From: Folk medicine used to heal malaria in Calabria (southern Italy)
Plants used to heal malaria in Calabria | Current use in Calabrian folk medicine° | Pharmacological/biological proprierties | Used part | References | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family/Scientific Name | Local Name | References | Aim | Used part | References | Â | Â | Â |
Adoxaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Sambucus nigra L. | savucu | Antirheumatic, arteriosclerosis, febrifugal, purgative, to treat swollen breast and legs, insect bites, toothache, colics, conjunctivitis | Fi, Fr, Le, Ba, Dfh | Diaphoretic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic | Fl, Ba | [27] | ||
Alliaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Allium cepa L. | cipuddra | [60] | To treat flu, cough and headache, antidiarrhoeic, vermifugue | Bl | [49] | Antibacterial, vermifugue, hypotensive, diuretic, hypoglycaemic, eupeptic | Bl | [27] |
Allium sativum L. | agliu | To treat insect bites, neuralgias, calluses, rheumatisms, hypotensive, tinea, scabies, tooth decay, cold, diarrhoea | Bl, Cl | [49] | Hypotensive, antibacterial, hypoglycaemic, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammatory | Bl | [27] | |
Apocynaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Nerium oleander L. | leandru | [58] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Cardiotonic | Le | [28] |
Asteraceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Achillea millefolium L. | millefogghio | Emmenagogue | Ap | [49] | Eupeptic, cholagogic, choleretic, antidyspeptic | Fl, Ap | [27] | |
Artemisia absinthium L. | erba janca | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Eupeptic, cholagogic, antidyspeptic | Fh, Le | [27] | |
Centaurea benedicta (L.) L. | centarva | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Eupeptic | Fh, Le | [28] | |
Centaurea centaurium L. | centu gruppa | [11] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Antioxidant | Ro | [29] |
Matricaria chamomilla L. | gamumilla | [26] | Digestive, sedative, antispasmodic, antitussive | Fh | Anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal | Fh | [27] | |
Boraginaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Borago officinalis L. | erva pignola | [60] | Diaphoretic, reddenings, burns, sunburns, tussis, rheumatisms, refreshing, diuretic | Le, Ap | Anti-inflammatory | Oi | [27] | |
Heliotropium europaeum L. | Not reported | [67] | Urinary inflammations | Ap | [49] | Antibacterial | Oi | [30] |
Capparaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Capparis spinosa L. | chiappara | [62] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Antiviral | Bl | [31] |
Cactaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.** | ficuniano | [60] | Antispasmodic, antidiarrhoeic, diuretic, to treat bronchitis, | Fl, Fr | [49] | Anti-inflammatory | Cld | [32] |
Cucurbitaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich.** | cucummeru | [57] | Antirheumatic | Fr | [51] | Cholagogic | Frj | [33] |
Dryopteridaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott. | filici masculu | [58] | To treat sores provoked by severe burns | Le | [49] | Anti-helmintic, anti-amebic, antiparasitic, antiprotozoal | Ro | [34] |
Euphorbiaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Ricinus communis L. | ricinu | [26] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Laxative | Se | [28] |
Fabaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Lupinus albus L. | lupinu | To treat dermatitis in cattle | Ep | [50] | Gingival anti-inflammatory | Se | [35] | |
Fagaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Quercus spp. | cerza | Intestinal astringent, detoxifying, cicatrizing | Dried bark of young stems and galls | [50] | Anti-inflammatory, antidiarrhoeic | Ba | [27] | |
Gentianaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Erythraea centaurium (L.) Borkh. | brundulija | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Eupeptic, antidyspeptic | Le, Fl | [27] | |
Gentiana lutea L. | genziana | [55] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Antidyspeptic, eupeptic | Ro | [27] |
Juglandaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Juglans regia L.* | nuci | [68] | Vermifuge, anti-diarrhoeic, stomachic, to remove calluses, against excessive feet perspiration | Hu, Le, Fr, Fle | Anti-inflammatory | Le | [27] | |
Hyacinthaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urginea maritima (L.) Baker | cipuddazza | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Cardiotonic | Bl | [28] | |
Lamiaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Ajuga chamaepitys Guss. | campezio | [72] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | anabolic, analgesic, anti-arthritic, antibacterial, antiestrogenic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antileukemic, antimalarial antimycobacterial, antioxidant, antipyretic, cardiotonic, cytotoxic, hypoglycemic, vasorelaxing activity°° | Ep | [36] |
Ballota nigra L. | marrobio nero | [63] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Antioxidant | Le | [44] |
Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi | nipitella | To cure insect and snake bites, cicatrizing | Fle, Fh | Antibacterial | Eoi | [45] | ||
