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Table 1 Medicinal animals and its respective uses in popular medicine in Latin America

From: The faunal drugstore: Animal-based remedies used in traditional medicines in Latin America

Family/Species

Conditions to which remedies are prescribed

References

PORIFERA

  

Spongiidae

  

Spongia officinalis Linnaeus, 1759

Unspecified

[124]

CNIDARIANS

  

Mussidae

  

Mussismilia harttii (Verril, 1868)

Vaginal discharge, diarrhoea

[11, 149]

Physaliidae

  

Physalia physalia (Linnaeus, 1758) - Portuguese-man-of-war, jellyfish

Asthma

[79, 11, 31, 146]

MOLLUSCS

  

Ampullariidae

  

Pomacea lineata (Spix, 1827) - Snail, Clam

Asthma, sprains, boils, ulcer

[79, 11, 31, 97, 115, 146, 161, 169]

Megalobulimidae

  

Megalobulimus oblongus (Mueller, 1774) -clam

Asthma

[11, 66]

Donacidae

  

Iphigenia brasiliana (Lamarck, 1818) - giant coquina

Teething

[80, 146]

Loliginidae

  

Loligo vulgaris Lamarck, 1798

Unspecified

[80]

Cassidae

  

Cassis tuberosa (Linnaeus, 1758) - Conch

Asthma

[99, 146]

Littorinidae

  

Littorina angulifera (Lamarck, 1822) - Periwinkle snail

Chesty cough, shortness of breath

[79, 146]

Lucinidae

  

Phacoides pectinatus (Gmelin, 1791) - Shellfish

Sexual impotence

[11, 146]

Melongenidae

  

Pugilina morio (Linnaeus, 1758) - Conch

Sexual impotence

[11, 99, 146]

Mytilidae

  

Mytella charruana (Orbigny, 1842) - Mussel, Shellfish

Ophthalmological problems

[11, 99, 146]

Mytella guyanensis Lamarck (1819) - Mussel, Shellfish

Weakness

[79, 146]

Ostreidae

  

Crassostrea rhizophorae (Guilding, 1828) Mangrove oyster

Osteoporosis, pneumonia, stomach ache, cancer, flu, weakness, pain relief in injuries caused by the dorsal fin spine of a species of catfish, anaemia, tuberculosis

[79, 146]

Strombidae

  

Aliger pugilis Linnaeus, 1758 - West Indian fighting conch

Sexual impotence

[11, 99, 146]

Teredinidae

  

Neoteredo reynei (Bartsch, 1920) - Shipworm

Anaemia, tuberculosis

[69, 146]

Teredo pedicellata Quatrefages, 1849

Tuberculosis

[99, 146]

Vasidae

  

Turbinella laevigata (Anton, 1839) - Conch

Sexual impotence

[99, 146]

Veneridae

  

Anomalocardia brasiliana (Gmelin, 1791) - Clam, shellfish

Asthma, flu, stomach ache

[79, 146]

Octopodidae

  

Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1799) - common octopus

Unspecified

[117]

ANNELIDA

  

Lumbricidae

  

Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758)

Inflamatory process

[87]

CHELICERATA

  

Bothriuridae

  

Bothriurus asper Pocock, 1893 - black scorpion

Ethnoveterinary use

[127, 178]

Buthidae

  

Rhopalurus rochai (Borelli 1910)

Scorpion bite, ethnoveterinary use

[127, 151, 178]

CRUSTACEANS

  

Calappidae

  

Calappa ocellata Holthuis, 1958 - Ocellate box crab

Asthma, osteoporosis

[11, 36, 146]

Gecarcinidae

  

Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille, 1825 - Blue land crab

Asthma, bronchitis, wounds, boils

[11, 146]

Grapsidae

  

Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille, 1802) - Mangrove root crab

Epilepsy, venereal disease

[79, 11, 99]

Plagusia depressa (Fabricius, 1775) - Tidal spray crab

Epilepsy

[11, 99, 146]

Hippidae

  

Emerita portoricensis Schmitt, 1935 - Puerto Rican sand crab

Earache

[11, 99, 146]

Ocypodidae

  

Ocypode quadrata (JC Fabricius, 1787) - Ghost crab

Asthma, haemorrhage in women, flu, to alleviate the symptoms of intoxication with poison of niquim (Pisces, Batrachoididae)

[79, 119, 146]

Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) - Swamp Land crab

Haemorrhage in women, incontinence urinary, osteoporosis, cough, asthma, tuberculosis, womb disorders, arthrosis, bronchitis

[79, 119, 146]

Uca maracoani (Latreille, 1802) - Fiddler crab

Asthma, whooping cough

[79, 119, 146]

Palaemonidae

  

Macrobrachium carcinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Bigclaw river shrimp, Painted river prawn

Amnesia

[11, 99, 146]

Macrobrachium acanthurus (Wiegmann, 1836) - Cinnamon river shrimp

Irritation when milk teeth are erupting

[79, 146]

Macrobrachium borellii (Nobili, 1896) - Freshwater shrimp

Irritation when milk teeth are erupting

[79, 146]

Penaeidae

  

Xiphopenaeus schmitti (Burkenroad, 1936) - Southern white shrimp

Irritation when milk teeth are erupting, skin spots

[79, 146]

Xiphopenaeus kroyeri (Heller, 1862) - Atlantic seabob

Irritation when milk teeth are erupting, skin spots

[79, 146]

Pseudosquillidae

  

Cloridopsis dubia (H. M. Edwards, 1837) - Mantis shrimp

Asthma

[79, 146, 164]

Armadillidiidae

  

Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1804) - Pillbug

Asthma

[177]

Sesarmidae

  

Aratus pisoni (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) - Mangrove crab

Epilepsy, to alleviate the symptoms of intoxication with poison of Colomesus psittacus

[7, 9, 11, 99, 146]

Mithracidae

  

Mithrax hispidus (J. F. W. Herbst, 1790) - coral clinging crab

Burns

[151]

Portunidae

  

Callinectes bocourti A. Milne-Edwards, 1879 - Bocourt swimming crab

Unspecified

[80]

Callinectes exasperatus Gerstaecker, 1856 - rugose swimming crab

Unspecified

[80]

INSECTS

  

Apidae

  

Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758) - Africanised honey bee

Cough, flu, rheumatism, tuberculosis, bronchits, hoarseness, ulcer, diabetes, verminosis, headache, giddiness, backache, wounds, burns, mumps, varicose veins, arthrosis, cellulitis, amoebiasis, sore throat, asthma, anaemia, catarrh

[79, 63, 97, 119, 146, 170]

Cephalotrigona capitata (Smith, 1854) - Bee

Snake bite

[11, 146]

Frieseomelitta silvestrii (Friese, 1902) - Stingless bee

Flu

[11, 146]

Frieseomelitta varia (Lepeletier, 1836) - Bee

Gonorrhea

[136]

Melipona compressipes (Fabricius, 1804) - Stingless bee

Asthma, cough

[79, 146]

Melipona mandacaia Smith, 1863 - Stingless bee

Wounds

[146, 170]

Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier, 1836 - Neotropical stingless bee

Snake bite

[146, 187]

Melipona scutellaris (Latreille, 1811) - Stingless bee

Headache, migraine, stroke, verminosis, stomach ache, tuberculosis, haemorrhage, cataracts, mycosis in the mouth, flu, cancer, asthma, bronchits, intestinal disorders, cough, sexual impotence, ophthalmological problems, weakness, thrombosis, amoebiasis, snake bite, rabies, sinusitis, fatigue

[7, 9, 98, 109, 110, 164]

Melipona subnitida (Ducke, 1910) - Honey bee

Flu, sore throat

[79, 11, 109, 110, 118]

Melipona fulva (Lepeletier, 1836) - bee

Unspecified

[86]

Melipona asilvai Moure, 1971 - bee

Headache, flu

[121]

Melipona marginata Lepeletier, 1836 - bee

Cough

[81]

Partamona Cupira (Smith, 1863) - Stingless bee

Sore throat, swelling, headache, thrombosis, stroke, leucoma, "slightly clean", cuts, wounds, cough, catarrh, toaday, sinusitis, effusion

[11, 99, 109, 110, 128, 164, 165, 187]

Partamona seridoensis Pedro & Camargo, 2003 - Cupira bee

Ethnoveterinary uses

[127, 178]

Plebeia cf. emerina Friese, 1900 - Mosquito

Mycosis in the mouth area

[11, 118, 166, 170, 177]

Tetragonisca angustula Latreille, 1811 - Bee

Cataracts, sinusitis, cough, flu, ophthalmological problems, sore throat, leucoma

[79, 71, 112, 170]

Trigona mosquito Lutz, 1931 - Stingless bee

Cough

[11, 71, 113]

Trigona spinipes (Fabricius, 1793) - Stingless bee

Asthma, cough, flu, bronchits, acne, diabetes, stroke, thrombosis, migraine, itching, sore throat, giddiness, weakness, scabies, nasal congestion, to induce abortion, whooping cough, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, earache, epilepsy, shortness of breath, late menstruation, fatigue, effusion

[11, 97, 110, 115, 118, 161, 164, 170]

Lestrimelitta limao (Smith, 1863) - bee

Dizziness

[81]

Forficulidae

  

Forficula auricularia Linnaeus, 1758

Earache, whooping cough

[38]

Tenebrioninae

  

Eleodes spinipes (Solier, 1848)

