciofen seivadg

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves eaten in salad are beneficial for liver (5H, 1 M) and appetite stimulant (1 M). Peeled stems are cooked with cheese and eggs and are considered able to purify the liver (1 M). Raw flowers are edible (2 M)

MED: Leaf decoction in compress (1 M) is used for hemorrhoids (2H), it purifies the liver (1H), and heals canker sores (1 M). Seed infusion (1P) or decoction (1P) is purifying

OUI: According to folk saying the whole plant is useful against Amanita phalloide poisoning (2H)

Sinapis alba L. BOLO0049472

Senape bianca

Sȧṅva

Cultivated

FOOD: Blooms are eaten in salad (1P). Young leaves are boiled and eaten in soups, giving them a bitter taste (1 M)

Sinapis arvensis L. BOLO0055368

Cime di rapa selvatica

Senape selvatica

Wild-native

FOOD: The plant is eaten in soups (1 M)

Sisymbrium officinale (L.) Scop. BOLO0052363

Erisimo

Navåṅ salvâdg

Wild-native

MED: Flower and leaf infusion is useful in case of hoarseness, cough (2H, 1 M), and diarrhea (1 M)

Solanum dulcamara L. BOLO0049337

Dulcamara

Erba di sérp

Wild-native

MED: Branch decoction is laxative (1H)

COSM: The juice of red and ripe berries is a skin-whitening agent, useful to reduce age-related skin spots and freckles (1 M)

Solanum lycopersicum L. BOLO0052805

Pomodoro

Pandòr

Pûndor

Cultivated

MED: An ointment made with tomatoes and pig fat is used to cure hemorrhoids (2H). A slice of tomato is put on the burns to reduce pain (6H)

REP: Tomato plant keeps insects and flies away (2H)

Solanum melongena L. -

Melanzana

Melanzèna

Cultivated

FOOD: Fruits are used in cookery (8H)

MED: Fruits are cut into slices which are covered with salt and used in a wrap to cure burns and skin inflammations (5H)

Solanum tuberosum L. BOLO0015488

Patata

Patæda

Patæga

Pated

Paten

Patèta

Cultivated

FOOD: Potatoes are eaten because they are restorative (11H) and have diuretic properties (1 M). Potatoes are eaten in salads (3 M)

MED: A slice of potato deflates the face (1P) and eyes (8H), heals toothache (1 M), and is useful in case of burns (17H, 7 M) and to relieve skin inflammation (1H, 1 M). Grated tuber is applied on swollen eyes (5P, 1 M), it is clenched between the teeth in case of oral inflammation (3P), and it is applied on the skin to relieve burns (3H). Potatoes together with onion reduce abscess swelling (1H)

AGROPA: Pieces of several plants were inserted into potatoes in order to preserve them before grafting (1 M). To rub half potato on cut branches to protect them from bacterial or fungi infections (2 M). Unmarketable potatoes are given to pigs (1P)

Soldanella alpina L. BOLO0003036

Soldanella

Wild-native

MED: Roots infusions have laxative properties (1 M)

Sonchus spp. -

Radicchio di campo

Crispigni

Stricapògn

Strécpogn

Cudres

Zrèvda

Brég ed gal

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves and roots are eaten in salads (17 M) or boiled for their digestive properties (16 M). Leaves are eaten in salad (6P, 11H, 7 M) or cooked with bacon (5H), to promote intestinal transit (6P, 7H), clean the liver (1H, 5 M) (especially basal tender leaves (3 M)), they are purifying (8H, 10 M), digestive (6 M), and they are good for the heart (2P). During the war, the roots were roasted and used as a coffee substitute (1 M)

MED: Leaf decoction is used to disinfect the airways (2H) and in case of liver conditions (1H)

Sorbus aucuparia L. BOLO0054055

Sorbo degli uccellatori

Wild-native

MED: Fruits are laxative (2H) and promote digestion (2H)

SMR: It was believed that eating 7 fruits all together at 7 p.m. would have generated an instant laxative effect (1H)

Sorbus domestica L. BOLO0055357

Sorbo

Sòrbel

Cultivated

FOOD: Although sour, the fruits are eaten (1H), because they are rich in vitamins (4 M). Fruits, ripen under the chaff and are used to prepare a jam (1H)

MED: Fresh fruits are eaten to stop diarrhea (1H), dried fruit infusion boiled in water is useful in case of diarrhea (1H, 2 M). Fruit decoction is used against phlegm (1P) and as digestive (1P)