Hyssopus officinalis L. | issopu | [65] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Emmenagogue | Ro | [27] |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | rosimarinu | To ripen abscesses quickly, carminative, digestive, to speed up the recovery of sores and wounds | Fl, Le, Br | [49] | Eupeptic, antidyspeptic, emmenagogue, anti-inflammatory | Le, Fh, Eoi | [27] | |
Salvia officinalis L. | sarvia | Digestive, antiasthmatic, to speed up the recovery of sores and wounds, to treat tussis, to cure aphtas and stomatitis, to treat swollen testicles and related pains | Le, Fl, Dle | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory | Le, Ap | [27] | ||
Teucrium chamaedrys L. | cametriu | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Poisonous | ---- | [37] | |
Lythraceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Punica granatum L. | granato | [58] | Haemostatic, vermifuge | Frb, Rob | [51] | Emmenagogue | Rob | [27] |
Myrtaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Eucalyptus spp. | calipsi | Antiseptic of the respiratory tract | Le | [50] | Antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, spasmolytic, expectorant | Le | [27] | |
Oleaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Olea europaea L. | alivu | Cholagogic, hypotensive, astringent, suppurative, to treat small burns, tooth ache | Le, Rfr, Ba, Oi | Hypotensive, diuretic, spasmolytic, antipyretic | Le | [27] | ||
Papaveraceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Chelidonium majus L. | cucumaju | [56] | To treat warts, calluses, gastric pains | La, Le | [49] | Cholagogic, choleretic, hypotensive, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antidyspeptic | Ap | [27] |
Fumaria officinalis L. | fumaria | [11] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Cholagogic, choleretic | Ap | [27] |
Piperaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Piper nigrum L. | pipi nivuro | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrhoeal, eupeptic | Se | [46] | |
Poaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Arundo donax L. | canna | [62] | Haemostatic, cicatrising, to treat throat inflammations and bronchitis | Sa, Rh | Hypotensive, spasmolytic | Rh | [38] | |
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. | acropastu, addisa, gramigna | Diuretic, to alleviate rheumatic pains, inflammations of the digestive and urogenital system | Ap, Rh, Se | Diuretic, anti-inflammatory | Ro | [27] | ||
Rosaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Prunus spinosa L. | cucumele | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Anti-inflammatory | Fr | [27] | |
Rutaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Citrus bergamia Risso | bergamotto | [64] | Cicatrizing and antiseptic for wounds and chilblains, to cure anomalous vaginal secretions, as a contraceptive | Eoi | [49] | Antimicrobial | Ba | [47] |
Citrus limonum Risso | limuni | Stomachic, to treat cough, slimming agent, chilblains, migraine (after drunkenness), toothache, rheumatisms, oral hollow diseases | Frj, Fr, | [49] | Anti-inflammatory | Frj | [39] | |
Ruta spp. | ruta | Anti-helmintic, to treat gastritis, abscesses, rheumatic pains, headache, intestinal inflammations and eye reddening | Ap, Le | Antibacterial | Le | [48] | ||
Salicaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Salix spp. | salici | [58] | Against fever and rheumatic pains | Ba | [50] | Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic | Ba | [27] |
Smilacaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Smilax aspera L. | strazza buttuni | [11] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Adaptogen | Ro | [27] |
Solanaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Solanum dulcamara L. | durcamara | [11] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | To treat dermatitis | St | [27] |
Capsicum annuum L. | pipariaddru | To rise blood flow to superficial tissues | Fr | [49] | Antidyspeptic, anti-inflammatory | Fr | [27] | |
Capsicum annuum L. Var. acuminatum Fing. | pipi | Revulsive | Fr | [49] | Antioxidant | Fr | [40] | |
Tamaricaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Tamarix spp. | vruca | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Antioxidant, antibacterial | Fl, Le | [41] | |
Urticaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Parietaria officinalis L. | erba 'i muru | Diuretic, depurative, cholagogue, to treat bruises, haematoma, kidney stones, abscesses, skin inflammations, viper bite | Le, Ro, Ap, Ep | Diuretic, uricosuric | Ap | [42] | ||
Urtica dioica L. | urdica | [62] | Antirheumatic, hepatoprotective, to treat haemorrhoids, renal troubles | Ap, Ro, Le, To | Diuretic, anti-inflammatory | Ap, Ro | [27] | |
Urtica urens L. | urdica piccola | [63] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Diuretic, anti-inflammatory | Ap, Ro | [27] |
Valerianaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Valeriana officinalis L. | malariana | [65] | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Sedative | Ro | [27] |
Verbenaceae | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Verbena officinalis L.* | erba di la crucivia | Not Reported | ---- | ---- | Anti-inflammatory, analgesic | Le | [43] |