To keep away from bad spirits

[103]

Cerambycidae

  

Macrodontia cervicornis (Linné, 1758)

Unspecified

[82]

Blattidae

  

Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758) - American cockroach

Heartburn, asthma, stomach ache, intestinal colic, earache, alcoholism, epilepsy, vomit, boil, haemorrhage, bronchits, diarrhoea, gonorrhea, panaris, cancer, stroke, burns, menstrual cramps, wounds, to suck a splinter out of skin or flesh, detoxification, avoiding pregnancy

[7, 9, 11, 31, 71, 109, 112, 115, 128, 130, 170]

Eurycotis manni (Rehn, 1916)

Unspecified

[170]

Blaberidae

  

Rhyparobia maderae (Fabricius, 1781) - Madeira cockroach

Asthma

[50]

Chrysomelidae

  

Coraliomela brunnea Thumberg, 1821 - Fake cockroach

Epilepsy

[8, 11, 132, 146]

Pachymerus cf. nucleorum (Fabricius, 1792) - Caterpillar

Earache, stroke, swelling, wounds, seborrheic dermatitis, inflammation, thrombosis

[71, 112, 159, 170]

Curculionidae

  

Rhynchophorus palmarum Linnaeus, 1758 - Pest of coconut palm

Fever, headache, boils

[149, 153]

Rhinostomus barbirostris Fabricius, 1775 - Pest of coconut palm

Fever, headache, boils

[149, 153]

Rhina barbirostris Champion, G.C., 1910

Fever, headache, boils

[153]

Formicidae

  

Atta cephalotes (Linnaeus, 1758) - Leaf-cutter ant

Sore throat

[79, 11, 66, 144]

Atta serdens (Linnaeus, 1758) - Leaf-cutting

Stomach ache, heart diseases, chest palpations

[11, 70, 71, 113]

Dinoponera quadriceps (Santschi, 1921) - Bullet ant

Asthma

[79, 11, 109, 170]

Acromyrmex landolti (Emery, 1980)- ant

Asthma

[66]

Solenopsis saevissima (Smith, 1855) - Ant

Wart

[102]

Gryllidae

  

Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) - House cricket

Scabies, asthma, eczema, lithiasis, earache, oliguresis, rheumatism, urine retention, children that urinate in bed and speak with lateness, incontinence urinary, ophthalmological problems

[11, 113]

Paragryllus temulentus Saussure 1878 - Cricket

Rheumatism

[69]

Gryllus assimilis (Fabricius, 1775) - cricket

Warts

[81]

Meloidae

  

Palembus dermestoides (Fairmaire, 1893) - Peanut beeatle

Sexual impotence, ophthalmological problems, rheumatism, weakness

[11, 71, 113, 163]

Pseudomeloe andensis (Guérin Méneville 1992)

Warts

[189]

Muscidae

  

Musca domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) - House fly

Boil, baldness, eyesore, external sebaceus lamps, stye, spots in the face, ophthalmological problems, dermatosis, cysties, erysipelas

[11, 115, 165]

Pediculidae

  

Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, 1758 - Body louse, Head louse

Tootache

[159]

Psychidae

  

Eurycotis manni Rehn, 1916 - Beetle

Headache

[11, 71, 115, 128, 146, 177]

Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding, 1827 - Case moth

Asthma, earache, haemorrhage

[11, 113]

Termitidae

  

Microcerotermes exignus (Hagen, 1858), Termite

Asthma, bronchits, flu, whopping cough

[11, 70]

Nasutitermes macrocephalus (Silvestri, 1903) - Termite

Asthma, catarrh, bronchitis, 'catarrh in the chest' coughs, influenza, sore throat, sinusitis, tonsillitis and hoarseness

[128, 130, 144]

Nasutitermes corninger (Motschulsky, 1855) - termite

Unspecified

[172]

Vespidae

  

Apoica pallens (Oliv. 1791) - Paper wasp

Thrombosis, ashtma, giddiness, nasal haemorrhage, haemorrhage, stroke, disorders after parturition, ophthalmological problems, mumps, late menstruation

[11, 71, 112, 118, 146, 166, 170]

Brachygastra lecheguana (Latreille, 1824) - Dark paper wasp

Cough, asthma

[11, 113]

Polistes canadensis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Wasp

Cough, whooping cough

[11, 116, 165]

Polybia sericea (Olivier, 1791) - Wasp

Thrombosis

[11, 118]

Protopolybia exigua (Saussure, 1854) - Wasp

Evil eye, tobaccoism, ophthalmological problems

[11, 118]

Synoeca surinama (Linnaeus, 1767) - Paper wasp

Asthma, shortness of breath

[11, 71, 118]

Protonectarina sylveirae (Saussure, 1854)-

Mumps, hemorrhage, blooding and menstrual problems

[66]

ECHINODERMS

  

Echinasteridae

  

Echinaster brasiliensis Müller & Troschel, 1842 - Starfish

Asthma

[11, 36, 63, 130]

Echinaster echinophorus Lamarck, 1816 - Starfish

Asthma

[71, 99, 130, 163]

Echinometridae

  

Echinometra lucunter (Linnaeus, 1758) - Rock boring urchin

Asthma

[11, 36, 99, 114, 119, 130, 146, 163, 228]

Luidiidae

  

Luidia senegalensis Lamarck, 1916 - Starfish

Asthma, cough, metrorrhagia

[79, 11, 36, 99, 114, 119, 130, 146, 163, 228]

Mellitidae

  

Mellita sexiesperforata (Leske, 1778) - Six holed keyhole urchin

Asthma, cough

[99]

Mellita quinquiesperforata (Leske, 1778)

Asthma

[11, 99, 130]

Oreasteridae

  

Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Starfish

Asthma

[79, 30, 31, 66, 109, 128, 146]

Toxopneustidae

  

Lytechinus variegatus (Lamarck, 1816) - Green sea urchin

Snake bite

[68, 146]

FISHES

  

Auchenipteridae

  

Trachelyopterus galeatus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Driftwood Cat

Umbilical hernia, asthma, sexual impotence

[71, 97, 161, 163, 228]

Anostomidae

  

Leporinus friderici (Bloch, 1794) - Frederici's leporinus

Earache

[188]

Leporinus piau Fowler, 1941 Black piau

Rheumatism

[71]

Leporinus steindachneri Eigenmann, 1907

Problems with cholesterol

[109]

Schizodon knerii (Steindachner, 1875) - White piau

Leucoma, edema

[97]

Ariidae

  

Bagre bagre (Linnaeus, 1766) - Coco sea catfish

pain relief in injuries caused by the dorsal fin spine of a species of catfish

[114, 115, 163]

Genidens barbus (Lacepède, 1803) - White sea catfish

pain relief in injuries caused by the dorsal fin spine of a species of catfish

[8, 114, 162]

Genidens genidens (Cuvier, 1829) - catfish

pain relief in injuries caused by the dorsal fin spine of a species of catfish

[8, 126]

Sciadeichthys luniscutis (Valenciennes, 1837) - Catfish

pain relief in injuries caused by the dorsal fin spine of a species of catfish

[8, 114, 162]

Genidens barbus (Lacepède, 1803 - catfish

Unspecified

[111]

Cathorops spixii (Agassiz, 1829) - catfish

Unspecified

[80]

Aspredinidae

  

Aspredo aspredo (Linnaeus, 1758) - Banjo, catfish

Asthma

[79]

Aspredinichthys tibicen (Valenciennes, 1840) - Tenbarbed banjo

Asthma

[79]

Balistidae

  

Balistes capriscus Gronow, 1854 - Grey triggerfish

Bronchits

[85]

Balistes vetula (Linnaeus, 1758) - Queen triggerfish

Stroke, asthma, thrombosis, earache, Injuries caused by fish species, haemorrhage, ascites, schistosomiasis, appendicitis, menstrual cramps, gastritis

[79, 114, 162, 228]

Batrachoididae

  

Thalassophryne nattereri (Steindachner, 1876) - Venomous toadfish

Injuries caused by fish species

[4, 79, 114, 115, 162]

Callichthyidae

  

Callichthys callichthys (Linnaeus, 1758) - Armoured catfish

Asthma, umbilical hérnia

[4, 8, 97, 114, 115]

Carcharhinidae

  

Carcharhinus limbatus (Müller & Henle, 1839) - Blackfin shark

Osteoporosis

[79]

Carcharhinus porosus (Ranzani, 1840) - Smalltail shark

Asthma, rheumatism, wounds, inflammations, osteoporosis, anaemia

[79, 69, 114]

Carcharhinus leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) - shark

Unspecified

[30]

Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822) - Tiger shark

Osteoporosis

[79]

Rhizoprionodon lalandii (Müller & Henle, 1839) - Brazilian sharpnose shark

Rheumatism

[79]

Rhizoprionodon porosus (Poey, 1861) - Sharpnose shark

Rheumatism

[79]

Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834) - Scalloped hammerhead

Asthma, wounds, rheumatism, inflammation

[8, 9, 114, 162, 228]

Salmonidae

  

Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) - redband trout

Rheumatism, bad smell of feet

[148]

Centropomidae

  

Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 - Smallscale fat snook

Nephritis

[149]

Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792) - Common snook

Edema in the legs

[79, 114, 162, 228]

Characidae

  

Astyanax bimaculatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Twospot astyanax