COSM: Dried fruits are boiled, and the water, once cooled, is used to make packs on the face to reduce redness (1 M), and used as a detergent to prevent wrinkles and early aging of the skin (1 M)

CRAFT: The part of the trunk near the root was used to make hammers because the wood is very hard and resistant (1 M)

Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz BOLO0046857

Ciavardello

Cultivated

FOOD: Fresh fruits are eaten as they are rich in vitamins (1 M) and they are prepared in jam (2 M) and liquor (1 M)

MED: Bark infusion is anti-diarrheal (2 M) and useful in cases of colic (2 M)

CRAFT: The wood was used to make musical instruments (1 M)

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench BOLO0015581

Saggina

Melga

Cultivated

CRAFT: A broom is made with the sorghum inflorescences (1P)

Spartium junceum L. BOLO0002909

Ginestra odorosa

Ʒnœstra

Wild-native

MED: Flower infusion is diuretic (1H). Flower jam cures sore throat (1H)

COSM: Flower jam is useful to lighten the hair (1H)

CRAFT: Whole plant is used to craft ropes (1H)

Spinacia oleracea L. BOLO0015356

Spinacio

Cultivated

FOOD: Leaves are eaten in salad (4P) or are used to make fresh pasta (1P). To eat the leaves gives strength to muscles and bones (4P)

Stachys officinalis (L.) Trevis BOLO0052478

Betonica comune

Erba bertonga

Wild-native

MED: Fresh leaves are used as wound healers (1H)

Stachys recta L. BOLO0049498

Stachys

Strigonella

Erba bona

Erba d’la pòra

Êrba d'la pôra

Êrba da la pôra

Wild-native

MED: Decoction in compress relieves eye pain (1 M). Whole plant infusion is used externally because it has relaxing properties (2H)

SMR: Fresh plant juice is used in a ritual, called “segnatura”, performed to exorcize the fear due to trauma (2 M). The plant is harvested on the Night of S. Johan (23th of June), bunches are dried, and extracted in water as a decoction used in a ritual to wash away the fear, by praying or casting a spell. If the liquid is getting turbid it means that the ritual needs to be repeated the next day until the liquid will stay limpid (1 M). Whole plant (6H) decoction (15H) is used to exorcize fear

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni -

Stevia

Purchased product

FOOD: Dried leaves are used as a sweetening agent (2H)

Sulla coronaria (L.) BOLO0003071

Sulla

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used in salad or to prepare several dishes (1H). The “sulla honey” is laxative (1H), tonic (1H), and throat emollient (1H)

MED: Whole plant infusion prevents intestinal infections (1H), it is used against stomachache (1H) and diarrhea (1H)

AGROPA: Areal parts are used as feed for animals (3H)

Symphytum officinale L. BOLO0049110

Consolida maggiore

Êrba d San Luränz

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used to prepare a delicious herbal tea (1H), roots as a sweetener (1H), and shoots are used in cookery (1H). Root soup is remineralizing (1H)

MED: Fresh leaf (1H) or root decoction (1H) is used in cataplasm to heal wounds and burns. The pulverized root is useful against sore throat and as an expectorant (1H). Leaves and flower infusion calms cough (1H). Dried plant is crushed and used to relieve pain due to wounds (1H)

AGROPA: Leaf macerate is used as soil fertilizer (3H)

Syringa vulgaris L. BOLO0007236

Serenella

Wild-alien

MED: Aerial part infusion reduces gastrointestinal inflammation (3H)

DOM: Flowers are ornamental (1H)

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M.Perry BOLO0010580

Chiodi di garofano

Ciûd ed garòfen

Ciôd ed garôfen

Purchased product

FOOD: Cloves are used in cookery (11H), and to prepare mulled wine (2H)

MED: Cloves help digestion (1H). Clove applied on the tooth calms toothache (9H, 2 M). Clove infusion was used to gargle in case of sore throat (2H, 2 M). Cloves decoction with honey and milk is drunk in case of cough (1 M) and cold (1 M). Flower infusion is used to wash the mouth in case of toothache (4H)

DOM: Flowers perfume the indoor (10H)

Repellent & Insecticide: Flowers perfume is anti-moths (12H)

Tanacetum balsamita L. BOLO0013288

Balsamita

Balsamite odorosa

Menta romana

Èrba d'la Madona

Èrba ed Santa Maria

Santa maria

Erba dla Madòna

Êrba dla Madòna

Wild-alien

FOOD: Leaves are edible, they have a bitter taste (2H)

