Table 2 Medicinal plant species, plant parts used and ailments cured by the Apatani of Ziro valley in Arunachal Pradesh

1

Acorus calamus L.

Araceae

Root

Cut, wounds, skin diseases, bone fracture

2

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Cut, wounds

3

Allium cepa L.

Liliaceae

Bulb

Eye pain

4

Allium hookeri Thwait.

Liliaceae

Bulb

Eruption of skin, cough, cold, wounds

5

Alocasia forniculata (Roxb.) Schott.

Araceae

Root

Crack of heels

6

Alstonia scholaris (L.) Br.

Apocynaceae

Leaf, bark

Headache, stomach disorder, menstrual disorder

7

Amomum aromaticum Roxb.

Zingiberaceae

Leaf, seed

Fever, abortion

8

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson

Araceae

Corn

Piles

9

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees

Acanthaceae

Leaf

Dysentery

10

Anisomeles indica (L.) O.K.

Lamiaceae

Shoot

Bodyache

11

Angiopteris evecta (Forst.) Hoffm.

Angiopteridaceae

Stem

Health tonic

12

Antidesma acidum Retz.

Euphorbiaceae

Leaf

Wounds

13

Argemone mexicana L.

Papaveraceae

Shoot

Skin diseases

14

Artemisia indica Willd.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Bodyache, asthma, skin diseases

15

Artemisia maritima L.

Asteraceae

Shoot

Blood purification

16

Artemisia nilagirica (Cl.) Pamp.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Cough, headache, sores

17

Asplenium nidus L.

Aspleniaceae

Leaf

Ulcer

18

Barleria prionitis L.

Acanthaceae

Leaf

Cough

19

Begonia roxburghii (Miq.) DC.

Begoniaceae

Leaf

Indigestion

20

Berberis wallichiana (Wall.) Brongn.

Berberidaceae

Fruit, root

Indigestion, bodyache

21

Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb.

Saxifragaceae

Root, leaf

Cut, wounds

22

Brassiopsis glomarulata (Bl.) Regel.

Araliaceae

Fruit

Cough

23

Buddleja asiatica Lour.

Buddlejaceae

Leaf

Inflammation

24

Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl

Verbenaceae

Leaf

Headache

25

Callicarpa vastita Roxb.

Verbenaceae

Leaf

Indigestion

26

Calotropis gigantea (L.) Br.

Asclepiadaceae

Root

Dog bite

27

Canarium resiniferum Brace ex King

Burseraceae

Fruit

Urinary complaints

28

Capparis spinosa Lam.

Capparaceae

Root

Rheumatic pain

29

Cardamine hirsuta L.

Brassicaceae

Leaf

Indigestion

30

Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) DC.

Fagaceae

Stem

Cough, goiter, indigestion

31

Centella asiatica L.

Apiaceae

Shoot

Constipation, gastritis, blood purification

32

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Chenopodiaceae

Leaf

Toothache

33

Christella parasitica (L.) Lev.

Thelypteridaceae

Fronds

Cut, wounds

34

Chromolaena odorata (L.) King & Robinson

Asteraceae

Leaf

Cut, wounds, headache, fever

35

Cirsium lapskyle Petral.

Asteraceae

Shoot

Indigestion

36

Cissampelos pareira L.

Menispermaceae

Tuber

Health tonic

37

Clerodendrum glandulosum Coleb. ex Wall.

Verbenaceae

Leaf

Blood pressure, fever, cough

38

Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moonb

Verbenaceae

Leaf

Eye disorders

39

Coelogyne pectata Lindl.

Orchidaceae

Pseudobulb

Burns

40

Colocasia affinis Schott

Araceae

Leaf

Fever, respiratory disorder

41

Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) Moore

Asteraceae

Leaf

Indigestion, headache, stomachache, cut, wounds

42

Crotolaria pallida Ait.

Fabaceae

Root

Bodyache

43

Croton roxburghii Balak

Euphorbiaceae

Fruit

Indigestion

44

Curcuma caesia Roxb.

Zingiberaceae

Rhizome

Cough, asthma

45

Curcuma aromatica Salisb.

Zingiberaceae

Whole plant

Blood purification

46

Curcuma zedoaria Rosc.

Zingiberaceae

Rhizome

Cold, cough

47

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Cuscutaceae

Whole plant

Purgative

48

Cyathea gigantea (Wall. ex Hk. f.) Holt.

Cyatheaceae

Leaf

Bodyache

49

Cyathula prostrata (L.) Bl.

Amaranthaceae

Shoot

Appetizer, dysentery, skin diseases

50

Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.

Orchidaceae

Tuber

Wounds

51

Dendrocnide sinuta (Bl.) Chew.