Alcoholism, leishmaniosis, skin burns, wounds, rheumatism

[79, 114, 157, 162, 228]

Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz, 1956) - Cardinal tetra

Ashtma

[82]

Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier, 1818

Unspecified

[82]

Brycon nattereri Günther, 1864 - Pirapitinga

Flu

[168]

Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818) - Black-finned colossoma

Paralysis of arms and legs

[8, 70]

Hydrolycus scomberoides (Cuvier, 1816) - Vampire characin

Earache

[8, 188]

Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816)- Jaw characin

Unspecified

[179]

Clupeidae

  

Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818) - Atlantic thread herring

Alcoholism

[79]

Dasyatidae

  

Dasyatis guttata (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - Longnose stingray

Asthma, Injuries caused by fish species, burns

[79]

Dasyatis marianae (Gomes, Rosa & Gadig, 2000) - Brazilian large-eyed stingray

Asthma, Injuries caused by fish species, burns

[79])

Doradidae

  

Franciscodoras marmoratus (Reinhardt, 1874) - Urutu

Injuries caused by fish species

[149]

Lithodoras dorsalis (Valenciennes, 1840) - Bacu Pedra

Swelling

[79]

Megalodoras uranoscopus (Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888) - Catfish

Rheumatism

[188]

Platydoras costatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Catfish

Rheumatism

[188]

Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes, 1821) - Catfish

Rheumatism

[188]

Oxydoras niger (Valenciennes, 1821) - Catfish

Rheumatism

[82, 188]

Echeneidae

  

Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus, 1758 - Live sharksucker

Asthma, bronchits

[8, 114, 162, 164]

Electrophoridae

  

Electrophorus electricus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Electric eel

Sprains, bruises, insect bites, snake bite, asthma, flu, pain in general, muscle strain, rheumatism, osteoporosis, deafness, pneumonia, itching, tuberculosis, earache, toothache

[79, 31, 114, 162, 164, 188]

Erythrinidae

  

Erythrinus erythrinus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - Red (hi-fin) Wolf fish

Asthma

[97]

Hoplias malabaricus (Bloch, 1794) - Trahira

Ophthalmological problems, rheumatism, cataracts, wounds, snake bite, conjunctivitis, stroke, thrombosis, asthma, toothache, fever, earache, diarrhoea, deafness, boils, bleedings, Alcoholism, tetanus, sore throat, itching, sprains, leucoma

[79, 31, 63, 97, 114, 126, 162, 164, 188]

Hoplias lacerdae Miranda Ribeiro, 1908 Giant trahira

Leucoma

[71]

Gadidae

  

Gadus morhua Linnaeus, 1758 - Atlantic cod

Boils, backache and rheumatism

[66, 228]

Ginglymostomatidae

  

Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788) - Nurse shark

Rheumatism

[79]

Heptapteridae

  

Pimelodella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1876) - Mandim

Injuries caused by that fish species

[168]

Holocentridae

  

Holocentrus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765) - Squirrelfish

Wounds

[68]

Megalopidae

  

Megalops atlanticus (Valenciennes, 1847) - Tarpon

Stroke, headache, asthma, shortness of breath, thrombosis, chest pain, injuries caused by bang

[79, 97, 114]

Monacanthidae

  

Stephanolepis hispidus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Common filefish

Unspecified

[111]

Muraenidae

  

Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, 1840 - Green moray

Bleeding

[79]

Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier, 1829) - Spotted moray

Bleeding

[79]

Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855) - Purplemouth moray

Bleeding

[79]

Odontaspididae

  

Eugomphodus taurus (Rafinesque 1810) - Cação-mangona

Unspecified

[111]

Engraulidae

  

Anchoviella lepidentostole (Fowler, 1911)

Unspecified

[80]

Pristigasteridae

  

Pellona flavipinnis Valenciennes, 1836 - Yellowfin river pellona

Unspecified

[80]

Scombridae

  

Scomberomorus cavalla Cuvier, 1829 - Kingfish

Unspecified

[80]

Myliobatidae

  

Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790) - Spotted eagle ray

Asthma, injuries caused by fish species, burns, haemorrhage

[79]

Narcinidae

  

Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers, 1831) - Brazilian electric Ray

Toothache

[111, 114, 162]

Ogcocephalidae

  

Ogcocephalus vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758) - Batfish

Asthma, bronchits

[79, 68]

Ogcocephalus nasutus (Cuvier, 1829) - Batfish

Asthma

[79]

Loricariidae

  

Hypostomus plecostomus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Asthma

[79]

Carangidae

  

Hemicaranx amblyrhynchus (Cuvier, 1833)

To accelerate recovery after parturition

[79]

Osteoglossidae

  

Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822) - Giant arapaima

Asthma, pneumonia

[188]

Osteoglossum ferreirai (Kanazawa, 1966) - Aruanã

Dermatogical problems

[87]

Pimelodidae

  

Phractocephalus hemioliopterus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - Redtail catfish

Asthma, wounds, hernia, burns in the skin, rheumatism, flu, cough, pneumonia

[87, 188]

Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Spix & Agassiz, 1829) - Spotted sorubim

Flu

[168]

Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum (Lunnaeus, 1776) - Tiger catfish

Cold

[188]

Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum (Valenciennes, 1840) - Catfish

Unspecified

[179]

Sorubimichthys planiceps (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)

Leishmaniosis, tuberculosis

[188]

Zungaro zungaro((Humboldt, 1821) - Black manguruyu

Asthma, toothache, earache, wounds, athlete's foot, burns in the skin, rheumatism, flu

[188]

Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)

Tonic

[177]

Potamotrygonidae

  

Paratrygon aiereba (Müller & Henle, 1841) - Discus Ray

Asthma, hernia, flu, pneumonia, cough, earache, burns

[188]

Potamotrygon hystrix (Müller & Henle, 1834) - Porcupine river stingray

Asthma, hernia, flu, pneumonia, cough, earache, burns

[70, 188]

Potamotrygon motoro (Müller & Henle, 1841) - Ocellate river stingray

Asthma, hernia, flu, pneumonia, cough, earache, burns

[188]

Potamotrygon orbignyi (Castelnau, 1855)

Injuries caused by fish species

[79]

Plesiotrygon iwamae Rosa, Castello & Thorson, 1987

Injuries caused by fish species, wounds, cracks in the sole of the feet

[79]

Potamotrygon signata German, 1913

Unspecified

[80]

Pristidae

  

Pristis pectinata Latham, 1794 - Smalltooth sawfish

Asthma, rheumatism, arthritis

[79]

Pristis perotteti Müller & Henle, 1841 - Largetooth sawfish, espadarte

Asthma, rheumatism and arthritis

[79]

Prochilodontidae

  

Prochilodus argenteus Spix & Agassiz, 1829 -

To avoid swelling of the breast feeding, mycosis

[168]

Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836)

Unspecified

[160]

Prochilodus nigricans Spix & Agassiz, 1829 - Black prochilodus

Chilblain, skin burns, wounds, rheumatism, eye pains

[157, 188]

Prochilodus marggravii (Walbaum, 1792)

Unspecified

[168]

Rajidae

  

Atlantoraja cyclophora Regan, 1903 - Eyespot skate

Haemorrhage after delivery

[68]

Serrasalmidae

  

Mylossoma duriventre (Cuvier, 1818)

Venereal disease

[188]

Serrasalmus brandtii (Lütken, 1875) - White piranha

Inflammations, sexual impotence

[71, 97, 126]

Serrasalmus rhombeus Linnaeus 1766

Unspecified

[80, 82]

Sciaenidae

  

Cynoscion acoupa (Lacepède, 1801) - Acoupa weakfish

Renal failure

[79, 31]

Cynoscion leiarchus (Cuvier, 1830) - Smooth weakfish

Renal failure

[79, 31]

Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823) - Whitemouth croaker

Injuries caused by fish species, cough, asthma, bronchits

[8, 85, 114, 162]

Pachyurus francisci (Cuvier, 1830) - San Francisco croaker

Asthma, urinary incontinence, backache

[168]

Plagioscion surinamensis (Bleeker, 1873) - Bashaw

Urinary disorders, haemorrhage, snake bites

[188]

Plagioscion squamosissimus (Heckel, 1840) - South american silver croaker

Urinary disorders, haemorrhage, snake bites

[188]

Sparidae

  

Calamus penna (Valenciennes, 1830) - Sheepshead porgy

Asthma

[162]

Synbranchidae

  

Synbranchus marmoratus Bloch, 1795 - Marbled swamp eel

Bronchits

[114, 162]

Syngnathidae

  

Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810 - Horsefish

Asthma

[79, 31, 75]

Hippocampus reidi (Ginsburg, 1933) - Longsnout seahorse

Asthma, edema, bronchits, haemorrhage, haemorrhage in women, disorders after parturition, gastritis, tuberculosis, to prevent abortion

[79, 31, 63, 68, 85, 164]

Hippocampus ingens Girard, 1858

Unspecified

[76]

Hippocampus spinosissimus Weber, 1913

Unspecified

[76]

Hippocampus trimaculatus Leach, 1814

Unspecified

[76]

Tetraodontidae

  

Colomesus psittacus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) - Banded puffer

Breast cancer, backache, warts

[79, 31]

Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Checkered puffer

Rheumatism

[63, 162]

Trichiuridae

  

Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758 - Largehead hairtail

Asthma

[8]

Gymnotidae

  

Gymnotus carapo Linnaeus, 1758 - Banded knifefish

Unspecified

[179]