MED: Seeds are eaten to prevent intestinal parasites (3H). The plant is crushed and used in wraps to strengthen the stomach (1H). Leaf boiling water is used for emollient baths in case of reddish (1 M)

COSM: Leaves are placed by the women near the chest, as a perfume (1H)

Tanacetum corymbosum (L.) Sch.Bip. BOLO0025388

Tanacetum

Wild-native

MED: Leaves have a balsamic action (2H)

DOM: Leaves are used to perfume clothes in the closet (2H)

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch.Bip. BOLO0052352

Artemisia

Partenio

Wild-native

MED: Flower infusion relieves headache (2H). Aerial part infusion reduces cephalalgia (1H) and menstrual symptoms (1H)

Taraxacum spp.

Tarassaco

Soffione

Dente di Leone

Pessalet

Pesàlet

Pessalèt

Pessàlæt

Streccapóggn

Pessalèt

Supiån

Lattuga di cane

Corona di monaco

Wild-alien

FOOD: Leaves (harvested before flowering (1 M)) are eaten raw in salad (9P, 2H, 15 M) or boiled (1H), since they promote digestion (6H), are diuretic (19H), refreshing (1H), depurative (2 M, 5H) for liver (9H, 3P), and lower blood pressure (16H). Leaves are eaten with bread and eggs since they are rich in minerals and have a depurative (2 M) effect, but are slightly laxative (2 M). Leaves are rich in iron (8H). Young leaves are the best for depurative salads (1 M, 7H), together with apples, cheese and walnut oil (1H). Stems are boiled and eaten in salad (23 M). Aerial parts have diuretic (3P) and hepatic protective proprieties (3P, 1 M). Flowers (buds 3 M) are used in cookery (5H), they are eaten in salads or in soups (3H); before blossoming are placed in vinegar to make preserves (1H). Flower jam is beneficial for the troth (1H). Roots are roasted and used to prepare a coffee substitute beverage (1P, 1H)

MED: Leaf decoction is thirst-quenching, it is useful against urinary tract inflammations (2H), and is a diuretic (19 M). Leaf boiling water is drunk to purify the liver (12 M). Leaf infusion is bladder refreshing (1H), purifies the liver (1H, 1 M), it has refreshing properties (1H), and lowers blood pressure (1H). Flowers macerated in sugar and boiled give a product similar to honey to be used as syrup to heal cough or sore throat (5 M). Flower decoction is a diuretic (1 M). Aerial parts decoction is diuretic, and useful for kidney conditions (2P, 1H) and to purify the liver (2P). Root infusion is diuretic and digestive (1 M), and is beneficial for the kidney (1H). Root decoction is used as tonic in case of muscle weakness (1H), it is depurative for the liver (2H, 2 M) and for the organism (1H, 1 M), it helps digestion (1 M), stimulates kidney function (1 M), it treats liver conditions if it is taken once a day (1H), it helps to lose weight (1H) it is diuretic and draining (6H, 3 M), and it is recommended to drink this decoction during seasonal changes (1H). Whole plant is used in a bath for varicose veins (3 M). Whole plant infusion purifies the liver (3H), is a diuretic (2H), and is used against pimples (2H)

COSM: Roots are boiled for half an hour in water and left in infusion for two hours obtaining water used for rejuvenating face skin (1 M). Fresh plant juice is rubbed on the face to lighten freckles (1 M, 1H). Root decoction reduces cellulitis (1H)

SMR: The pappus is blown to bring good luck (16H). The number of times a girl had to blow to disperse all the elements of the pappus corresponds to the number of years she had to wait before marriage (1H). It is possible to predict the weather by the pappus, if there are flying fruits on a non-windy day, it means it will rain (1H)

OUI: Saying that somebody “eats the tarassaco from the root” was a metaphoric expression used to indicate that this person was dead (1H)

Taxus baccata L. BOLO0054005

Tasso

Wild-native

CRAFT: The wood is used to make pipes (1H)

Teucrium chamaedrys L. BOLO0049499

Camedrio

Querzò

Êrba quarzôla

Erba querciola

Erba quarzola

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used to prepare a digestive (1 M) liquor (1H)

MED: Flowering top infusion is laxative (1H)

Thymus vulgaris subsp. vulgaris BOLO0046719

Timo

Temm

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves (1P, 7H, 4 M) or flowers (1H) flavor several dishes. Leaves or whole plant are used in cookery and to flavor liquors (6H)