Urticaceae

Leaf

Urogenital disorder, toothache, dysentery

52

Dicranopteris linearis (Burm. f.) Und.

Gleicheniaceae

Whole plant

Indigestion

53

Dicrocephala bicolor (Roth) Sch.

Asteraceae

Shoot

Digestive problems

54

Dillenia indica L.

Dilleniaceae

Furit

Stomachache

55

Dioscorea alata L.

Dioscoraceae

Tuber

Indigestion

56

Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Dioscoraceae

Tuber

Indigestion

57

Dioscorea hamiltonii Hk. f.

Dioscoraceae

Tuber

Dysentery

58

Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.

Athyriaceae

Fronds

Constipation

59

Ecbolium viride (Forsk) Alston

Meliaceae

Root

Rheumatism

60

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

Asteraceae

Shoot

Cut, wounds

61

Elaeagnus caudata Sch. ex Momiyama

Elaeagnaceae

Fruit

Health tonic

62

Elaeagnus pyriformis Hk. f.

Elaeagnaceae

Fruit

Constipation

63

Elatostema platyphyllum Wedd.

Urticaceae

Root

Vomiting

64

Elsholzia blanda (Benth.) Benth.

Lamiaceae

Leaf

Itching

65

Eluesine coracana (L.) Gaertn.

Poaceae

Grains

Stomach disorder, tonic, cold

66

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Wounds, cut

67

Erigeron bonariensis L.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Nose block

68

Eryngium foetidum L.

Apiaceae

Seed

Madness, headache

69

Ficus benjamina L.

Moraceae

Stem

Stomach disorder

70

Ficus hirta Vahl

Moraceae

Fruit

Wounds, cut

71

Gerbera pilosellioides (L.) Cass.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Rheumatic pain

72

Gloriosa superba L.

Liliaceae

Tuber

Killing lice in hairs

73

Gmelina arborea Roxb.

Verbenaceae

Leaf

Stomach disorder

74

Gynostemma pedata Bl.

Cucurbitaceae

Leaf

Throat ache

75

Gynura biscolor (Roxb. ex Willd.) DC.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Intestinal worms

76

Gynura nepalensis DC.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Indigestion

77

Hedychium coronarium Koen.

Zingiberaceae

Rhizome

Bodyache

78

Hedychium dekianum Rao & Verma

Zingiberaceae

Rhizome

Cut, wounds

79

Hedychium spicatum Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.

Zingiberaceae

Rhizome

Stomach disorder

80

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

Malvaceae

Flower

Reproductive disorders

81

Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

Saururaceae

Shoot

Freshness, good sleep, heart disorders

82

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

Lamiaceae

Leaf

Itching, cough, cold

83

Hypericum japonicum Thunb. ex Murr.

Hypericaceae

Stem

Cut, wounds

84

Impatiens latifolia L.

Balsaminaceae

Leaf

Headache, digestive disorder

85

Impatiens racemosa DC.

Balsaminaceae

Leaf

Digestive disorder

86

Indigofera tinctoria L.

Fabaceae

Root

Wound

87

Jasminum humile L.

Oleaceae

Root

Ringworm

88

Laginaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.

Cucurbitaceae

Fruit

Burns

89

Leonotis nepetifolia R. Br.

Lamiaceae

Seed

Burns

90

Lithocarpus dealbatus (Miq.) Rehder

Fagaceae

Fruit

Indigestion

91

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.

Lauraceae

Fruit

Cough, cold, hair tonic, indigestion, good sleep

92

Litsea salicifolia (Nees) Hk.f.

Lauraceae

Fruit

Bone fracture, stomach disorder

93

Lygodium scandens (L.) Sw.

Schizaeaceae

Leaf

Skin diseases

94

Mahonia napalensis DC.

Berberidaceae

Stem

Itching

95

Measa indica (Roxb.) DC.

Myrsinaceae

Fruit

Indigestion

96

Mikania micrantha Kunth.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Itching, skin diseases, headache

97

Miliusa roxburghiana (Wall. ex Griff.) Hk. f. & Th.

Annonaceae

Leaf

Headache

98

Molineria crassifolia Baker

Hypoxidaceae

Fruit

Diarrhoea

99

Molineria recurveta (Dryand) Hebbert.

Hypoxidaceae

Leaf

Bodyache

100

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.

Fabaceae

Stem

Eye disorder

101

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spr.

Rutaceae

Leaf

Stomach trouble

102

Musa paradissica L.

Musaceae

Fruit

Indigestion

103

Myrica esculenta Ham. ex D. Don.

Myricaceae

Fruit, bark

Indigestion, skin eruption

104

Myrsine semiserrata Wall.

