An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the eastern highlands of Papua New Guinea

Jorim, Ronald Y; Korape, Seva; Legu, Wauwa; Koch, Michael; Barrows, Louis R; Matainaho, Teatulohi K; Rai, Prem P

doi:10.1186/1746-4269-8-47

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 1 Medicinally Utilized Plants in the Eastern Highlands of Papua New Guinea

From: An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in the eastern highlands of Papua New Guinea

Genus and species [References]	Voucher number	Family	Local name [Dialect : Village]	Disease	Plant part	Medicinal preparation	Route
Abrus sp. [9, 11]	WL065	Leguminosae	Amanani-Aginogo [U : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Adenostemma sp. [13, 14]^, [15]^	SK057	Asteraceae	Hovepa [B : S]	Swollen skin & skin infection	L, F & vines	Sun drying	E
Ageratum conyzoides L. [8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16]^, [15]^	SK013	Asteraceae	Govu suva [S : O]	Diarrhea	L & F	F / Succus	O
Alpinia sp. [8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16]^*, [17]	WL052	Zingiberaceae	Amo-o [Ki : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	Stem	Concoction	O
Alpinia sp. [8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16]^*, [17]	SK056	Zingiberaceae	Sinogepuna [B : S]	Swollen joints	L	Chopped leaves are cooked together with pig meat	O
Alpinia sp. [8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16]^*, [17]	SK030	Zingiberaceae	Gini giye [S : O]	Flatulence	yf L	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Alpinia sp. [8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16]^*, [17]	RJ006	Zingiberaceae	Koikadene [I : J]	Ovulation / Fertility	Fruit/Seeds	Fresh	O
Alpinia sp. [8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16]^*, [17]	SK020	Zingiberaceae	Gavu [S : O]	Sever fever	yf L & shoot	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Alstonia brassii Monach. [8–11, 13, 16, 18]	SK064	Apocynaceae	Gigipe [B : S]	Skin infection	Sap (Milkywhite)	Fresh / Succus	E
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. [8–11, 13, 16, 18]	RJ011	Apocynaceae	Yaknalae's Ita [I : M-B]	Malaria	L, B	Fresh / dry	O
Alstonia sp. [8–11, 13, 14, 16]^, [15, 18, 19]^	SK046	Apocynaceae	Hihipa [B : S]	To gain strenght during warfare	L & B	Cut into small pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Alyxia sp. [14]^*, [18]	RJ034a	Apocynaceae	Kevitingoje [I : J]	Dyspnea	soft L	Fresh	O
Aristolochia indica L. [20]	RJ001	Meliaceae	Yaki'Itchale [I : J]	Malaria, Abortion, uterine inflammation	L, B	Fresh, Decoction	O
Ascarina philippinensis C.B.Rob. [21]^, [14]^	RJ036	Chloranthaceae	Nebotniari [I : J]	High fever	L, fruit	Fresh	O
Ascarina philippinensis C.B.Rob. [21]^, [14]^	WL021	Chloranthaceae	Pawasa [F : Y]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Aspium sp.	WL034	Unidentified	Waise [F : Y / E]	Diarrhea / abdominal pain / Cachexia	L	Concoction	O
