From: Healing with animals in the Levant from the 10th to the 18th century
Scientific Name | Common Name | Figure no. | Extract/Product | Selected Sources | Selected Uses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ammoperdix heyi | Desert partridge | Â | Meat | [70] | Strengthens the stomach |
Angulus sp. | Sea Shell (Tallina) | Â | Shell | [46] | Mild purgative; women's diseases |
Anser anser | Goose | Â | Oil | [70] | Unknown |
Apis mellifica | Honey | Â | Honey | [55, 67, 69, 70] | Skin, eye, and stomach diseases, haemorrhoids, burns and wounds. Strengthens and cleans stomach and lungs. |
Apis mellifica | Wax | 1 – wax | Wax | [49, 55, 70] | Haemorrhoids, burns, and wounds |
Archispirostreptus syriacus | Â | Â | Body | [67] | Removes unwanted hair from the eyelids |
Avicula margarittifera | Pearl | Â | Pearl | [70, 71] | Eye, heart, and liver ailments |
Bombyx mori | Silkworm | 2 – cocoon | Cocoon, Larva | [64] | Wounds, throat inflammation, haemorrhoids |
Bos Taurus | Cow | 3 – hard cheese | Milk, Cheese, Butter | [64, 67, 70, 71] | Eye diseases, haemorrhoids, leprosy. Strengthens the stomach, cleans the blood; treats skin diseases |
Capra hircus mambrica | Goat | Â | Cheese | [67, 70] | Cancer and skin diseases; fattens; enhances libido, reinforces potency |
Castor fiber | Common Beaver | Â | Testicles | [55, 57, 71] | Eye diseases, animal bites and stings, cramp, epilepsy, hysteria. |
Chamydotis undulate | Bustard | Â | Body parts | [64] | Eye diseases; breaks up kidney stones |
Cimex lectularius | Stinkbug | Â | Body | [46, 64, 67] | Clears urinary tract obstructions; jaundice |
Coleoptera sp. | Scarabees | Â | Body | [67] | Haemorrhoids; enhances libido |
Echis coloratus | Adder, Ter | 4 – adder in the Judean desert | Body | [45, 47, 57, 62, 60, 63, 71] | Basic component of theriac; snake bites |
Equus asinus | Ass | Â | Body parts | [67] | Haemorrhoids, eye diseases, epilepsy |
Equus asinus X Equus cabllus | Mule | Â | Body parts | [64] | Rheumatism, eye diseases, internal diseases |
Gallus gallus domesticus | Hen | Â | Egg parts | [67, 70, 71] | Wide variety of uses including reinforcement of potency and enhancing libido |
Gazella sp. | Gazelle | Â | Horn | [70] | Cleans the blood |
Helix sp. | Snail | Â | Body | [67] | Haemorrhoids and internal diseases |
Homo sapiens | Mummy | Â | Mummified body parts | [64, 71] | Headache, skin, internal diseases, ulcer |
Homo sapiens | Human | Â | Urine | [67] | Sciatica, skin, internal diseases |
Homo sapiens | Human | Â | Bone | [71] | Unknown |
Homo sapiens | Human | Â | Stone | [71] | Unknown |
Lampyris sp. | Firefly | Â | Body | [64] | Breaking up kidney stones; haemorrhoids |
Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus | Scorpion | Â | Body | [67, 71] | Haemorrhoids; skin diseases; component of theriac |
Lumbricus sp. | Earthworm | Â | Body | [70, 71] | Haemorrhoids; earache, arthritis, clears obstructions of the urinary tract |
Lytta vesicatoria | Spanish fly | Â | Body | [71] | Raises a blister, counter-irritant |
Merops sp. | Bee eater | Â | Body parts | [64] | Colds and skin diseases |
Moschus moschiferus | Musk Deer | Â | Rectal gland | [47, 51, 52, 70, 71] | Purgative; eye diseases, headaches; reinforces potency, heart diseases; 'cold' ailments |
Mus musculus | House mouse | Â | Ash, body parts | [67] | Haemorrhoids, skin diseases, wounds, insanity |
Muscicapa sp./Ficedula sp. | Flycatcher | Â | Body parts | [64] | Skin, eye, internal diseases; jaundice and spleen inflammation |
Ovis | Lamb | Â | Body parts | [70] | Strengthens the body, increases weight, cleans the blood |
Paraechinus aethiopicus pectoralis | Hedgehog | Â | Skin, spines, blood | [67] | Expels fleas (Pulex irritans) |
Pediculus sp. | Louse | Â | Body | [67] | Clears urinary tract obstructions |
Physeter catodon | Sperm Whale (Ambergris) | Â | Intestinal secretion | [43, 47, 71] | Sore throat, heart diseases, paralysis, cough, cardiac diseases, hysteria |
Rana ridibunda | Frog | Â | Body | [67, 71] | Haemorrhoids, wounds, bleeding, rheumatism |
Sepia officinalis | Cuttle Fish | 5 – skeleton | Skeleton | [46, 71] | Skin and tooth diseases; clears obstruction of the urinary tract |
Struthio camelus | Ostrich egg shell | Â | Egg shell | [67] | Eye diseases |
Titurus vittatus | Triton | Â | Body | [46, 59, 64] | Reinforces potency and enhances libido |
Tubipora Musica or Corallium rubrum | Coral | Â | Body | [50, 61, 70, 71] | Eye diseases and bleeding; strengthens the heart; headache, cough rheumatism, kills worms |
Unidentified | Ant | Â | Body | [67] | Jaundice |
Unidentified | Lizard | Â | Secretion | [67] | Eye diseases |
Unidentified | Kermes | Â | Insect body | [71] | Unknown |
Unidentified | Fish | Â | Meat | [70, 71] | Helps digestion, treats internal diseases, strengthens the nerves |
Unidentified | Lacca | Â | Secretion | [71] | Unknown |
Vivera civetta | Civat Cat (Zebed) | Â | Gland secretion | [67] | Reinforces male potency; ear inflammation |
Vulpes sp. | Fox | Â | Oil | [71] | Unknown |