MED: Sprigs are rubbed to disinfect hands (1 M). Leaf infusion promotes digestion (2P), has expectorant proprieties (7H), calms cough (2H) and is used against halitosis (1H), flatulence, and swelling (1 M). Leaves infusion together with sage, linden, and vervain is anti-headache (6H). Leaves infusion with mint, linden, yarrow, and honey is used as pimple treatment (7H). Leaves decocted together with “crescione” (Nasturtium officinale) strengthen the vocal cords (1 M) and it is vermifuge (1 M). Aerial parts infusion is used to wash and disinfect the mouth (1 M), and in case of bronchitis as expectorant (2 M). Aerial parts (including top flowering) decoction, drunk several times per day, heals whooping cough and sinusitis (1 M). Flower infusion is used in case of stomachache (2H), it calms cough (4H), reduces inflammations of the first respiratory tract (3H), and is useful for gastrointestinal inflammations (3H). Flower decoction disinfects the inflamed oral cavity (6H). Boiled fruits are used in wrap on the thorax in case of fever (2H) or bronchopneumonia (3H)

COSM: Leaves macerated together with lavender, sage, and juniper are used in facial masks to treat fat skin (2H). Whole plant decoction is used to wash hair to strengthen and soften it (1 M)

Tilia cordata Mill. BOLO0001177

Tiglio

Wild-native

MED: Flower buds and the small leaf near the flower, collected around June-July, are dried in the shade to prepare a decoction useful to cure cough and sore throats (1 M). Flower decoction, together with mint leaves, is a remedy for cold and sore throat (1 M). Flower infusion is drunk every morning as a sedative (3 M), it has beneficial properties for the heart (1 M) and for blood circulation (1 M). Flower infusion with laurel berries is anti-headache (1 M)

Tilia platyphyllos Scop.BOLO0052804

Tiglio

Télli

Téli

Teli

Wild-native

MED: Flower infusion is useful in case of skin rash (1H), cold (1P, 1 M), cough (1P, 1H), and it is expectorant (1H). It calms belly and intestinal pain (5H), headaches (2 M), nervousness (1 M), tachycardia (1 M), and anxiety attacks (2 M), and it is relaxing (8P, 20H), in fact, it is added to water in order to make relaxing baths (1 M). It promotes sleep (7P, 2H, 2 M), it is useful to calm heartburn (1P), and it induces sweating (1H, 1 M). The water obtained from flower infusion is used in bandages applied on burns (1 M) and erythema (1 M). Flower infusion with mint, violent, and elder is used against colds (1H). Leaf infusion is used against sore throat (3H). Leaves infusion together with sage, thyme, and vervain is useful against headache (6H). Leaves infusion together with mint, thyme, yarrow, and honey is used as pimples treatment (7H)

COSM: Flower infusion is used to make eye packs able to remove dark circles (1 M), and it is useful for refreshing rinses (1 M), for purifying and rejuvenating the facial skin (1H), and attenuating facial redness (1 M). Dried leaves of linden and sage are rubbed on tooths as a whitening agent (2H)

CRAFT: Wood was used to produce furniture (1 M)

AGROPA: Flowers attract bees which make honey (8H, 1 M)

Tilia spp.

Tiglio

Wild-native

MED: Flower infusion reduces anxiety and insomnia because it is sedative (5H), treats tachycardia (4H) and stomachache by helping digestion (2H), it is antitussive (9H) and it is used against sore throat, and cold (9H)

COSM: Flowers in hot water are used for scented foot baths (1H)

Tragopogon pratensis L.BOLO0048815

Barba di becco

Barba d’frè

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are eaten in salad (2P) since they supply minerals (1P) and purify the blood (2P)

Trifolium pratense L. BOLO0002900

Trifoglio di campo

Trifòi

Tarfòi

Trafojj

Wild-native

MED: Whole plant infusion is useful against menopause disorders (5H). Aerial parts are macerated in vinegar to cure ingrown nails (2H)

SMR: A clover with four leaves brings good luck (8H)

AGROPA: Seeds are used to inhibit the spread of weeds in the field (3H)

Trifolium repens L. BOLO0048773

Quadrifoglio

Wild-native

SMR: A four-leaf clover brings good luck to those who harvest it or to those who get it as a present (1H)

Trigonella foenum-graecum L. BOLO0014474

Fieno greco

Cultivated

MED: Fresh leaves treat pimples (2H). Seed infusion calms cough (2H)

Triticum aestivum L. BOLO0018446

Grano

Gran

Cultivated

MED: Two spoons of flour are added to a cup of water and drunk when the flour sediments on the cup bottom; this water has detoxifying, depurative, and anti-inflammatory properties for the intestine (1 M) and urinary tract (1 M)

AGROPA: A cow bed is made with straw (1P), and cows are fed with the straw since it has a digestive action (1P)

DOM: Paper is made with the stems (1P)

CRAFT: Bags are made with the stems (1P)

Triticum spp.

