Table 1 Zootherapeutics resources used in Ethnoveterinary medicine of Cariri microregion, Paraiba State, Brazil

INSECTA

Apidae

Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) - Italian honey bee, "abelha italiana"

MO, SU

3

0.04

Honey (1)

Eye problems, especially blindness and inflammations

ca, eq, go, sh

Honey (2)

Colds in cattle

ca

Melipona subnitida (Ducke, 1910) - jandaíra bee, "Abelha Jandaíra"

MO, SU

3

0.04

Honey (1)

Eye problems, especially blindness and inflammations

Domestic animals in general

Honey (2)

Colds in cattle

ca

Partamona seridoensis Pedro & Camargo, 2003 - "abelha cupira", cupira bee

MO, SU

35

0.52

Honey (1)

Eye problems, especially blindness and inflammations; swellings, dermal inflammations, 'estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin), wounds, furunculosis, lesions

Domestic animals in general, mainly ca, go, sh, eq.

Honey (2)

Colds in cattle

ca

Honey (2)

Chickens' gogo (infectious coryza, a type of cold)

ch

'Saburá' (3)

'Mother's body' (uterine prolapse)

ma, co, go, sh

Scaptotrigona sp. - "abelha canudo"

SU

1

0.01

Honey (1)

Eye problems, especially blindness and inflammations

Domestic animals in general

Bothriuridae

Bothriurus asper Pocock, 1893 - black scorpion

MO

6

0.09

Sting (4)

Dermal nodules and furunculosis

ca, go, sh

Buthidae

Rhopalurus rochai (Borelli, 1910) - "Escorpião amarelo do sertão"

MO

7

0.10

Sting (4)

Dermal nodules and furunculosis

ca, go, sh

Termitidae

Nasutitermes corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) - termite black

MO

6

0.09

Whole animal (2)

Chickens' gogo (infectious coryza, a type of cold)

ch, hg

FISHES

Electrophoridae

Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus, 1766) - electric eel

MO, SU

2

0.03

Fat (1)

Wounds

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Erythrinidae

Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) - Trahira, "traíra"

MO

4

0.06

Fat (1)

Lesions in eyes and hooves of cattle

ca

AMPHIBIANS

Bufonidae

Rhinella schneideri (Werner, 1894) - Cururu toad, "sapo cururu" ^LC

SU

11

0.16

Viscera (1)

'Esponja de cavalo' (Dermal wounds brought about by infestation of larvae of Habronema muscae)

eq

Fat (1)

Wounds, 'estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin), lesions

Domestic animals in general

REPTILES

Alligatoridae

Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801) - Cayman, "jacaré-do-papo-amarelo" ^LC

MO

1

0.01

Leather (5), fat (1)

Wounds, 'estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin)

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

"Black alligator" -Unidentified species

MO

1

0.01

Leather (5), fat (1)

Wounds, 'estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin)

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Chelidae

Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) - Geoffroy's side-necked turtle, "cágado"

MO, SU

30

0.45

Fat (1)

Wounds, 'estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin), ear problems, inflammations, dermal nodules, furunculosis, burns

Some animal, mainly ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Fat (3)

'Mother's body' (uterine prolapse)

Some livestock, mainly cattle

Iguanidae

Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common Green Iguana, "Camaleão

MO, SU

9

0.13

Fat (2)

Throat problems

ca

Fat (1)

Wounds, 'estrepes', eye problems

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Teiidae

Tupinambis merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) - Lizard teju, "tegu", "tejuaçú

MO, SU

48

0.72

Fat (1)

Burns, inflammations, wounds, 'estrepes', lesions, ear problems, throat problems, swellings, dermal nodules, furunculosis, snake bite, cracks in hooves of cattle, Eye problems, especially blindness

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Fat (2)

Sore throat

ct, do, cv

Fat (2)

Intestinal infections, snake bite

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Order Testudines

"Sea turtle" - Espécie não identificada

MO

1

0.01

Fat (1)

Wounds

Domestic animals in general

Testudinidae

Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) - Red-footed tortoise, "jabuti"

MO

1

0.01

Fat (1)

'Estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin)

Domestic animals in general

Viperidae

Crotalus durissus Linnaeus, 1758 - South American rattlesnake, "Cascavel"

MO, SU

44

0.66

Fat (1)

Wounds, 'estrepes', lesions, dermal nodules, furunculosis, snake bite; Eye problems, especially blindness and inflammations

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Fat (6)

Rheumatism

ca, eq

Fat (2)

Fever, throat problems

cv

'Maracá' (rattle) (7)

Protect the cattle against snake bites

ca

BIRDS

Cariamidae

Cariama cristata (Linnaeus, 1766) - "sariema" ^LC

MO

1

0.01

Fat (1)

Swellings

Domestic animals in general

Cathartidae

Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793) - Black vulture, "urubu", "urubu-preto" ^LC

MO

1

0.01

Feather (8)

Tick fever

ca

Corvidae

Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied-Neuwied, 1821) - White-naped Jay, "Pássaro cancão" ^LC

MO, SU

2

0.03

Feather (8)

Tick fever

ca

Whole animal (9)

To protect livestock against 'evil eyes'

ca, eq, go, pi

Meleagrididae

Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 - turkey, "peru"

MO, SU

8

0.12

Fat (1)

'Estrepes', lesions, wounds

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Phasianidae

Gallus gallus domesticus Linnaeus, 1758) - Domestic chicken, "Galinha"

MO, SU

8

0.12

Fat (1)

Inflammations, dermal nodules, 'estrepes', furunculosis, lesions, mastitis

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Fat (2)

Throat problems

cv

Fat (10)

"Oca" (Bovine gangrenous coryza)

ca

Fat (6)