Urolophidae

  

Urotrygon microphthalmum (Delsman, 1941) - Smalleyed round stingray

Asthma, Injuries caused by fish species, burns

[79, 31]

AMPHIBIANS

  

Bufonidae

  

Rhinella schneideri (Werner, 1894) - Cururu toad

Urinary incontinence, dental caries, cancer, wounds, boils, erysipelas acne, to induce abortion

[97, 162]

Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758) - toad

Scorpion sting, erysipelas

[87, 152, 158]

Rhinella jimi (Stevaux, 2002)- toad

Gastritis, cancer

[81]

Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824)

Unspecified

[80]

Bufo bocourti Brocchi, 1877 - toad

Rabies, AIDS

[38]

Bufo macrocristatus Firschein and Smith, 1957 - toad

Unspecified

[38]

Incilius valliceps (Wiegmann, 1833)

Unspecified

[125]

Leptodactylidae

  

Leptodactylus labyrinthicus (Spix, 1824) - South american pepper frog

Earache, rheumatism, joint pain, cancer, sore throat

[97, 162]

Leptodactylus vastus Lutz, 1930-frog

Sore throat

[66]

Leptodactylus troglodytes (A. Lutz, 1926) - Jia

Unspecified

[4]

Eleutherodactylus laticeps (Duméril, 1853)

Unspecified

[38]

Eleutherodactylus glaucus Lynch, 1967

Unspecified

[38]

Ranidae

  

Rana maculata Brocchi, 1877

Rabies

[38]

Rana berlandieri Baird, 1859

 

[38]

Lithobates montezumae (Baird, 1854)

Unspecified

[125]

Lithobates spectabilis (Hillis and Frost, 1985)

Unspecified

[125]

Hylidae

  

Hyla chaneque Duellman, 1961

Unspecified

[38]

Hyla venulosa (Laurenti, 1768)

 

[60]

Phyllomedusa bicolor (Boddaert, 1772)

Rheumatism, diabetes

[122]

Trachycephalus resinifictrix (Goeldi, 1907)

Unspecified

[82]

Phyllomedusa burmeisteri Boulenger, 1882

Unspecified

[183]

Microhylidae

  

Hypopachus barberi Schmidt, 1939

Unspecified

[38]

Ceratophryidae

  

Telmatobius culeus (Garman, 1876)

Impotence

[180]

REPTILES

  

Liolaemidae

  

Liolaemus pantherinus Pellegrin 1909

Fractures, wounds

[65, 189]

Liolaemus alticolor Barbour 1909

Fractures, wounds

[189]

Gekkonidae

  

Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau de Jonnes, 1818) - Afro-American house gecko

Sore throat

[79, 31, 164])

Gonatodes hasemani Griffin 1917

Unspecified

[174]

Iguanidae

  

Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common iguana

Earache, erysipelas, asthma, rheumatism, edema, abscesses, joint pain, wounds, acne, athlete's foot, sore throat, swelling, burn, tumour, to suck a splinter out of skin or flesh, boil, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia' and others fishes, inflammation, hernia, body aches, corisa, womb disorders, menstrual cramps

[79, 31, 97, 108, 164, 166])

Ctenosaura pectinata Wiegmann 183

Unspecified

[94, 105]

Ctenosaura similis GRAY 1831

Unspecified

[77]

Polychrotidae

  

Polychrus acutirostris Spix 1825

Impotence

[126]

Polychrus marmoratus Linnaeus 175

Impotence

[126]

Norops fuscoauratus D'orbigny 1837

Unspecified

[174]

Teiidae

  

Ameiva ameiva (Linnaeus, 1758) - Lizard

Inflammation, dermatitis, venereal diseases, snake bites

[87, 97, 108, 174]

Kentropyx pelviceps Cope 1868

Unspecified

[174]

Cnemidophorus gr. ocellifer (Spix, 1825) - Lizard

Inflammation, dermatitis, venereal diseases, snake bites

[97, 108]

Tupinambis merianae (Duméril & Bibron, 1839) - Lizard

Earache, deafness, rheumatism, erysipelas, skin thorns and wounds, respiratory diseases, sore throat, snake bite, asthma, tumour, swelling, infection, bronchits, perforation, oftalmological problems

[79, 31, 85, 97, 108, 111, 119, 162, 164, 166, 173, 190]

Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus 1758) - Lizard

Sexual impotence, rheumatism, erysipelas, dermatitis, snake bites, asthma, tetanus, earache, thrombosis, wounds, panaris, swelling, herpes zoster, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, jaundice, inflammation, tumour, sore throat, infection, bronchits, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia', pain relief in injuries caused by snake bites, toothache, suck a splinter out of skin or fresh, headache, cough, stroke, coarse throat

[79, 31, 68, 97, 108, 157, 161, 164, 166]

Tupinambis rufescens Günther 1871 - tegu

Cuts, snake bites, cold

[120]

Phrynosomatidae

  

Sceloporus serrifer Cope 1866

Unspecified

[38]

Sceloporus taeniocnemis Cope 1885

Unspecified

[38]

Sceloporus acanthinus Bocourt 1873

Unspecified

[91]

Sceloporus spinosus Wiegmann 1828

Unspecified

[91]

Sceloporus grammicus Wiegmann 1828

Diarrhea

[103]

Phrynosoma orbiculare (Duméril & Bocourt 1870)

Unspecified

[91]

Anguidae

  

Abronia lythrochila Smith & Alvarez Del Toro 1963

Unspecified

[38]

Mesaspis moreletii Bocourt 1871

Unspecified

[38]

Tropiduridae

  

Tropidurus hispidus (Spix, 1825) - Lizard

Alcoholism, dermatomycosis, warts, abscesses, boils, sore throat, erysipelas, healing of umbilical cord of newborn baby

[79, 31]

Tropidurus semitaeniatus (Spix, 1825) - Lizard

Measles, asthma, alcoholism, dermatomycosis, warts

[8, 62, 97, 162]

Tropidurus torquatus (Wied, 1820) - Lizard

Chicken pox

[79, 31, 62, 71, 97, 115, 162]

Uranoscodon superciliosus (Linnaeus, 1758)

As a sedative

[8, 62, 69, 131]

Boidae

  

Boa constrictor (Linnaeus, 1758) - Boa

Rheumatism, lung disease, thrombosis, boils, tuberculosis, stomach ache, edema, snake bite, cancer, pains, swelling, to prevent abort, pain in the body, inflammation, athlete's foot, calluses, tumours, cracks in the sole of the feets, goiter, sore throat, arthrosis, insect sting, dog bite, erysipelas, asthma, neck strain, strain muscle, backache, contusions and muscular pain

[710, 29, 31, 62, 70, 97, 121, 186, 188]

Corallus caninus (Linnaeus, 1758) - American emerald tree boa

Pain relief caused by sting of animals

[8, 29, 62]

Corallus hortolanus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Snake

To assist in removing spines or other sharp structures from the skin, rheumatism

[8, 29, 62]

Eunectes murinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Anaconda

Wounds, skin problems, bruises, sprains, arthrosis, rheumatism, boils, sexual impotence, headache, sore throat, thrombosis, swelling, tumour, asthma, muscle strain, numbness, syphilis, to reduce pain, luxation

[8, 29, 62, 71]

Eunectes notaeus (Cope, 1862)- Sucuri

Unspecified

[160]

Epicrates cenchria (Linnaeus, 1758) - Brazilian rainbow boa

Rheumatism, pain in articulations, snake bite, sore throat

[8, 29, 62, 71, 97]

Colubridae

  

Leptophis ahetula (Linnaeus, 1758) - Parrot snake

Pain relief caused by sting of animals

[8, 29, 62]

Mastigodryas bifossatus (Raddi, 1820) - Rio tropical racer

Snake bites

[8, 29, 62, 108]

Pituophis lineaticollis Cope 1861

Post partum cold, pains corporeal

[40]

Oxyrhopus trigeminus Duméril, Bibron & Duméril, 1854

Rheumatism

[8, 29, 62, 108]

Oxyrhopus formosus Wied 1820

Unspecified

[174]

Oxyrhopus melanogenys Tschudi 1845

Unspecified

[174]

Spilotes pullatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Tiger snake

Insects bite, snake bite

[8, 29, 62, 108]

Tachymenis peruviana Wiegmann, 1835

Pain in the bones, pain in kidneys and to treat inflamations, tootache and scare, fractures

[148, 189]

Drymobius margaritiferus Schlegel 1837

Mail aire, pain in bones, rheumatism

[38, 148]

Chironius carinatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Infertility

[151]

Chironius grandisquamis Peters 1869

Unspecified

[174]

Lampropeltis triangulum Lacépède 1789

Unspecified

[38, 148]

Imantodes cenchoa Linnaeus 1758

Unspecified

[174]

Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Unspecified

[174]

Crotalidae

  

Caudisona durissa (Linnaeus, 1758) - Neotropical rattlesnake

Asthma, snake bite, thrombosis, wounds, luxation, rheumatism, pain in the legs, erysipelas, deafness, epilepsy, skin diseases, tuberculosis, hanseniasis, backache, tumour, boil, headache, earache, osteoporosis, sore throat, toothache, insects bite, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, cancer, to accelerate parturition, pain in the body, avoid pregnancy, mail aire, swellings, bone aches, gastritis, eczema