Bacopa sp.	SK033	Scrophulariaceae	Momoto [G : U]	For gaining weight	L, F & Stem	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Barringtonia sp. [8, 9, 13, 15–17]^*	SK054	Barringtoniaceae	Lahapa [B : S]	Stomach ache	L & sap	Sap & chopped leaves are mixed together and cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Begonia rex Putz.	RJ012	Begoniaceae	Woyatchale [I : J]	Sores / Boils (esp. on neck)	L, Stem	Fresh or dried	O
Begonia sp. [9, 10, 21]^, [13, 14]^, [15, 20, 22–24]^*	WL031	Begoniaceae	Awaya [F : Y]	Excessive menstrual bleeding	L	Concoction	O
Begonia sp. [9, 10, 21]^, [13, 14]^, [15, 22–24]^*	RJ002	Begoniaceae	Saiguwong'giye [I : J]	Strong cough / general good health	L / or A	Fresh	O
Bidens pilosa L. [9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 24]^*	WL045	Asteraceae	Kamena [K : E]	Sores & Wounds	L	Heated / Succus	E
Bidens pilosa L. [9, 11, 13, 15, 16, 19, 21, 24]^*	RJ013	Asteraceae	Toiporeyie [I : J]	Cuts/Wounds/Scratches (Hemostatis)	L & shoot	Succus (crushed)	E
Blumea sp. [9, 10, 13, 14, 21]	WL020	Asteraceae	Aleu [F : Y]	Weight decrease due to abdominal problems / nausea	L	Concoction	O
Boerlagiodendron eminens (W. Bull) Merr.***	SK050	Araliaceae	Sofa [B : S]	Control sexual desire of men	L	Leaves cut into pieces and cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Bubbia sp.	RJ021	Winteraceae	Pangwe [I : J]	Aches and pains, cough, arthritis, dyspnea	L, B	Decoction	O
Calycacanthus magnusianus K. Schum	RJ029	Acanthaceae	Ikowote/Wusale [I : W / AD]	Sores (all types)	L	Fresh (Mascerated)	E
Castanopsis acuminatissima (Blume) Rehder [10, 21]^, [14]^	SK009	Fagaceae	Nege [S : G]	Otitis media	B	F /Succus (Scraped and juice extracted)	E
Casuarina oligodon L.A.S. Johnson [21]^, [14]^, [25]	WL062	Casuarinaceae	Alaeva / Karavefa [Ki / K : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	B	Concoction	O
Chionanthus ramiflorus Roxb.	SK045	Oleaceae	Hagavi [B : S]	Malnutrition/Growth retardation	L & B	Scrapped bark & chopped leaves are cooked in bamboo with pig meat	O
Chrysanthemum sp.	SK015	Asteraceae	Seveya [S : O]	Boil	F	F /Succus	E
Cinnamomum sp. [9, 10, 21]^, [13, 14]^, [15, 20, 22–24]^*	WL007	Lauraceae	Yaravu [F : U]	Weakness / nausea / vomiting	B	Concoction	O
Cinnamomum sp. [9, 10, 21]^, [13, 14]^, [15, 20, 22–24]^*	SK036	Lauraceae	Yahoma [B : S]	Poison within body system	L & B	Scraped B is added to chopped L & pig meat and cooked in bamboo	O
Cladonia scabriuscula (Delise) Leight	WL075	Cladoniaceae	Lanefa-Kikinofa [K : A]	Vaginal discharge / bleeding	A	Heated	O
Coleus blumei Benth. [9, 11]	SK043	Lamiaceae	Mufler [B : S]	Induce labour in childbirth	L	Cut into pieces and cooked with other leaves & pig meat in bamboo	O
Coleus scutellarioides (L.) Benth. [9, 21]^, [13, 15]^	RJ007	Lamiaceae	Wuririta [I : J]	Strong productive cough	f soft L	Heated and Fresh	O
Commelina sp. [8, 9, 11, 14]^, [15]^	WL042	Commelinaceae	Hitirifa [K : E]	Headache [Analgesic]	A	Fresh	O
Commersonia bartramiana (L.) Merr. [8, 21]^*	WL001	Sterculiaceae	Kalaifa [K : E]	Emetic	B	Concoction	O