Frumento

Furmæint

Furmeint

Furmänt

Grano

Grên

FOOD: Widely cultivated and used in cookery as a famine food (1 M), it is used to make flour for bread (1 M), and to prepare “frittelle” (called “mangnaza”) dipped in wine, which gives energy and are beneficial for stomach and intestine (1 M)

MED: The bran wraps are put on the chest and used to cure bronchitis (2P, 4H). This plant is used to make fumigation in case of cold (1 M). Warmed bran is applied on the chest in case of bronchitis (2H). Bran mix is laxative if it is taken with water (9H), and cures intestinal conditions (1H). A warm bath with flour removes cradle cap (2H)

VET: Bran, called “rémmel”, obtained from wheat grains and mixed with water is laxative for cattle (1 M)

DOM: Dried stems are burned to cook bread (1H). Eggs and aged cheeses are kept between the kernels stored in chests (1 M)

Tropaeolum majus L. -

Nasturzio

Cultivated

FOOD: Blooms are used as caper substitute (1P)

Tussilago farfara L. BOLO0052350

Tossilaggine

Farfalle

Farfaræia

Farfaræla

Farfaréla

Piedunaza

Farfarœla

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are eaten raw or cooked in salad (1 M)

MED: Flower infusion relieves cough (8P, 5H, 2 M), asthma (1 M), and migraine (1 M), it cures bronchitis (1H), fluidizes catarrh (2H), and cures a common cold (1P, 1 M). Leaves are applied on Herpes zoster sores (1 M). Leaf decoction is an expectorant (1 M). Leaf pulp in cataplasm cures abscesses (1H). Fumes of leaves (1H) and roots are beneficial for asthmatics (2H). Flowers were rolled and smoked as a cold remedy (1 M)

COSM: Externally, flower infusion is used to soften skin (1 M)

AGROPA: Leaves are used to feed pigs (1 M), and cattle since they have a fortifying effect (5H)

OUI: Leaves were used like glasses to drink water in the mountains (1 M). Flowers were added to tobacco in pipe (2 M)

Ulmus minor Mill.BOLO0052995

Olmo

Oilm

Aulum

Wild-native

MED: Bark powder is useful to treat skin diseases (1H). An ointment made with the bark and olive oil is used on burns (2H), to treat skin diseases (1H), and to promote wound healing (1H). Bark decoction has healing properties (1H), and it is used to purify skin and reduce acne and eczema (1H)

CRAFT: Wood is used to make the yoke for the cattle (1H)

OUI: Folks used to set up a court of justice and hang under an elm tree (1H)

Ulmus spp. -

Olmo

Wild-native

MED: Bark together with pig fat is heated in a bain-marie to obtain an ointment with wound healing activity (1H)

AGROPA: Leaves are used to feed animals (1P), and to support the vine (1P)

CRAFT: Wood is used in carpentry (1P)

DOM: Wood is used as firewood (1P)

Urtica dioica subsp. dioica BOLO0055354

Ortica

Urtîga

Urtiga

Wild-native

FOOD: Boiled leaves are eaten for their purifying properties (1 M), because they are rich in minerals (4H), and it is recommended to eat them during breastfeeding (1 M). Leaves are used to prepare several dishes and to make fresh pasta (29P, 80H, 64 M). Leaf infusion is drunk since it is a nutrient and thirst-quencher (4H, 1 M)