[8, 29, 62, 63, 71, 97, 108, 139, 161, 164166]

Crotalus polystictus Cope 1865

Unspecified

[125]

Crotalus transversus Taylor 1944

Unspecified

[125]

Crotalus triseriatus Wagler 1830

Unspecified

[125]

Crotalus durissus Linnaeus 1758

Wounds, disorders in parturition, lepra, cancer, acne

[38, 105]

Crotalus atrox Baird & Girard 1853

Pneumonia, muscular pain, sight, sore throat, gangrene, varicose veins, ulcer

[103]

Crotalus basiliscus COPE 1864

Unspecified

[78]

Elapidae

  

Micrurus spixii Wagler 1824

Unspecified

[174]

Micrurus surinamensis Cuvier 1817

Unspecified

[174]

Micrurus ibiboboca (Merrem, 1820)

Rheumatism, snake bite

[62, 108, 139]

Viperidae

  

Bothrops leucurus Wagler, 1824 - Lance head

Tumour, boils

[62, 108, 139]

Bothrops asper Garman 1883

Unspecified

[38, 148, 152]

Bothrops atrox Linnaeus 1758

Unspecified

[80, 185]

Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766) - Bushmaster

Rheumatism, swelling, tumour, boil, insects bite, snake bite

[8]

Cerrophidion tzotzilorum Campbell 1985

Rheumatism, mail aire

[38, 148]

Atropoides nummifer Rüppell 1845

Unspecified

[38, 148]

Dipsadidae

  

Philodryas olfersii Lichenstein, 1823

Unspecified

[80]

Thamnodynastes strigatus (Günther, 1858)

Snake bite

[151]

Chelidae

  

Chelus fimbriatus (Schneider, 1783) - Matá-matá

Impotence

[82, 87, 153]

Phrynops geoffroanus (Schweigger, 1812) - Geoffroy's side-necked turtle

Asthma, sore throat, swelling, earache, rheumatism, arthrosis, healing of umbilical cord of newborn baby, mumps, ingrown nail, eczema, articulation problems, wounds

[79, 71]

Phrynops tuberosus Peters 187

Asthma, rheumatism and bruises

[109]

Mesoclemmys tuberculata (Luederwaldt, 1926) - Tuberculate toadhead turtle

Rheumatism, discharge, thrombosis, bronchits, diarrhoea, haemorrhag, asthma, sore throat, hoarseness

[62, 97, 108, 161]

Mauremys leprosa Schweigger, 1812

Unspecified

[80]

Cheloniidae

  

Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) - Loggerhead turtle

Injuries caused by bang, toothache, diabetes, headache, backache, wounds, cough, bronchits, asthma, thrombosis, rheumatism, stroke, hoarseness, flu, backache, earache, sore throat, swelling

[79, 62, 139, 142, 162]

Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) - Green sea turtle

Injuries caused by bang, toothache, diabetes, headache, backache, wounds, cough, bronchits, asthma, flu, thrombosis, rheumatism, stroke, hoarseness, earache, sore throat, swelling, whooping cough, arthritis, erysipelas, boil, arthrosis, inflammation

[79, 62, 68, 139, 142]

Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Atlantic hawksbill

Injuries caused by bang, toothache, diabetes, headache, backache, wounds, cough, bronchits, asthma, thrombosis, stroke, hoarseness, flu, rheumatism, earache, sore throat, swelling

[79, 62, 139, 142, 162]

Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829)

Injuries caused by bang, toothache, diabetes, headache, backache, wounds, cough, flu, bronchitis, asthma, thrombosis, rheumatism, stroke, hoarseness

[62, 114, 119, 162]

Dermochelyidae

  

Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) - Leatherback turtle

Rheumatism, earache, sore throat, swelling

[79, 62, 139, 142]

Geoemydidae

  

Rhinoclemmys punctularia (Daudin, 1802) - Spot-legged turtle

Wounds, tumour, erysipelas, earache, rheumatism

[79, 62, 139, 142]

Podocnemididae

  

Podocnemis expansa (Schweiger,1812) - Amazon river turtle

Inflammation, acne, tumour, boil, rheumatism, pterygium, skin spots, backache, earache, arthrosis, arthritis, swelling, wrinkle

[79, 62, 139, 141]

Podocnemis unifilis (Troschel, 1848) - Yellow-spotted river turtle

Wounds, tumour, erysipelas, earache, rheumatism

[79, 62, 139, 188]

Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia, 1849 - Six-tubercled Amazon River turtle

Blackhead, acne

[62, 69]

Peltocephalus dumeriliana Schweigger 1812

Blackhead, acne

[62, 69]

Testudinidae

  

Chelonoidis carbonaria (Spix, 1824) - Red-footed tortoise

Catarrh, erysipelas, bronchitis, to stop the sensation to getting thirsty, asthma

[8, 9, 31, 63, 115, 162, 164]

Chelonoidis denticulata (Linnaeus, 1766) - Yellowfooted tortoise

Sore throat, rheumatism, hernia, wounds, leishmaniosis, varicocele, earache, part of woman's body, asthma, pains

[8, 9, 31, 87, 157]

Gopherus flavomarginatus Legler 1959

Arthritis

[103]

Kinosternidae

  

Staurotypus triporcatus Wiegmann 1828

Unspecified

[93]

Kinosternon scorpioides Linnaeus 1766

Hermaphroditism, malaria, tuberculosis

[38, 62]

Kinosternon integrum Le Conte 1854

Smallpox

[105]

Alligatoridae

  

Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common cayman

Asthma, stroke, bronchitis, backache, earache, rheumatism, thrombosis, sexual impotence, snake bites, evil eye, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, discharge, swelling, scratch, athlete's foot, ophthalmological problems, sore throat, amulet used as a protection against snake bite, hernia, prostate problems, infection, inflammation, epilepsy

[79, 30, 62, 63, 108, 139, 162164, 166, 188]

Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801) - Cayman

Asthma, sore throat, amulet used as a protection against snake bite, rheumatism, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, hernia, prostate problems

[79, 62, 139]

Caiman yacare Daudin 1802

Unspecified

[180]

Melanosuchus niger (Spix, 1825) - Black cayman

Thrombosis, infection, swelling, asthma, amulet used as a protection against snake bite, injuries caused by spines of the 'arraia', pain relief in injuries caused by snake bites

[79, 62, 139]

Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier, 1807) - Cayman

Snake bite, asthma, stroke, rheumatism, thrombosis, backache, sexual impotence, edema, mycosis, evil eye, irritation when milk teeth are erupting, discharge, sore throat, amulet used as a protection against snake bite, hernia, prostate problems

[79, 62, 71, 139]

Paleosuchus trigonatus (Schneider, 1801)

Rheumatism

[62, 69]

Crocodylidae

  

Crocodylus moreletii Duméril & Bibron 1851

Asthma, bronchial diseases

[93]

Crocodylus acutus Cuvier 1807

Unspecified

[152]

BIRDS

  

Turdidae

  

Turdus chiguanco Lafresnaye & d'Orbigny, 1837

Stomach ache

[189]

Turdus grayi Bonaparte, 1838

Unspecified

[152]

Troglodytes musculus Naumann, 1823

Epilepsy

[72]

Cariamidae

  

Cariama cristata (Linnaeus, 1766)

Ethnoveterinary use

[127, 178]

Accipitridae

  

Geranoaetus melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1819) - Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle

The feathers are used as inensing and to makemasks, wrinkles.

[148]

Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus, 1758)

Unspecified

[179]

Buteogallus urubitinga (J. F. Gmelin, 1788)

Backache, column pain and rheumatism

[66]

Spizastur melanoleucus (Vieillot, 1816)

Unspecified

[152]

Parabuteo unicinctus (Temminck, 1824)

Snake bite

[152]

Anatidae

  

Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758) - Greylag goose

Laryngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis

[97]

Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 - mallard

General weaknesses, sexual weakness, nervous disturbances

[66]

Netta erythrophthalma (Wied-Neuwied, 1833)- 'paturi'

Male impotence and weakness

[66]

Cairina moschata (Linnaeus, 1758)

Unspecified

[111]

Lophodytes cucullatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Unspecified

[96]

Tytonidae

  

Tyto alba (Scopoli, 1769)

Unspecified

[152]

Anhimidae

  

Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus, 1766) - Horned screamer, anuhma

Intoxication from poisonous animals

[151]

Scolopacidae

  

Actitis macularius (Linnaeus, 1766)

Dandruff (seborrhea)

[96]

Ardeidae

  

Ardea cocoi (Linnaeus, 1766) - White-necked Heron

Swelling, inflammation, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia' and others fishes, asthma, boil, tumour, rheumatism, earache

[79, 87]

Ardea alba Linnaeus, 1758

Bronquithis and pneumonia

[148]

Nycticorax nycticorax (Linnaeus, 1758)

Unspecified

[96]

Apodidae

  

Streptoprocne zonaris (Shaw, 1796)

Unspecified

[106]

Casmerodius albus (Gmelin, 1789) - Garça

Bronquithis and pneumonia

[71]

Ardeidae

  

Tigrisoma lineatum (Boddaert, 1783) - socó, Rufescent Tiger-Heron

Bronquithis and pneumonia

[71]

Caprimulgidae

  

Nyctidromus albicollis (Gmelin, 1789) - Pauraque

Amulets, snake bite

[69]

Caprimulgus vociferus A. Wilson, 1812

Unspecified

[38]