Coprosma sp. [14]^*	WL066	Rubiaceae	Loanoya [Ki : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Cordyline fruticosa (Linnaeus) A. Chevalier [8, 13, 14, 16]^*, [15]	SK019	Agavaceae	Gini fono [S : O]	Anemia & Dizziness	yL	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth [9–11]	RJ044	Agavaceae	Alebiyei [I : KA]	Magical	soft un-sprouted shoot / L	Concoction	O
Cosmos sp.	SK001	Asteraceae	Seho gihi [G : N]	Toothache	F	Decoction	O (Rinse)
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore [9, 21]^, [14, 15]^	RJ037	Asteraceae	Matchope [I : J]	Wounds and cuts (hemostasis)	L	Succus (crushed)	E
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore [9, 21]^, [14]^, [15]^*	SK004	Asteraceae	Okore gihi [G : N]	Fresh cuts	yL, F & Stem	F / Succus (All are squeezed together)	E
Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore [9, 21]^, [14]^, [15]^*	WL046	Asteraceae	Ino-Kamena-e [K : E]	Sores & Wounds	L	Heated / Succus	E
Crotalaria retusa L. [9, 13]	SK071	Leguminosae	Orupa flawa [G : G]	Chicken-pox	F	Fresh / Succus	E
Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. [9]	SK005	Hypoxidaceae	Orupa napa [G: N]	Growth retarded children	Tubers	Maceration, then liquid is used to cook greens & meat in bamboo	O
Cyrtandra sp. [21]^, [13, 14]^, [15]^*	SK060	Gesneriaceae	Minise [B : S]	Malnutrition	L & Stem	Cut into pieces and cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Cyrtandra sp. [21]^, [13, 14]^, [15]^*	WL032	Gesneriaceae	Asaswa [F : Y]	Weight decrease due to abdominal problems / nausea	L	Concoction	O
Cyrtandra sp. [13, 21]^, [14]^, [15]^*	RJ015	Gesneriaceae	Kodatchale [I : J]	Emetic and strong cough (expectorant)	L	Fresh	O
Decaspermum bracteatum (Roxb.) A.J.Scott	SK047	Myrtaceae	Sosome [B : S]	Back & joint pain, headache & toothache	L & B	Cut into pieces and cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Dendrobium sp. [9, 21]^, [13, 14]^	SK029	Orchidaceae	Fonomuna [S : O]	Severe headache & dizziness	L & stem	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat	O
Dendrobium sp. [9, 21]^, [13, 14]^	WL048	Orchidaceae	Kinua [K : E]	Backache [Analgesic]	A	Fresh	O
Dendrocnide interrupta (L.) Chew	WL035	Urticaceae	Fai [K : U]	Muscle / joint pains / headache	L	Fresh	E
Dendrocnide sp. [13]	RJ048	Urticaceae	Iwole [I : J]	Productive cough	soft L	Concoction	O
Desmodium sp. [8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16]^*, [22, 26]	SK021	Leguminosae	Suwaroka ginona [S : O]	Malnutrition	L, F & Stem	Cooked with meat in bamboo	O
Dianella ensifolia (L.) DC. [14]^, [15]^	SK066	Liliaceae	Mamuha [B : S]	Irritating cough & throat mucus	L & Tubers	Infusion	O
Diospyros sp. [13]	WL010	Ebenaceae	Kigi Yosita-e [F : Y]	Shortness of breath w/ abdominal discomfort and bodyswelling	B	Concoction	O
Diospyros sp. [13]	WL037	Ebenaceae	HamaitoYosa [K : E]	Significant weight loss	L & B	Concoction	O
Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. [11, 21]^, [14, 16]^, [27]	WL044	Sapindaceae	Karu [K : E]	Bone Fractures / Painful joints	L	Heated	E
Drymaria cordata (L.) [9, 14]^*, [15]	RJ042	Caryophyllaceae	Motdeikedike [I : J]	Tooth ache	A	Decoction	O