MED: A nettle bunch beaten on a leg is helpful to activate blood circulation (4P, 4H), or to relieve pain (3P). Fresh plant (4 M) (or fresh plant juice (1 M)) is rubbed on the painful body parts to reduce rheumatism, or for muscular pain (3H), this treatment has to be prolonged for one week (5H). Leaf juice with honey is used to cure hemorrhoids (2H), while mixed with olive oil is used as a lotion able to activate circulation and is useful against chilblains (1 M). Leaf juice is used in the case of nosebleeds (1H), while together with olive oil and salt it is used in the case of chilblains (1H). Fresh leaves are rubbed on wrists to cure bone pain (1H), and on sore body parts in case of back pain and arthritis (2 M). Leaves are used to treat ingrown toenails (1 M). Powder leaves are sniffed in case of nosebleeds (2H). Leaf decoction is used in gargling against throat inflammation (1H), in warps it stops hemorrhages (2H) and relieves joint pain (1H), it has diuretic action (1P, 12 M), induces menstruation (1H), cures intestinal inflammations and diarrhea (2 M), and it is liver depurative (4 M). The same decoction is used against impotence (1H). Boiled leaves in wrap are useful against pimples (1H). Boiled leaves are used for massages to treat rheumatism (3 M). Leaves boiled in wine are diuretic (1 M). Leaves infusion purifies the blood (2H) and the body (1H, 1 M), it is slightly laxative (6H), and it is used as a tonic (1H). Whole plant infusion is useful against diarrhea (5H). Aerial part infusion is a diuretic (1H) and is used in case of stomachache (1H), diarrhea, and enteritis (1H). Aerial part decoction yields a purple liquid, that stops hemorrhages (1 M), and mixed with honey and used to calm hemorrhoid pain (1 M), and calms urticaria rush (1 M). Leaf macerated in alcohol is used in case of diarrhea (2H). Roots powder is boiled with sugar to make a syrup useful in case of cough (1H)

COSM: Fresh leaves are rubbed on the scalp to reduce dandruff (1 M, 2H). Boiled leaves are chopped and used to obtain an anti-dandruff ointment (2H). Leaf decoction is indicated for oily hair (1 M, 3H), it is used to wash the hair (5 M, 8H), is used to counteract hair loss (7 M, 1H) and dandruff (5H, 1P, 8 M), to strengthen it (1P, 3H) and to make it shiner (2H, 2 M). Leaf decoction together with vinegar strengthens hair (1H) and reduces dandruff (1H). Leaf infusion reduces hair loss, hair strengthens (9H), and makes it shinier (3H). Leaves are macerated in denatured alcohol for 40 days and used on the scalp as a remedy for hair loss (1 M). Leaves macerated in wine are used in wraps on the scalp and, with water, to wash hair (1 M). Leaves macerated together with rosemary and aquavit reduce hair loss (1H). Roots are macerated in alcohol to prepare a lotion against hair loss (1H)

SMR: According to a folk saying, nettle leaves do not sting if collected while holding your breath (1H). Legends say that rolling on a field of nettle increases sexual energy (1 M), occasional pricking prolonged life (1 M), and throwing nettle in the fire drove away thunderbolts (1 M, 1H)

AGROPA: Nettle is used to feed chickens (2H), in particular, fresh leaves are mixed with corn flour to prepare hence feed, which increases egg production (1P), and the eggs of the hens fed with nettle are more nutrient and reddish (1H, 2 M). Chickens are fed with fresh leaves and corn flour during weaning (4H). Leaf infusion is given to livestock since it is a nutrient and thirst-quencher (1 M). Leaf water macerate (with garlic leaves (1H)) for 24 h is used after one week as fertilizer (3H, 2 M)

REP: Leaf macerate in water for 24 h (with garlic leaves (2H)) is an insecticide (3H) and anti-aphids (1H, 2 M). Leaf macerate in water for 30 days is used as insecticide in particular for tomato plants (5H). Plant macerate in water is used to water the vegetable garden to keep parasites away (1H). Flowers are extracted in water for few days and sprayed on ornamental plants as anti-aphids (1 M). Plants are put next to windows in order to keep away small insects and mosquitoes (2H)

DOM: Leaves are used, along with water and sand, as a detergent to clean bottles (1 M)

OUI: Stems were used to make a very resistant fabric during the First World War (1H)

Vaccinium myrtillus L. BOLO0054059

Mirtillo

Baggiôli

Martél

Mirtéll

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are harvested and eaten fresh for their taste and vitamin content (6 M), and because they are beneficial for the sight (7 M). Fruits are used to make jam (7H), sweets (4H), and liquor (1H), in particular, ripened cones are macerated in “grappa” for 20 days to obtain a “grappa” with blueberry flavor (4 M), which is digestive (2 M)