Rheumatism

ca, eq

Eggs (1)

Weakness

cv

Rheidae

Rhea americana (Linnaeus, 1758) - Greater rhea, "ema" ^NT

MO, SU

5

0.07

Fat (1)

'Estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin), wounds, lesions, furunculosis

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Tinamidae

Nothura maculosa cearensis Naumburg, 1932 - Spotted Nothura, "Codorniz" ^LC

MO, SU

22

0.33

Feather (11, 12)

Snake bites

Domestic animals in general

MAMMALS

Agoutidae

Agouti paca (Linnaeus, 1766) - Spotted paca, "paca" ^LC

MO

1

0.01

Bile (2)

Snake bites

Domestic animals in general

Bovidae

Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 - Domestic cattle, "Vaca"

MO, SU

16

0.24

Milk (13)

To treat intestinal worms (anthelmintic)

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Milk (1)

Mastitis

co, go, sh

Homemade butter (1)

Dermal nodules, burns, 'estrepes', inflammations, mastitis

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Homemade butter (2)

Throat problems

cv

Horn or skull (14)

To protect animals against 'evil eyes'

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758 - "bode"

MO, SU

6

0.24

Fat (1)

Wounds

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Homemade butter (1)

Dermal inflammation

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Leather (7)

To protect animals against snake bites

ca, ho, go, sh

Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 - Ram, sheep, "Carneiro"

MO, SU

60

0.90

Fat/Castrated ram suet (1)

Wounds, 'estrepes', lesions, bone fractures, 'junta dura' (rheumatism), dermal nodules, inflammations, swellings

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Castrated ram suet (10)

'Oca' (Bovine gangrenous coryza)

ca

Castrated ram suet (6)

Rheumatism

ca, ho, ma

Fat/Castrated ram suet (15)

'Caruara de bezerro' (omphaloarteritis)

cv

Horn or skull (14)

To protect animals against 'evil eyes'

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Leather (7)

To protect animals against snake bites

ca, go, ho, sh

Canidae

Canis lupus familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 - Domestic dog, "cachorro"

MO

1

0.01

Head (1)

Retained placenta

co

Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) - Crab-eating fox, "raposa" ^LC

MO, SU

47

0.70

Fat (1)

Wounds, 'estrepes', inflammations, lesions

Domestic animals in general

Fat (2)

Throat problems

cv

Tail (16), Leather (16)

'To protect animals against attacks by bats'

ca, go, sh, eq and mainly chickens

Fat (17)

Respiratory problems

ca

Suet (6)

'Junta dura' (rheumatism)

ca, ho, ma

Fat (3)

'Mother's body' (uterine prolapse)

co

Caviidae

Cavia aperea Erxleben, 1777 - "Preá" ^LC

MO

1

0.01

Fat (1)

Furunculosis

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied, 1820) - Rock cavy, "Mocó" ^LC

SU

3

0.04

Fat (1)

Spine problems

ca

Meat (2)

Weakness in dogs and cats

ct, do

Order Cetacea

"Baleia" - unidentified species

SU

1

0.01

Fat (1)

Wounds, 'estrepes'

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Cervidae

Mazama gouazoupira (G. Fischer, 1814) - Gray brocket, "veado catingueiro"

MO

3

0.04

Horn (14)

To protect animals against 'evil eyes'

ca, eq, go, sh

Fat (6)

'Junta dura' (rheumatism)

ca, eq, go, sh

Fat (1)

Lesions

ca, eq, go, sh

Dasypodidae

Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Nine-banded armadillo, "tatu galinha" ^LC

MO

1

0.01

Fat (1)

Wounds

Domestic animals in general

Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Six-banded armadillo "tatu peba" ^LC

MO

1

0.01

Fat (1)

Wounds

Domestic animals in general

Felidae

Leopardus tigrinus (Schreber, 1775) - Little Tiger Cat, "gato-pintado" ^VU

MO, SU

11

0.16

Fat (2)

Intestinal disorders

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Fat (1)

'Estrepes' (suck a splinter out of skin)

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Tail (16), Leather (16)

'To protect animals against attacks by bats'

ca, ct, do, go, sh, eq and mainly chickens

Leather (5)

Swellings

Domestic animals in general

Puma yagouaroundi (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803) - jaguarundi, "gato-do-mato vermelho", "gato-do-mato azul" ^VU

MO, SU

14

0.21

Fat (2)

Intestinal disorders

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Fat (1)

'Estrepes' (suck a splinter out of

skin)

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Tail (16), Leather (16)

'To protect animals against attacks by bats'

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq

Leather (5)

Swellings

Domestic animals in general

Hominidae

Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 - human

MO

2

0.03

Urine (2)

To tame angry animals

ca, eq, go, sh

Mustelidae

Conepatus semistriatus (Boddaert, 1785) - Striped hog-nosed skunk, "cangambá", "gambambá", tacaca ^LC

MO, SU

2

0.03

Meat (2)

Weakness in dogs and cats

ct, do

Bones (18)

'Junta dura' (rheumatism)

ca, ho, go

Myrmecophagidae

Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) - Collared Anteater

SU

8

0.12

Leather (16)

'To protect animals against attacks by bats'

ca, ct, do, go, sh, eq and mainly chickens

Procyonidae

Procyon cancrivorus (G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1798) - Crab-eating raccoon, "guaxinim" ^LC

SU

3

0.04

Tail (16), Leather (16)

'To protect animals against attacks by bats'

ca, ct, do, go, sh, eq and mainly chickens

Suidae

Sus scrofa domesticus Linnaeus, 1758 - domestic pig

MO, SU

3

0.04

Fat (1)

Wounds, bone fractures, mastitis

ca, ct, do, go, ho, sh, eq