Cathartidae

  

Coragyps atratus (Bechstein, 1793) - Black vulture

Deafness, bronchitis, anaemia, alcoholism, asthma, flu, earache, rheumatism, pain in the parturition, mal aire, swelling, epilepsy

[79, 31, 42, 97]

Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758) - Urubu, urubu-de-cabeça-vermelha

Unspecified

[4, 91, 103]

Cracidae

  

Penelope jacucaca (Spix, 1825) - White-browed guan

Insomnia

[162]

Penelope superciliaris Temminck, 1815

Asthma

[177]

Penelope purpurascens Wagler, 1830

Unspecified

[152]

Penelope jacquacu Spix, 1825

Unspecified

[179]

Crax globulosa Spix, 1825 - Wattled Curassow

To cure rheumatism and to remove the "negative energy" from people

[184]

Crax rubra Linnaeus, 1758

Unspecified

[152]

Aburria pipile (Jacquin, 1784)

Unspecified

[179]

Pauxi tuberosa (Spix, 1825)- Razor-billed Curassow

Pneumonia, bleeding, children's lack of appetite, indigestion, stroke, insect" and snake bites

[74]

Mitu tuberosum (Spix, 1825)

Unspecified

[179]

Ortalis guttata (Spix, 1825)

Unspecified

[179]

Ortalis vetula (Wagler, 1830)

Rheumatism

[152]

Psophiidae

  

Psophia leucoptera Spix, 1825

Unspecified

[179]

Phoenicopteridae

  

Phoenicopterus andinus Philippi, 1854

To alliviate labor pain, sprains and distend

[148]

Phoenicopterus chilensis Molina, 1782

To alliviate labor pain, sprains and distend

[148]

Phoenicopterus jamesi Sclater, 1886

To alliviate labor pain, sprains and distend

[148]

Ciconiidae

  

Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758

Stomach ache, poor digestion, boils

[189]

Ciconia maguari (Gmelin, 1789) - Maguari stork

Injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia' and others fishes, thrombosis

[79, 82]

Jabiru mycteria (Lichtenstein, 1819) - Jabiru

Unspecified

[82]

Sarcoramphus papa (Linnaeus, 1758) - King Vulture

Epilepsia, sifilis, ulcera

[96]

Columbidae

  

Leptotila rufaxilla (Richard & Bernard, 1792) - Gray-fronted dove

Thrombosis, pterygium

[66, 162]

Columba livia (Gmelin, 1789) - Rock pigeon

Asthma, laryngitis, pharyngitis, tonsilitis

[66, 97, 103]

Columba picazuro Temminck, 1813 - 'asa-branca

Sore throat, tonsillitis, bronchitis and hoarseness

[66]

Columbina talpacoti (Temminck, 1810)

Unspecified

[175]

Columbina passerina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Unspecified

[96]

Corvidae

  

Cyanocorax cyanopogon (Wied, 1821) - White-naped jay

Asthma, neurological problems

[66, 81, 162]

Cotingidae

  

Procnias nudicollis (Vieillot, 1817) - araponga, Bare-throated Bellbird

Tuberculosis

[4, 71]

Cotinga amabilis Gould, 1857

Unspecified

[96]

Crotophaga ani Linnaeus, 1758 - Smooth-billed ani

Bronchitis, thrombosis, asthma, whooping cough, rheumatism

[79, 97]

Crotophaga sulcirostris Swainson, 1827

Cancer

[105]

Piaya cayana (Linnaeus, 1766)

Heart diseases

[105]

Guira guira (Gmelin, 1788) - Guira cuckoo

Asthma

[97]

Geococcyx velox (Wagner, 1836)

Unspecified

[91]

Geococcyx californianus (Lesson, 1829)

Cancer

[103]

Charadriidae

  

Vanellus chilensis (Molina, 1782) - Southern lapwing

To stay awake

[4, 115, 162]

Emberezidae

  

Coereba flaveola (Linnaeus, 1758)- Banana quit

Thrombosis

[162]

Numididae

  

Numida meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 - Helmeted Guineafowl, "Guiné"

Whooping cough

[4]

Falconidae

  

Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linnaeus, 1758) - Laughing falcon

Snake bite, sore throat, tonsillitis and hoarseness

[66, 69]

Caracara plancus (Miller, 1777) - Southern caracara

Snake bite

[69]

Falco rufigularis Daudin, 1800 - Bat falcon

Snake bite

[69, 82]

Opisthocomidae

  

Opisthocomus hoazin (Statius Muller, 1776)

Unspecified

[82]

Furnaridae

  

Furnarius rufus (Gmelin, 1788)- Rufous hornero

Mumps

[4, 114]

Meleagrididae

  

Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758 - turkey

Asthma

[7, 9]

Odontophoridae

  

Odontophorus capueira (Spix, 1825)

Unspecified

[111]

Callipepla squamata (Vigors, 1830)

Unspecified

[96]

Cyrtonyx montezumae (Vigors, 1830)

Evil eye

[103]

Colinus virginianus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Dandruff, fever

[96]

Phasianidae

  

Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Domestic chicken

Catarrh, fever, warts, haemorrhage, bronchitis, nasal congestion, flu, skin thorns and wounds, asthma, sore throat, tumour, poor digestion, healing of umbilical cord of newborn baby, swelling, cough, tuberculosis, earache, tonsillitis, rheumatism, diarrhoea, inflammation, pneumonia, Renal calculus, headache, sore throat, nasal congestion, fever, swelling

[79, 31, 42, 63, 68, 81, 85, 97, 103, 109, 110, 115, 162, 164, 166]

Pavo cristatus Linnaeus, 1758 - Indian peafowl

Thrombosis, epilepsy, fatigue

[30, 126]

Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758)-'codorna

Male impotence, urinary infection and weakness

[66]

Picidae

  

Dryocopus lineatus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Lineated woodpecker

Sexual impotence

[69]

Colaptes rupicola Orbigny, 1840

Unspecified

[189]

Melanerpes formicivorus (Swainson, 1827)

Epilepsy

[105]

Melanerpes aurifrons (Wagler, 1829)

Headache

[96]

Psittacidae

  

Amazona aestiva (Linnaeus, 1758)

Asthma

[7, 9]

Ara ambiguus (Bechstein, 1811)

Unspecified

[152]

Amazona farinosa (Boddaert, 1783)

Unspecified

[152]

Amazona autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Unspecified

[152]

Amazona auropalliata (Lesson, 1842)

Unspecified

[152]

Amazona albifrons (Sparrman, 1788)

Unspecified

[152]

Pionus senilis (Spix, 1824)

Unspecified

[152]

Pionus menstruus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Unspecified

[152]

Pionopsitta haematotis (P. L. Sclater & Salvin, 1860)

Unspecified

[152]

Ara macao (Linnaeus, 1758)

Mental problems

[152]

Hirundinidae

  

Petrochelidon andecola (D'Orbigny & Lafresnaye, 1837)

Epilepsy, heart diseases

[189]

Stelgidopteryx ruficollis (Vieillot, 1817)

Cyst

[175]

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758 - Barn Swallow

Dandruff, muscular pain, ophthalmological problems, Insomnia,

[96]

Strigidae

  

Glaucidium brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788)

Rheumatism

[152]

Alcedinidae

  

Chloroceryle americana (Gmelin, 1788)

Unspecified

[152]

Cardinalidae

  

Passerina versicolor (Bonaparte, 1838)

Unspecified

[96]

Rallidae

  

Aramides cajanea (Statius Muller, 1776) - Grey-necked wood-rail

Evil eye

[162]

Struthionidae

  

Struthio camelus Linnaeus, 1766 - Common Ostrich

Osteoporosis

[136]

Ramphastidae

  

Ramphastos tucanus Linnaeus, 1758 - Red-billed Toucan

Thrombosis, sexual impotence

[31, 69]

Ramphastos vitellinus Lichtenstein, 1823 - Channel-billed toucan

Sexual impotence

[69]

Ramphastos sulfuratus Lesson, 1830

Unspecified

[77]

Pteroglossus aracari (Linnaeus, 1758) - Black-necked aracari

Sexual impotence

[69]

Pteroglossus inscriptus - Swainson, 1822, Lettered aracari

Sexual impotence

[69]

Pteroglossus torquatus (Gmelin, 1788)

Unspecified

[152]

Pteroglossus frantzii Cabanis, 1861

Unspecified

[152]

Selenidera spectabilis Cassin, 1858

Unspecified

[152]

Rheidae

  

Rhea americana (Linnaeus, 1758) - Greater rhea

General aches, rheumatism, thrombosis, strokes

[63, 115, 162, 164, 166]

Pterocnemia pennata (Orbigny, 1834)

Unspecified

[148]

Trogonidae

  

Pharomachrus mocinno De la Llave, 1832

Unspecified

[152]

Tinamidae

  

Crypturellus noctivagus (Wied, 1820) - Yellow-legged tinamou

Thrombosis, stroke, snake bites, tuberculosis, deafness

[71, 115, 162]

Crypturellus variegatus (Gmelin, 1789) - Inambu-galinha

Unspecified

[87]

Nothura boraquira (Spix, 1825) - White-bellied nothura

Thrombosis, stroke, tootache

[115, 162]

Nothura maculosa cearensis Naumburg, 1932 - Spotted Nothura

Effusion, snake bite

[178]