MED: Whole plant infusion improves blood circulation (5H), and eyesight (5H), and it disinfects the urinary tract (1H). Fresh fruits improve intestinal functions (4 M) and relieve liver conditions (2 M). Fruits have beneficial properties on sight (9H, 2 M), skin (1 M), circulation (1 M), hemorrhoids and blood microcirculation (3H), and urinary infections (1 M). Fruit juice improves eyesight (1H), it protects blood vessels (1 M) and it is useful in case of diarrhea (1 M). Fruit alcohol macerate is used in case of mouth inflammation (2H) or to fight enteritis (1H). Fruit decoction is useful against colitis (3H), it is astringent (1H), and useful against diarrhea (1H). It is also used to wash the face in case of skin disease (1H). Fruit decoction together with oak bark and mallow leaves is used in wrap in case of hemorrhoids (2H)

DOM: Fruit juice is used as ink (1H)

Vaccinium uliginosum L. BOLO0046883

Mirtillo chiaro

Wild-native

TOXIC: It differs from V. myrtillus for the leaves and the fruits, which have a lighter color. It is important to be able to distinguish between these two plants because V. uliginosum is toxic and it is a powerful laxative (1 M)

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. BOLO0005034

Mirtillo rosso

Wild-native

FOOD: Fruits are used to make sweets (6H)

MED: Fruits cure urinary infections (3H), and improve blood circulation and hemorrhoids (3H)

Valeriana officinalis L. BOLO0049319

Valeriana

Valeriena

Valerièna

Grassa gallina

Valeriæna

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves (especially young leaves (1 M)) are eaten in salad (5H), they are purifying (2P), and beneficial for the heart (3P)

MED: Aerial part infusion has a sedative effect (1P). Aerial part decoction is febrifuge (1 M). Flowers extracted in water for one night calm anxiety (1 M). Root decoction is a sedative, anti-stress, and promotes sleep (15H, 3 M), it is relaxing (1 M), and it helps to focus and strengthen memory (1H). Root macerate is drunk in case of asthma (2H). Leaf and root infusion is sedative (3H)

COSM: Flowers extracted in water for one night, in compress is anti-cellulitis (1 M)

OUI: For the peculiar smell of this plant, cats roll around it (1 M). Roots when harvested smell like cat pee (1H)

Valerianella locusta L. BOLO0053699

Velerianella

Formentino

Grassa galèna

Galèna grasa

Grâsagalenna

Grâsagaleṅna

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are eaten in salad (3P, 3H) since they purify the liver (1P, 5H), are rich in minerals (5H), promote fat-burning processes (1P), and raise body temperature (3H)

Verbascum thapsus L. BOLO0049225

Verbasco

Tàs bardâs

Tâs bârdas

Tâs Bardâs

Wild-native

FOOD: Leaves are used to preserve the dry figs from rotting (1 M)

MED: Flower infusion is used in case of cough and catarrh (1H), and fever (2H). Leaf and flower decoction is emollient, protective, and anti-inflammatory in the case of hemorrhoids (2 M). Flower mixed with eggs, breadcrumbs, and boiled leek leaves is used to soothe inflamed hemorrhoids (1 M)

DOM: Stems are used to power the wood oven to cook the bread (1 M). This plant is also called “candelabro” (candlestick) since dry and bent leaves are used as wicks to oil lamps (1 M)

Verbena officinalis L. BOLO0052765

Verbena

Verbêna

Wild-native

FOOD: Upper aerial parts are eaten (raw or boiled) in the salad because they are purifying (1H), and stimulate appetite (1H). The whole plant is used to prepare a liquor (2H)

MED: Flowering top infusion is digestive (4H). Flower, leaf, or whole plant decoction relieves bone pain (1H), is useful against headache (1H), and lowers the temperature in case of fever (1H). Flower and leaves decoction is febrifuge and it has to be drunk 1–2 times per day (2 M). Leaf wrap absorbs bruises and hematomas (2H). Leaf infusion is useful against rheumatic pain (1H). Leaf infusion together with sage, thyme, and linden is useful to relieve headache (6H)

DOM: Flowers are ornamental (3H)

Veronica officinalis L. BOLO0049439

Veronica

Occhi della madonna

Verônica

Wild-native

MED: Flowering aerial part infusion is refreshing (1H), digestive (1H), and useful against cough (1H). Leaf pulp is applied on pimples (1H)

Vicia faba L. -

Fava

Fèv

Cultivated

FOOD: The fruits were a substitute of meat during the war (1P)

MED: The broad bean pulp in vinegar cures burns and bruises (1P)

AGROPA: Broad bean pod is used to feed animals (1P). The plant is cultivated since it enriches the soil for the subsequent crops (2H)

Vinca minor L. BOLO0003318

Pervinca

Viôla mâta

Wild-native

MED: Leaf decoction is useful against sore throat (2H). Leaf infusion is a galactagogue (4H), stops hemorrhages (1H), heals wounds (1H), and stops vaginal discharge (1H). Root decoction is diuretic (2H)

