Table 2 Medicinal plant species encountered

RQ147

Unidentified

unidentified

Cunfai

Digestion, gallbladder, Liver, diabetes, heart, kidneys

2, 3, 7

Leaves

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ164

Adiantaceae

Adiantum sp.

Culandrillo

To avoid hair loss, post partum anti-inflammatory

3, 13

Entire plant

Infusion, decoction

Herb

Native

RQ157

Anacardiaceae

Astronium urundeuva (Allemão) Engl.

Sotillo

Bone pain, body pain, anesthetic, caries, fractures

8, 13

Bark, leaves

Decoction, cataplasm

Tree

Native

RQ142

Anacardiaceae

Schinus longifolius (Lindl.) Speng.

Chirimolle

Measles, smallpox, wounds, body pain

1, 8, 11

Leaves, branches

Cataplasm, bath

Tree

Native

RQ169

Anacardiaceae

Schinus molle L.

Molle

Body pain, cold, rheumatism, chagas, urifa (dehydration in children)

4, 6, 8

Leaves, branches, flowers

Decoction, Infusion

Tree

Introduced

RQ144

Apiaceae

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Hinojo

Digestion

2

Leaves, branches

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ131

Apiaceae

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss.

Perejil

Dehydration

5

Leaves, branches

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ154

Apiaceae

Hydrocotyle sp.

Berro

Lungs, kidneys, liver, gastritis, spots in the face, regenerating

1, 2, 3, 4

Leaves

Eaten

Herb

Native

RQ205

Apiaceae

Pimpinella anisum L.

Anís

Stomach pain, des-inflammatory

2

Seed

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ196

Apiaceae

Apium graveolens L.

Perejil

Stomach problems, cold

2, 4

Leaves, Roots

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ210

Asclepiadaceae

Morrenia odorata (Hook. & Arn.) Lindl.

Supua

Cancha cancha (allergy), wounds

1

Resin, branches

Direct application, Infusion

Herb

Native

RQ171

Asteraceae

Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng.

Artemisa

Body pain, to open pores, Malaria

1, 5, 8

Stem, leaves, entire plant

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ177

Asteraceae

Baccharis articulata (Lam.) Pers.

Carqueja

Stomach problems, bitter taste in mouth, gallbladder, liver

2

Stem, leaves

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ168

Asteraceae

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC.

Tola

Body pain

8

Leaves, branches

Decoction

Shrub

Native

RQ150

Asteraceae

Bidens pseudocosmos Sherff

Saiquilla

Liver

2

Flower, fruit

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ134

Asteraceae

Eupatorium sp.

Cough

4

Flower

Infusion

Shrub

Native

RQ201

Asteraceae

Lactuca sativa L.

Lechuga

Relaxant

10

Leaves

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ173

Asteraceae

Matricaria chamomilla L.

Manzanilla

Flu, colds, stomach pain

2, 4

Flower, branches

Infusion, decoction

Herb

Introduced

RQ167

Asteraceae

Pluchea sagittalis (Lam.) Cabrera.

Cuatro cantos

Liver, gallbladder, cold

2, 4

Stem, leaves, branches

Infusion, decoction

Herb

Native

RQ182

Asteraceae

Senecio aff. rudbeckiifolius Meyen & Walp.

Maicha

Allergies, ritual

1, 9

Branches

Direct application

Herb

Native

RQ137

Asteraceae

Xanthium spinosum L.

Amor seco

Molar pain, heat, aft, hangover, fever, stomach pain, muscle pain, sterility, measles

2, 3, 5, 8, 11, 13

Roots, leaves, branches, entire plant

Infusion, decoction

Herb

Native

RQ213

Bignoniaceae

Tabebuia impetiginosa (Mart ex DC)

Lapacho rosado

Liver

2

Bark

Decoction

Tree

Native

RQ212

Bignoniaceae

Tabebuia lapacho (K. um. Sandw)

Lapacho amarillo

Kidneys

3

Bark

Decoction

Tree

Native

RQ121

Bignoniaceae

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth.