Rhynchotus rufescens (Temminck, 1815) - Red-winged tinamou

Snake bite, thrombosis, tuberculosis

[119, 162]

Tinamus solitarius (Viellot 1819) - Macuco, macuca

Unspecified

[111]

Trochilidae

  

Eupetomena macroura (Gmelin, 1788) - Swallow-tailed hummingbird

Cardiopathies, asthma, flu, pains

[97]

Lesbia nuna (Lesson, 1832)

Evil eye

[189]

Tyrannidae

  

Fluvicola nengeta (Linnaeus, 1766) - Masked water-tyrant

Boils, asthma

[66]

Pitangus sulphuratus (Linnaeus, 1766)

Earache

[97]

Icteridae

  

Quiscalus mexicanus (Gmelin, 1788)

Unspecified

[38]

Psarocolius wagleri (G. R. Gray, 1845)

Unspecified

[152]

Emberizidae

  

Zonotrichia capensis (Statius Muller, 1776)

Unspecified

[189]

MAMMALS

  

Molossidae

  

Molossus molossus (Pallas, 1766), Pallas' free-tailed bat (Bat)

Asthma

[66, 176]

Noctilionidae

  

Noctilio leporinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - greater bulldog bat

Unspecified

[152]

Phyllostomidae

  

Artibeus jamaicensis Leach, 1821 - bat

Cyst

[175]

Agoutidae

  

Agouti paca (Linnaeus, 1766) - Spotted paca

Wound in the breast caused by suckling, ophthalmological problems, stomach disorders, pterygium, to suck a splinter out of skin or flesh, injuries caused by the spines of 'arraia', control cholesterol level, thrombosis, general body pain, leishmaniasis, snake bite, rheumatism, heart pain, pain in bones, liver pain, fever, child birth, ant bite

[79, 31, 70, 85, 97, 162]

Balaenopteridae

  

Megaptera novaeangliae Borowski, 1781

Unspecified

[80, 171]

Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804 - Minke whale

Rheumatism, sore throat, wounds

[79]

Bovidae

  

Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 - Cow

Thrombosis, evil eye, amulet used as a protection against snake bite, baldness, sexual impotence, measles, varicella, anaemia, whooping cough, Alcoholism, rheumatism, inflammation, asthma, cough, sore throat, wounds, cracks in the sole of the feet, bronchitis, dizziness, bladder problems, varicella, removal of thorns, paralisia facial, nervousness, earache, migraine,

[79, 31, 36, 42, 63, 115, 162164, 166]

Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Water buffalo (feral)

Rheumatism, osteoporosis, thrombosis

[8]

Ovis aries (Linnaeus, 1758) - Sheep

Edema, fractures, erysipelas, herpes zoster, backache, swelling, to assist children who take longer than usual to start walking, arthritis, arthrosis, rheumatism, muscle strain, inflammation, luxation, cracks in the sole of the feet, joint pain, removal of thorns

[79, 31, 36, 42, 63, 91, 97, 115, 162164, 166]

Capra hircus Linnaeus, 1758 - Domestic goat

Evil eye, snake bite, muscle strain

[79, 31, 42, 91]

Geomyidae

  

Orthogeomys hispidus (LeConte, 1852)

Stomach ache, fever, susto and espanto, swelling, madness

[38, 40]

Bradypodidae

  

Bradypus variegatus Shinz, 1825 - Brown-throated three-toed sloth

Thrombosis

[8, 30, 97]

Bradypus tridactylus Linnaeus, 1758 - Pale-throated three-toed sloth

Thrombosis, insects bite, scorpions bite

[70]

Canidae

  

Lycalopex culpaeus (Molina, 1782)

Scare, susto'' (fright)

[154]

Lycalopex gymnocercus (G. Fischer, 1814)

Air loss, asthma, backache, disorders after parturition, pain in bones, rheumatism, scare, sprains, ulcer

[100, 154]

Canis lupus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Domestic dog

Chicken pox, mumps, smallpox, asthma, varicella, measles, menstrual cramps

[79, 31, 97, 115, 162]

Canis latrans Say, 1823

Rheumatism

[8, 11, 91, 103]

Cerdocyon thous (Linnaeus, 1766) - Crab-eating fox

Rheumatism, flu, haemorrhoids, disorders after parturition, diabetes, thrombosis, backache, osteoporosis, eczema, pain in articulations, sore throat, womb inflammation

[79, 31, 42, 134]

Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) - Maned wolf

Epilepsy

[133, 161, 162]

Dusicyon thous - Linnaeus, 1766 - Crab-eating fox

Alcoholism, thrombosis, rheumatism, ophthalmological problems, diabetes, urinary infection

[97, 133]

Speothos venaticus (Lund, 1842) - Bush dog

Haemorrhoids

[97, 133]

Caviidae

  

Galea spixii Wagler, 1831

Unspecified

[80]

Cavia aperea Erxleben, 1777

Inflammation, teething

[97]

Cavia porcellus (Linnaeus, 1758)

nervios encogidos.

[182]

Kerodon rupestris (Wied-Neuwied, 1820)

Constipation, tired sight, effusion

[162]

Cebidae

  

Alouatta belzebul (Linnaeus, 1766) - Red-handed howler monkey

Whooping cough, sore throat, asthma

[79, 137]

Alouatta nigerrima Lönnberg, 1941 - Amazon black howler

Whooping cough, inflammation

[69, 137, 181]

Alouatta seniculus (Linnaeus, 1766) - Red howler monkey

Whooping cough, inflammation, to accelerate parturition

[69, 87, 137]

Allouatta fusca (É. Geoffroy, 1812) - Bugio

Used as aphrodisiac; used to treat any disease

[101, 111]

Alouatta sara Elliot, 1910

Unspecified

[83, 137]

Alouatta palliata (Gray 1849)

General pains and inflammation

[107, 137]

Ateles chamek (Humboldt, 1812)

Fever, cough, cold shoulder pain, sleeping problems, leishmaniosis, spider bite, snake bites.

[83, 137]

Ateles geoffroyi Kuhl, 1820

Rheumatism

[137, 152]

Ateles paniscus (Linnaeus 1758)

Rheumatism

[137]

Aotus azarai (Humboldt, 1811)

To cure dribbling in babies

[137]

Aotus griseimembra Elliot 1912

Unspecified

[137]

Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1758) - Brow capuchin

Insect sting, eye infection, Inflammatory processes, insect sting, used for osteomuscular problems, eye infection and male impotency

[79, 42, 137]

Cebus albifrons (Humboldt 1812

Used as fortifier

[95, 137, 152]

Cebus capucinus (Linnaeus 1758)

Unspecified

[137]

Lagothrix lagotricha (Humboldt 1812)

Unspecified

[95, 137]

Callitrichidae

  

Saguinus fuscicollis (Spix, 1823)

Impotence

[83]

Saguinus mystax (Spix 1823)

Impotence

[83]

Cervidae

  

Blastocerus dichotomus (Illiger, 1815) - Marsh deer

Diarrhoea, vomit

[151]

Mazama americana (Erxleben, 1777) - Red brocket

Stroke, cold, burns

[79, 30, 42, 115]

Mazama simplicicornis (Illinger, 1811)

Diarrhoea, verminosis, evil eye

[69]

Mazama cf. gouazoupira (G. Fischer, 1814) - Gray brocket

Asthma, edema, rheumatism, snake bite, thrombosis, to assit children who take longer than usual to start walking, tootache, wounds, sprains

[8, 63, 97, 162, 164]

Ozotocerus bezoarticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Diarrhoea, verminosis, evil eye

[69])

Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)

heart diseases, oftalmological problems, Didelphis virginiana

[91, 103]

Dasypodidae

  

Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Nine-banded armadillo

Thrombosis, insects bite, scorpions bite, edema, asthma, deafness, earache, evil eye, diarrhoea, whooping cough, tuberculosis, to accelerate parturition

[7, 8, 31, 42, 97, 162]

Dasypus kappleri Krauss, 1862

Earache

[84]

Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Six-banded armadillo

Wounds, earache, evil eye, asthma, sore throat, pneumonia, sinusitis, deafness, coarse throat

[7, 8, 31, 42, 97, 162]

Tolypeutes tricinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Brazilian three-banded armadillo

Thrombosis, rheumatism

[151, 162]

Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792)

Embolism, ant bite, visions, skin diseases

[148]

Chaetophractus vellerosus (Gray, 1865)

General diseases

[148]

Cabassous unicinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Tatu-rabo-de-couro

Unspecified

[88, 90]

Cabassous centralis (Miller, 1899) - Northern Naked-tailed Armadillo

Stomach ache

[104, 152]

Dasyproctidae

  

Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831 - Black-rumped agouti

Asthma, thrombosis

[4, 162]

Dasyprocta variegata - Brown agouti

Childbirth, Impotence, snake bite

[148]

Delphinidae

  

Sotalia fluviatilis Gervais & Deville, 1853) - Gray dolphin, gray river dolphin

Asthma, headache, rheumatism, hernia, womb disorders, sore throat, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia', swelling, haemorrhoids inflammation, wounds, earache, erysipelas, athlete's foot, tumour, cancer

[79, 31, 42, 143]

Sotalia guianensis (P. J. Van Bénéden, 1864) - Guianan river dolphin

Asthma, headache, rheumatism, hernia, womb disorders, sore throat, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia', swelling, haemorrhoids inflammation, wounds, earache, erysipelas, athlete's foot, tumour, cancer