Elaeagnus sp. [21]^*	WL009	Elaeagnaceae	Tunakafe yosita-e [U : Y]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Dried	O
Elaeocarpus sp. [9, 10, 13, 14, 21]^, [15, 17]^	WL051	Elaeocarpaceae	Ukari [K : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	B	Concoction	O
Eleutheranthera sp. [28]	WL056	Asteraceae	Lemu [Ki : A]	Pains [general analgesic]	R	Concoction	O
Emilia prenanthoidea DC. [10, 13, 14]^*, [9, 21]	SK022	Asteraceae	Gambiri govu [S : O]	Rumbling stomach	L	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Erigeron sumatrensis Retz.[14, 21]^*	WL013	Asteraceae	Kisekise / Okiopa [K : U]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	B	Concoction	O
Euphorbia hirta L. [9, 15, 16]	SK032	Euphorbiaceae	Saha gihi [G : U]	Dysentery	L, F & Stem	F / Succus	O
Eurya sp. [21]^, [14]^	WL070	Theaceae	Iyaleya [Ki : A]	Headache, fatigue, GI discomfort, muscle aches and arthralgia	L	Concoction	O
Eustrephus latifolius R. Br.	SK075	Philesiaceae	Haya sono [G : G]	Anti-helminthics	L	Fresh / Succus	O
Ficus benjamina L. [29]	SK052	Moraceae	Makeyafa [B : S]	Joint & back pain	L & B	Scraped bark & chopped leaves are cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Ficus copiosa Steud. [8, 9, 21]^, [14, 16]^	WL047	Moraceae	Atai-Yosita [K : E]	Chest Pains, labored breathing	L & B	Concoction	O
Ficus pumila L. [8–11, 13, 14, 16]^*, [19, 22]	WL025	Moraceae	Kasakonde [F : Y]	Malaise, fever, shaking, vomiting [sometimes]	L	Concoction	O
Ficus pungens Reinw. ex BL. [9, 10, 13, 14, 16]^*	SK073	Moraceae	Gegeha [G : U]	Shivering hands & feet	L & Fruit	Chopped leaves & smashed fruits are cooked together with pig meat in bamboo	O
Ficus pungens Reinw. ex Blume [9, 10, 13, 14, 16]^*	RJ017	Moraceae	Ayeye [I : W]	Oral trush	soft f L	Succus (crushed)	O
Ficus sp. [8–11, 13, 14, 16, 21]^*, [19, 22]	WL015	Moraceae	Higifa [K : Y]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Ficus sp. [8–11, 13, 14, 16, 21]^*, [19, 22]	WL038	Moraceae	Yagarueta [K : E]	Malaise, fever, shaking, vomiting [sometimes]	L	Concoction	O
Finschia sp.	SK037	Proteaceae	Yakof [B : S]	Abdominal swelling	L	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat	O
Gardenia sp. [14]^, [21]^	SK007	Rubiaceae	Amanini [G : N]	Faintness / Epilepsy	L	Chopped into pieces & cooked with meat in bamboo	O
Glochidion sp. [14]^, [15]^	SK024	Euphorbiaceae	Poroqui [S : O]	Frequent dizziness	yf L	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Gordonia papuana Kobuski [21]^, [14]^	WL069	Theaceae	Oasiri / Kogaisiri [Ki / K : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	B	Concoction	O
Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griffith [8, 21]^, [14]^, [22]	WL017	Acanthaceae	Otoro [U : Y]	Excessive menstrual bleeding	L	Concoction	O
Grevillea papuana Diels [10, 13, 21]	SK072	Proteaceae	Mumusopa yaha [G : G]	F cuts & Ulcer sores	L	Poultice	E
Hemigraphis sp. [8–10, 21]^, [13, 14]^, [20]	WL074	Acanthaceae	NamKatoga [K : NI (E)]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Hemigraphis sp. [8–10, 21]^, [13, 14]^, [20]	RJ041	Acanthaceae	Bukmeye/Murie [I : KA]	Magical	L	Concoction	O