Guaranguay

Liver, stomach pain, kidney, gallbladder, hangover

2

Leaves

Infusion

Tree

Native

RQ140

Brassicaceae

Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.

Chanca piedra

Tumors, pustules, spots on the face, wounds, liver, kidneys

1, 2, 3, 8

Leaves, branches

Infusion

Herb

Native

RQ138

Cactaceae

Cereus validus Haw.

Ulala

Sunstroke

5

Mucilage

Direct application

Cactus

Native

RQ139

Cactaceae

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill.

Tuna

Sunstroke, sunburn, yellow fever, renal problems, gastritis

2, 3, 5

Exudates

Cataplasm, bath, infusion

Cactus

Native

RQ214

Cactaceae

Pereskia sacharosa Griseb.

Sacharosa

Pang (muscle pain), sore muscles, urifa (dehydration in children)

8, 9

Spines, leaves

Infusion

Cactus

Native

RQ189

Caprifoliaceae

Sambucus peruviana Kunth

Sauco

Heat, muscle pain, wounds, tumors, intestinal and stomach inflammation

1, 2, 8, 13

Leaves, fruit

Eaten, decoction, Infusion

Tree

Native

RQ191

Caricaceae

Carica papaya L.

Papaya

Anti-parasitic, stomach inflammation, purgative, gallbladder

2

Seeds

Eaten, Direct application

Tree

Introduced

RQ126

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Paico

Stomach pain, swollen stomach, cold, acidity, diarrhea

2, 4

Leaves, branches, flower, Stem

Infusion

Herb

Native

RQ125

Equisetaceae

Equisetum giganteum L.

Cola de caballo

Diarrhea, stomach heat, liver, kidneys (des-inflammatory)

2, 3

Stem, entire plant

Decoction, drink

Herb

Native

RQ178

Euphorbiaceae

Chamaesyce serpens (Kunth) Small

Chanca piedra

Kidneys

3

Entire plant

Infusion

Herb

Native

RQ130

Euphorbiaceae

Jatropha curcas L.

Piñón

Wounds

1

Resin

Direct application

Herb

Native

RQ183

Euphorbiaceae

Manihot esculenta Crantz

Yuca

Diarrhea

2

Roots

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ149

Euphorbiaceae

Ricinus communis L.

Tártago

Carachas (scar skin), pustules on the head, swellings

1

Leaves, fruit, oil

Decoction, direct application

Shrub

Native

RQ117

Fabaceae

Acacia aroma Gillies ex Hook & Arn.

Sirao

Wounds, muscle pain, liver, gastritis

1, 2, 8

Leaves, Bark

Decoction, direct application

Tree

Native

RQ159

Fabaceae

Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. Conc.) Benth

Vilca

Diarrhea, rheumatism, body pain

2, 8

Bark, resin

Decoction

Tree

Native

RQ133

Fabaceae

Mimosa debilis Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Celosita

Pancreas, heart, purifying, nerves, urifa (dehydration in children)

2, 6, 9, 10

Branches, roots

Decoction

Shrub

Native

RQ156

Fabaceae

Myroxylon peruiferum L.f.

Quina

Bone pain

8

Bark, resin

Decoction

Tree

Native

RQ136

Fabaceae

Prosopis alba Griseb.

Algarrobo

Cloudy eyes, asthma, twisted bones

1, 4, 8

Leaves, Bark

Decoction, infusion, cataplasm, direct application

Tree

Native

RQ211

Fabaceae

Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze

Tipa

Gastritis, wounds

1, 2

Bark

Infusion

Tree

Native

RQ187

Iridaceae

Sisyrinchium chilense Hook.

Linasa

Cold, heat, sunstroke

4, 5

Fruit

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ145

Lamiaceae

Melissa officinalis L.