[79, 31, 42, 143]

Didelphidae

  

Didelphis albiventris (Lund, 1840) - Common opossum

Boils, rheumatism

[8]

Didelphis marsupialis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Southern opossum

Acne, wounds, bronchitis, joint pain, stomach ache, rheumatism, diarrhoea, inflammation, erysipelas, pain in gestation, asthma, headache, oothache, earache, sore throat, flu, fever, body pain, fatigue, to accelerate parturition, mal aire, swelling

[8, 9, 31, 42, 85]

Didelphis virginiana Kerr, 1792

Rheumatism, skin spots, acne, anaemia, to accelerate parturition, mal aire, swelling

[91, 103]

Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826) - Saruê

Unspecified

[88, 90]

Philander opossum (Linnaeus, 1758) - Gray Four-eyed Opossum

Unspecified

[152]

Megalonychidae

  

Choloepus hoffmanni Peters, 1858

Visions, hallucination, cramps

[148]

Erethizontidae

  

Coendou bicolor (Tschudi, 1844)

Hallucination, fever, ant bite, flu, whooping cough, scare, varicose veins

[30]

Coendou prehensilis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Brazilian porcupine

Bronchitis, thrombosis, epilepsy, stroke, abscesses, conjunctivitis, asthma

[79, 36, 42, 63, 73, 97, 115, 161, 162, 164]

Coendou villosus (Cuvier, 1822) - Ouriço-cacheiro

Unspecified

[111]

Sphiggurus mexicanus (Kerr, 1792)

Acne, wart

[91]

Sphiggurus insidiosus (Lichtenstein, 1818) - Luís-cacheiro

Unspecified

[89]

Chaetomys subspinosus(Olfers, 1818) - Luís-cacheiro

Unspecified

[89]

Equidae

  

Equus asinus Linnaeus, 1758 - Asino

Snake bite, whooping cough, asthma, Avoid pregnancy

[79, 42, 73, 91, 115, 162]

Equus caballus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Horse

Cough, deep cuts, dermatosis, wounds

[8]

Felidae

  

Felis silvestris Schreber, 1775 - Domestic cat

Asthma, snake bites

[8]

Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) - Mountain lion

Wounds, leishmaniosis, arthritis, pain in bones, rheumatism, distend, scare, stomach ache, evil eye, fever, avoid acne, contusions and muscular pain

[8, 87, 157]

Panthera onca (Linnaeus, 1758)

Wounds, leishmaniosis, Cough, fatigue, fever, pain in bones

[8, 87, 157]

Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758) - Tigre

Unspecified

[4]

Leopardus jacobitus (Cornalia, 1865)

Self encorage

[148]

Leopardus colocolo (Molina, 1782)

Self encorage

[148]

Leopardus wiedii (Schinz, 1821)

Unspecified

[148]

Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Gato-maracajá

Unspecified

[30]

Octodontidae

  

Ctenomys opimus Wagner, 1848

To make the child's teeth stronger

[148]

Chinchillidae

  

Lagidium viscacia (Molina, 1782)

Bad memory

[148]

Lagidium peruanum Meyen, 1833

Earache

[182, 189]

Hydrochaeridae

  

Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) - Capybara

Thrombosis, conjunctivitis, venereal disease, rheumatism, earache, strengthen bones, liver pain, bronchitis, asthma, wounds, erysipelas, cough

[79, 42, 73, 85, 97, 115, 155, 161, 162]

Heteromyidae

  

Heteromys desmarestianus Gray, 1868

Unspecified

[38, 148]

Iniidae

  

Inia geoffrensis (Blainville, 1817) - Amazon river dolphin

Asthma, headache, rheumatism, hernia, womb disorders, sore throat, injuries caused by the spines of the 'arraia', swelling, haemorrhoids inflammation, wounds, earache, erysipelas, athlete's foot, tumour, cancer

[7, 8, 42, 73, 143]

Leporidae

  

Sylvilagus brasiliensis (Linnaeus, 1758) - Forest rabbit, tapeti

Thrombosis, conjunctivitis, boils, burns, ophthalmological problems, embolism, scare, fever, hallucination

[7, 8, 42, 73, 97, 143, 162]

Sylvilagus floridanus (J. A. Allen, 1890)

Unspecified

[152]

Sylvilagus cunicularius (Waterhouse, 1848)

To bring good luck

[103]

Oryctolagus cuniculus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Coelho

Unspecified

[4]

Lepus alleni Mearns, 1890

Stomach ache

[103]

Sciuridae

  

Sciurus spadiceus Olfers, 1818

Unspecified

[125]

Sciurus deppei Peters, 1863

Unspecified

[125]

Sciurus aureogaster F. Cuvier, 1829

Unspecified

[125]

Ammospermophilus interpres (Merriam, 1890

Inflammation

[103]

Mephitidae

  

Conepatus semistriatus (Boddaert, 1785) - Striped hog-nosed skunk

Rheumatism, acne, scabies, blood problems, bronchial diseases, skin problems, asthma, nervous disturbances

[79, 42, 73, 162]

Conepatus chinga (Molina, 1782) - Gambá, Molina's Hog-nosed Skunk

Thrombosis, rheumatism, general diseases

 

Conepatus leuconotus leuconotus (Lichtenstein, 1832)

Blood disorders, acne, stomach ache, mal aire, swelling, undescended testicles, rabies, whooping cough, bone pain Acné, dolor muscular

[105]

Mephitis macroura Lichtenstein, 1832

Stomach ache, mal aire, swelling, undescended testicles, Rabies, whooping cough, pain in bone, asthma

[8, 103, 125, 148]

Spilogale putorius (Linnaeus, 1758)

Stomach ache, mal aire, swelling, undescended testicles, rabies, whooping cough, pain in bone

[91]

Ambystomidae

  

Ambystoma mexicanum (Shaw and Nodder, 1798)

Bronchitis

[103]

Mustelidae

  

Lontra longicaudis (Olfers, 1818)

Thrombosis, ampollas

[162]

Mustela frenata Lichtenstein, 1831

Unspecified

[152]

Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758)

Unspecified

[152]

Taxidea taxus (Schreber, 1777)

Witchcraft

[103]

Camelidae

  

Lama glama (Linnaeus, 1758)

Unspecified

[148, 154]

Lama guanicoe (Müller, 1776)

Asthma, scare

[148, 154]

Vicugna vicugna (Molina, 1782)

Unspecified

[148, 154]

Cyclopedidae

  

Cyclopes didactylus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Rheumatism

[152]

Myrmecophagidae

  

Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758 - Giant anteater

Thrombosis, stroke, general body pain, Snake bite, urinary problem, heart pain, ant bite

[8, 115, 162]

Myrmecophaga tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758) - Collared anteater

Edema, thrombosis, itching, ant bite, rheumatism

[79, 42, 97]

Tamandua mexicana (Saussure, 1860) - Northern Tamandua

Unspecified

[152]

Procyonidae

  

Nasua nasua (Linnaeus, 1766) - South American coati

Sexual impotence, wounds, skin burns, snake bites, backache, cold, cough, leg pain, wounded foot, earache, neck strain, to help become pregnant, whooping cough

[79, 42, 63, 73, 111, 162, 164, 166]

Nasua narica (Linnaeus, 1766) White-nosed Coati English

Male impotence

[152]

Procyon cancrivorus (G. [Baron] Cuvier, 1798) - Crab-eating raccoon

Rheumatism, epilepsy, thrombosis, snake bite

[79, 42, 73, 97, 115]

Procyon lotor (Linnaeus, 1758)

Unspecified

[152]

Potos flavus (Schreber, 1774) - Kinkajou

Earache, snake bite, ant bite

[152]

Physeteridae

  

Physeter catodon Linnaeus, 1758 - Sperm whale, cachelot

Asthma, backache, rheumatism, sore throat, wounds

[79, 42, 119]

Muridae

  

Neotoma mexicana Baird, 1855

Unspecified

[38]

Peromyscus mexicanus (Saussure, 1860)

Abdominal distension

[40]

Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758

Pertussis

[175]

Suidae

  

Sus scrofa (Linnaeus, 1758) - Wild boar

Acne, boils, tumours, asthma, athlete's foot, warble, wounds,

[79, 42, 73, 91]

Tapiridae

  

Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) - Brazilian tapir

Rheumatism, arthrosis, osteoporosis, bursite, muscular pain, asthma, tonsillitis, cough, general body pain

[8]

Tapirus bairdii (Gill, 1865)

Unspecified

[152]

Tayassuidae

  

Pecari tajacu Linnaeus 1758 - Collared peccary

Thrombosis, bronchitis, stroke

[8, 85, 115, 162]

Tayassu pecari (Link, 1795) - White-lipped peccary

Thrombosis, stroke, cold, wounds

[8, 9, 115, 162]

Trichechidae

  

Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883) - Amazonian manatee

Sprains, vaginal discharge, injuries caused by bang, burns, asthma, menstrual cramps, rheumatism, sore throat, wounds, muscle strain, suck a splinter out of skin or fresh, tumour, backache, hernia, arthrosis, luxation, insects bite

[79, 31, 42, 155]

Trichechus manatus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Manatee

Arthrosis, luxation, menstrual cramps, insects bites, sprains, vaginal discharge, injuries caused by bang, burns, asthma, rheumatism, sore throat, wounds, muscle strain

[79, 31, 42, 155]