Viola odorata L. BOLO0003310

Viola

Viôla

Viôla zôpa

Viôla zôpa

Wild-native

FOOD: Flowers are used to prepare several dishes (4P)

MED: Flowers, slithered on the eyelids, help to keep the sight healthy (1P, 1H, 2 M) and prevent blindness (2H). Flower infusion is used in case of cold (2H). Flower infusion together with mint, linden, and elder is used against cold (1H). Flower infusion together with lavender, sage, and chamomilla is used in case of arthritis (1H). Root and flower infusion is useful against cough (2H) and cold (4H). Leaf infusion and decoction are laxative (4H). Aerial part decoction is effective in treating the cracking of hands (1 M)

Viola tricolor L.BOLO0047101

Violette

Wild-native

MED: Leaves and flowers, harvested in spring, are used to prepare purifying herbal teas (1 M). Flowering aerial parts are used to prepare an ointment for skin affections such as acne, eczema, and hives (3H)

DOM: Flowers are harvested and used as scenting agents (1 M)

Viscum album L. BOLO0047421

Vischio

Vessti

Wild-native

MED: Leaf infusion lowers blood pressure (2 M), it is effective against abdominal pain (1 M), and it is diuretic (1 M). Leaves infusion together with sugar cures kids’ seizures (2H). Cleaned branch infusion is diuretic (1 M)

DOM: In folk traditions, it was used as an ornament for the house. It is possible to find Viscum album on chestnut tree, since is its parasite (3 M)

Vitis labrusca L. BOLO0001714

Uva Fragola

Cultivated

FOOD: Eating fresh fruits helps digestion (1 M), and metabolism (1 M), they are rich in vitamins (3 M) and mineral salts (2 M)

DOM: Growing on arbors it is useful to make shade in the garden (1 M)

Vitis vinifera L

BOLO0052747

Vite rossa

Vîd

Cultivated

FOOD: Grape must together with flour is used to prepare traditional desserts (called “sughi” which are similar to pudding) (1P, 15H, 2 M). Grape must together with apples and pears is used to make a traditional jam called “savåur” (4H). From the wine, the vinegar is useful to season food (2H, 1 M)

MED: Wine is recommended for the anemic and cardiopathic (1H, 1 M). Drinking a glass of wine is healthy for the stomach and intestine (1 M) and it is a tonic for the elderly and infirm (1 M). Vinegar is useful to disinfect small wounds (8H, 1 M). A teaspoon of vinegar relieves inflamed throat and melts catarrh (8H). Vinegar is used to wash the oral cavity in case of sore throat (6H, 1 M). Mulled wine is useful against colds, seasonal ills (1H) and coughs (3H). Vinegar is smelled to recover after fainting (4H). Branches are cut, and the released water is used as eye drops to wash and refresh eyes (1H). Drops of water, fallen after the pruning, are useful against juvenile pimples (1H). Leaf infusion improves blood microcirculation of the hand, feet, and legs (1H). Leaves are used to make an ointment useful in case of hemorrhoids (1H)

COSM: Vinegar is used to wash the hair, making it more beautiful (1H)

SMR: Three branches with leaves are used to rub painful body parts three times, hence after this procedure the branches have to be thrown first right, then left, and back

Only in this way, the pain will stop in a short time (1H)

DOM: Grape pomaces are used as fuel (1P)

Zea mays L. BOLO0015578

Mais

Furmintan

Furmintån

Cultivated

FOOD: It was widely cultivated in times of poverty and used to make “polenta” (3 M)

MED: Stigma infusion stimulates diuresis (3H) and purifies the liver (1H). A spoon of maize in water was used to make a diuretic decoction (1 M), to cure kidney stones (2 M) and cystitis (2 M)

CRAFT: Leaves are used to make bags and stuffing mattresses (2P)

DOM: The cob was used as fuel for the stove (1P). Leaves are used to keep cool the bottle of wine (1P)

AGROPA: Fruits are used to feed hens (1P) and farm animals (2 M)

Zingiber officinale Roscoe BOLO0008694

Zenzero

Cultivated

FOOD: Rhizome is used in cookery to flavor several dishes such as soups (6H)

MED: Rhizome infusion is used to regularize body temperature in case of fever (1H)

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. BOLO0055385

Giuggiolo

Cultivated

MED: Fruit decoction is useful against cough (1P) and sore throat (1P)