Toronjil

Heart, cold, nerves, stomach, dysentery, headache

2, 4, 6, 12

Leaves, branches

Infusion, decoction

Herb

Introduced

RQ195

Lamiaceae

Mentha x piperita L.

Hierba buena

Stomach gas, stomach pain, digestive

2

Leaves

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ197

Lamiaceae

Ocimum basilicum L.

Albahaca

Digestive, cold

2, 4

Leaves

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ209

Lamiaceae

Origanum vulgare L.

Orégano

Stomach pain, menstrual pain

2, 3

Branches

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ204

Lamiaceae

Pulegium sp.

Poleo

Stomach pain

2

Leaves

Infusion

Herb

Native

RQ186

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume

Canela

Cold, diarrhea

2, 4

Bark

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ190

Liliaceae

Aloe vera L.

Sábila

Wounds, spots, pimples in the face, gastritis, fever, sunstroke, muscle pain,

1, 2, 5, 8

Exudates

Direct application, infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ184

Lythraceae

Heimia salicifolia Link

Paraguay

To wash the head

1

Leaves

Infusion

Herb

Native

RQ141

Malvaceae

Gossypium hirsutum L.

Algodón

Ear pain, deafness

13

Fruit

Direct application after heating in fire

Tree

Introduced

RQ198

Malvaceae

Malva parviflora L.

Malva

Liver, gastritis, stomach problems, renal inflammation, diuretic

2, 3

Leaves

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ163

Malvaceae

Sida rodrigoi Monteiro

Huacachi

Stomach swelling

2

Roots

Decoction

Shrub

Native

RQ208

Myrtaceae

Blepharocalyx salicifolius (Kunth) O. Berg

Arrayán

Bone pain, body pain, postpartum

3, 8

Branches, bark

Decoction

Shrub

Native

RQ192

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Eucalipto

Asthma, sinusitis

4

Leaves

Decoction, steam

Tree

Introduced

RQ146

Myrtaceae

Myrcianthes callicoma McVaugh

Sahuinto

Digestion

2

Leaves, bark

Infusion, decoction

Tree

Native

RQ202

Myrtaceae

Psidium guajava L.

Guayaba

Diarrhea

2

Leaves

Infusion

Tree

Introduced

RQ123

Myrtaceae

Psidium guineense Sw.

Guayabilla

Diarrhea

2

Roots, leaves

Decoction

Tree

Introduced

RQ165

Nyctaginaceae

Pisonia ambigua Heimerl

Coso coso

Intestinal parasites of children

2

Flower

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ148

Papaveraeceae

Argemone mexicana L.

Cardosanto

Cough, wounds, stomach anti-inflammatory

1, 2, 4

Flower

Infusion

Herb

Native

RQ175

Passifloraceae

Passiflora cincinnata Mast.

Murucuya

Allergies

1

Entire plant

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ152

Phytolacaceae

Petiveria alliacea L.

Ánamo

Cold, fever, swellings, rheumatism, bone and muscle pains

3, 5, 8

Roots, leaves

Infusion, decoction

Herb

Native

RQ153

Piperaceae

Piper acutifolium Ruiz & Pav.

Matico

Cold, Cough, wound disinfectant, bone pains, rheumatism

1, 4, 8

Leaves

Infusion, decoction, cataplasm

Herb

Native

RQ120

Plantaginaceae

Plantago major L.

Llantén

Heat, sunstroke, liver, gallbladder

2, 5

Roots

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ188

Poaceae

Triticum aestivum L.

Trigo

Smallpox and measles

11

Seeds

Decoction

Herb

Introduced

RQ199

Poaceae

Zea mays L.