Myrsinaceae

Seed

Skin diseases

105

Oenanthe javanica (Bl.) DC.

Apiaceae

Shoot

Indigestion

106

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Vent.

Bignoniaceae

Seed

Purgative, headache

107

Osbeckia stellata Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Melastomataceae

Leaf

Toothache

108

Oxalis corniculata L.

Oxalidaceae

Shoot

Appetizer, headache

109

Paedaria foetida L

Rubiaceae

Stem

Gastritis, diarrhea, stomach disorder

110

Passiflora foetida L.

Passifloraceae

Fruit

Respiratory disorder

111

Photinia integrifolia Lindl.

Rosaceae

Fruit

Indigestion

112

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.

Lamiaceae

Seed

Fever, headache

113

Physalis angulata L.

Solanaceae

Fruit

Gastric trouble

114

Physalis minima L.

Solanaceae

Fruit

Gastric trouble

115

Physalis peruviana L.

Solanaceae

Leaf

Pain in pregnancy

116

Picrorhiza kurrooa Benth.

Scrophulariaceae

Root

Cold, fever

117

Pinus roxburghii Sarg.

Pinaceae

Seed

Indigestion

118

Piper brachystachyum Wall.

Piperaceae

Seed

Cough

119

Piper trioicum Roxb.

Piperaceae

Root

Cough

120

Plantago major L.

Plantaginaceae

Leaf

Constipation

121

Plectranthus japonicus (Burm. f.) Koidz.

Acanthaceae

Leaf

Fever

122

Polygonum nepalense Meissn.

Polygonaceae

Leaf

Indigestion

123

Polygonum perfoliatum L.

Polygonaceae

Leaf

Indigestion

124

Portulaca oleracea L.

Portulacaceae

Stem, leaf

Appetizer

125

Pouzolzia hirta (Bl.) Hassk.

Urticaceae

Root

Constipation

126

Pterospermum acerifolium Willd.

Sterculiaceae

Flower

Earache

127

Rhus chinensis Miller

Anacardiaceae

Fruit

Blood dysentery

128

Rubia cordifolia L.

Rubiaceae

Shoot

Stomachache

129

Rubus calycinus Wall.

Rosaceae

Fruit

Stomach disorder

130

Rubus ellipticus Sm.

Rosaceae

Fruit

Indigestion

131

Rubus paniculatus Sm.

Rosaceae

Fruit

Stomach disorder

132

Rubus roseafolius Sm.

Rosaceae

Fruit

Indigestion

133

Rumex nepalensis Spr.

Polygonaceae

Leaf

Indigestion

134

Saurauria roxburghii Wall.

Saurauriaceae

Leaf

Constipation

135

Schefflera glomerata L.

Araliaceae

Fruit

Indigestion

136

Schizostachium capitatum (Munro) Majumdar

Poaceae

Shoot

Diarrhea, dysentery, stomach disorder

137

Senna alata (L.) Roxb.

Caesalpiniaceae

Leaf

Skin diseases

138

Senna tora (L.) Roxb.

Ceasalpiniaceae

Leaf

Low blood pressure

139

Sphenomeris chinensis (L.) Maxon

Lindsaeceae

Fronds

Sprains

140

Solanum kurzii Brace ex Prain

Solanaceae

Fruit

Cough, worms infestation

141

Solanum myriacanthum Dunal

Solanaceae

Seeds

Toothache

142

Solanum nigrum L.

Solanaceae

Leaf

Liver tonic, indigestion

143

Solanum torvum Sm.

Solanaceae

Fruit

Cough, skin diseases

144

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill

Asteraceae

Shoot

Indigestion

145

Sonchus arvensis L.

Asteraceae

Shoot

Stomachache, gastritis

146

Spilanthus clava L.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Throat pain

147

Spilanthes paniculata DC.

Asteraceae

Leaf

Constipation

148

Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

Caryophyllaceae

Leaf

Itching

149

Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC.

Bignoniaceae

Leaf

Sprain

150

Strobilanthus helictus T. Anders.

Acanthaceae

Shoot

Indigestion

151

Terminalia chebula Retz.

Combretaceae

Fruit

Cough

152

Toddalia aculeata Pers.

Rutaceae

Fruit

Throat pain

153

Urtica dioica L.

Urticaceae

Leaf

Bone fracture

154

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less

Asteraceae

Leaf

Indigestion

155

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.

Rutaceae

Fruit

Dysentery

156

Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

Rutaceae

Fruit

Cold, cough, fever, appetizer

157

Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum Edgew.

Rutaceae

Fruit

Stomach disorder

158

Zingiber officinale Rosc.

Zingiberaceae

Rhizome

Cough