Ethnoveterinary herbal remedies used by farmers in four north-eastern Swiss cantons (St. Gallen, Thurgau, Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden)

Disler, Monika; Ivemeyer, Silvia; Hamburger, Matthias; Vogl, Christian R; Tesic, Anja; Klarer, Franziska; Meier, Beat; Walkenhorst, Michael

doi:10.1186/1746-4269-10-32

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 5 Concentration of medicinal plants in homemade single species herbal remedies (HSHR) in preparations for topical use

From: Ethnoveterinary herbal remedies used by farmers in four north-eastern Swiss cantons (St. Gallen, Thurgau, Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden)

Plant species with ≥ 3 HSHR and documented dosage	g dry plant equivalent in 100 g finished product				Recommended concentration g dry plant equivalent in 100 g finished product [41],[42],[48],[49]
Plant species with ≥ 3 HSHR and documented dosage	Extraction with water	Extraction with alcohol	Extraction with oil/fat	Arithmetic mean (median; minimum value - maximum value)	Extraction with water	Extraction with alcohol	Extraction with oil/fat
*Calendula officinalis* L. Flos and flos sine calice (21)	0.10, 0.20	0.01, 0.03, 0.34, 0.38, 0.43, 0.91, 2.33	0.28, 0.34, 0.50, 1.22,	1.10	0.67-1.33 [42]	50.00¹[42]	1.00-5.00³[42]
			1.52, 1.73, 1.76, 1.82,			50.00¹[42]
						20.00²[42]
				(0.91; 0.01-3.27)
			1.82, 1.87, 2.22, 3.27	(0.91; 0.01-3.27)
*Rumex obtusifolius* L. Folium (13)			1.52, 1.52,	4.31	-	-	-
			1.75, 1.82,
			1.98, 2.00,
			2.33, 2.77,	(2.33; 1.52-20.00)
			3.08, 3.59,
			3.64, 10.00, 20.00
*Hypericum perforatum* L.			0.62, 0.66,	1.58	5.00- 10.00⁴[41]	-	5.00⁵[49] 11.00⁴[48]
			0.76, 1.43,	1.58
			0.76, 1.43,	(1.69; 0.62-3.00)
			1.49, 1.89,
Flos (10)			1.49, 1.89,
Flos (10)			1.96, 2.00,
			2.00, 3.00
*Matricaria recutita* L. Flos (10)	0.04, 0.18, 0.23, 0.37, 0.40, 0.40, 0.85, 5.00		2.12, 5.65	1.52	0.5 [42]	-	-
	0.04, 0.18, 0.23, 0.37, 0.40, 0.40, 0.85, 5.00		2.12, 5.65	(0.40; 0.04- 5.65)	0.5 [42]	-	-
*Symphytum officinale* L. Radix (8)		3.51, 4.26, 4.43, 8.33	1.82, 3.45, 6.35, 6.67	4.85	-	-	up to 17.5 [42]
		3.51, 4.26, 4.43, 8.33	1.82, 3.45, 6.35, 6.67	(4.35; 1.82-8.33)	-	-	up to 17.5 [42]
*Malva neglecta* Wallr. Herba (6)	0.20, 0.40, 0.40, 0.80		1.82, 1.82	0.79	-	-	-
*Malva neglecta* Wallr. Herba (6)	0.20, 0.40, 0.40, 0.80		1.82, 1.82	(0.40; 0.10-1.82)	-	-	-
Flos (1)	0.10
*Arnica montana* L. Flos (6)		0.90, 0.91, 1.14, 1.96, 2.33	10.00	2.87	2.0 [42]	10.00-33.33 [42]	-
		0.90, 0.91, 1.14, 1.96, 2.33	10.00	(1.55; 0.90-10.00)	2.0 [42]	10.00-33.33 [42]	-
*Geranium robertianum* L.s.str. Herba (4)			0.71, 0.74, 0.90, 0.94	0.82	-	-	-
			0.71, 0.74, 0.90, 0.94	(0.82; 0.71-0.94)	-	-	-
*Picea abies* (L.) H. Karst. Resina (4)			3.53, 12.93, 27.27, 31.75	18.87	-	-	-
			3.53, 12.93, 27.27, 31.75	(20.10; 3.53- 31.75)	-	-	-

¹40% ethanol, ²90% ethanol, ³semi-solid preparations, ⁴herb, ⁵flowering twigs.

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ISSN: 1746-4269

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