Choclo

Diuretic, cold

3, 4

Styles

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ174

Polygonaceae

Coccoloba tiliaceae Lindau

Banduro

Wounds

1

Leaves

Decoction

Shrub

Native

RQ172

Rhamnaceae

Condalia weberbaueri Perkins

Yana yana

Sunstroke, heatstroke

5

Leaves, branches

Decoction

Shrub

Native

RQ179

Rosaceae

Prunus persica L. (Batsch)

Durazno

Sunstroke, headache

5, 12

Leaves

Direct application

Tree

Introduced

RQ151

Rosaceae

Rubus boliviensis Focke

Zarzamora

Rheumatism, swellings, dysentery, diarrhea

2, 8

Roots, leaves

Infusion, decoction

Shrub

Native

RQ162

Rutaceae

Citrus x aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle

Limoncillo

To quench thirst

5

Fruit

Eaten

Tree

Native

RQ207

Rutaceae

Citrus aurantium L.

Naranja agria

Nerves, to wash the head

1, 10

Leaves

Infusion, decoction

Tree

Native

RQ193

Rutaceae

Citrus deliciosa Ten.

Mandarina criolla

Nerves

10

Leaves

Infusion

Tree

Native

RQ203

Rutaceae

Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f.

Limón

Gallbladder, colic

2

Fruit

Eaten

Tree

Introduced

RQ194

Rutaceae

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

Pomelo

Gastritis, stomach burning, acidity, stomach pain

2

Leaves, fruit

Infusion, Eaten

Tree

Introduced

RQ185

Rutaceae

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Naranja

Stomach anti-inflammatory, colds, heart

2, 4, 6

Leaves, flower

Infusion

Tree

Introduced

RQ127

Rutaceae

Ruta graveolens L.

Ruda

Neck pain, ear pain

8, 13

Leaves, branches, entire plant

Infusion, cataplasm, direct application

Herb

Native

RQ170

Salicaceae

Salix humboldtiana Willd.

Sauce

Body pain, cold

4, 8

Leaves, branches

Decoction

Tree

Native

RQ135

Smilacaceae

Smilax sp.

Candelillo

Bladder infection, kidneys, stomach inflammation, wounds

1, 2, 3

Roots

Decoction

Shrub

Native

RQ129

Solanaceae

Brugmansia sp.

Floripondio

Allergies, abortion, pain, wounds

1, 3

Leaves, flower

Decoction, cataplasm

Shrub

Native

RQ128

Solanaceae

Cestrum parqui Benth.

Yerba santa

Stomach infection, dysentery, colic, urifa (dehydration in children)

2, 9

Roots, leaves, branches

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ181

Solanaceae

Nicotiana glauca Graham

Carallanta

Hemorrhoids, muscle swelling

1, 8

Leaves

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ206

Solanaceae

Solanum tuberosum L.

Papa

Gastritis

2

Roots

Infusion

Herb

Introduced

RQ132

Tiliaceae

Triumfetta semitriloba Bojer

Cabeza de negro

Heat, sunstroke, purifying

5, 6

Roots

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ180

Ulmaceae

Celtis pallida Torr.

Tala

Diarrhea

2

Bark, leaves

Infusion

Shrub

Native

RQ124

Ulmaceae

Celtis tala Gill.

Tala

Diarrhea

2

Bark, leaves

Infusion

Shrub

Native

RQ122

Urticaceae

Urera baccifera (L.) Gaudich.

Itapallo

Liver, rheumatism, allergy, paralysis

1, 2, 8, 10

Roots, leaves, entire plant

Direct application, poultice

Herb

Native

RQ143

Verbenaceae

Aloysia triphylla Royle

Cedrón

Heart, cold, nerves

4, 6, 10

Leaves

Infusion, decoction

Tree

Introduced

RQ116

Verbenaceae

Verbena berteroi (Meisn.) Schauer

Verbena

Swellings, blows, fever, intestinal problems

2, 5, 8

Leaves, entire plant

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ176

Verbenaceae

Vebena hispida Ruiz & Pav.

Verbena

Liver

2

Branches

Decoction

Herb

Native

RQ118

Vitaceae

Cissus simsiana Schult. & Schult. f.

Zarzaparrilla

Liver, stomach anti-inflammatory, kidney, purifying

2, 3

Roots

Decoction

Herb

Native