Hyptis sp. [9, 11, 13, 23]	SK017	Labiatae	Seve moiba [S : O]	Spear wounds	L	F / Succus	E
Hyptis sp. [9, 11, 13, 23]	SK018	Labiatae	Gekesagu [B : S]	Otitis media	Soft stem & Stem skin	F / Succus	E
Impatiens hawkeri W.Bull [10, 21]^, [14]^	RJ043	Balsaminaceae	Meyebui [I : KA]	Magical	L	Concoction	O
Impatiens hawkeri W.Bull [10, 21]^, [14]^	RJ045	Balsaminaceae	Kolumbota [I : KA]	Magical	L	Concoction	O
Kibara katikii Philipson	SK025	Monimiaceae	Suwa nara [S : O]	Epilepsy	L	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd. [9, 10, 21]^*, [13, 16, 19, 22, 24, 26, 30]	RJ009	Urticaceae	Nabotne (green) [I : J]	Liver pain	soft L	Heated and Fresh	O
Laportea decumana (Roxb.) Wedd. [9, 10, 21]^*, [13, 16, 19, 22, 24, 26, 30]	RJ018	Urticaceae	Nabotne (Pink) [I : J]	Joint pain (analgesic); magical	L	Fresh	O
Laportea sp. [9, 10, 21]^*, [13, 14, 16, 19, 22, 24, 26, 30]	RJ004	Urticaceae	Keletichale [I : J]	Liver pain (Epigatric pain)	f soft L	Fresh	O
Leucosyke capitellata (Poir.) Wedd. [8]	SK063	Urticaceae	Hagaza [B : S]	Skin itchiness	L & stem	Fresh / Succus	O & E
Litsea exsudens Kosterm. [14]^*	SK048	Lauraceae	Sagifa [B : S]	Cleanes bodysystem	L & B	Leaves & barks are cut into pieces and cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Ludwigia hyssopifolia (G. Don) exell apud A.R. Fernandes [21]^*	WL040	Onagraceae	Lawolawosa [K : E]	Blood in urine, yellow tongue, headache with high fever, aching joints [all ocurring together]	A	Concoction	O
Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) Raven [14]^*	SK069	Onagraceae	Goluwaiyo [G : G]	Ulcer sores	Fruit & seeds	Fresh / Succus	E
Maclura sp.	RJ020	Moraceae	Iveriate [I : J]	Malaria	soft L	Fresh	O
Medinilla sp.	SK028	Melastomataceae	Lunu aira [S : O]	Anemia	L	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat	O
Melastoma malabathricum L. [14]^*	WL014	Melastomataceae	Tawakaya [F : U]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L & B	Concoction	O
Melastoma sp. [8, 9, 11, 13, 14]^*	WL006	Melastomataceae	Kora Yosa / Au Yosaita [F / K : Y]	Heart Problems	L	Concoction	O
Mucuna stanleyi C.T.White [8, 9, 13]	RJ014	Leguminosae	Kang'ole [I : J]	Contraception	soft L	Succus (crushed)	O
Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack [28]	SK068	Rutaceae	Onupa yaha [G : N]	Mentallydisturbed	L	Leaves are cut into pieces and cooked with meat in bamboo	O
Murraya sp. [28]	SK031	Rutaceae	Nuva yaha [G : G]	Nasal congestion	L	Steaming	I
Musa sp. [8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 16, 21]^*, [23, 24, 30]	WL053	Musaceae	Abu [Ki : K]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	Stem	Concoction	O
Myrmecodia sp. [8, 21]^*, [13]	RJ046	Rubiaceae	Kleklina [I : KA]	Magical	soft L	Concoction / Fresh	O
Ophiorrhiza nervosa RidL. [14]^*	SK049	Rubiaceae	Atu [B : S]	Poison within body system	L	Cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Ophiorrhiza sp. [14, 21]^*	WL011	Rubiaceae	Temu / Afela Hefi [F / K : Y]	Epigastric pain, nausea, vometing, abdominal swelling [Stomach cancer]	L & soft stem	Concoction	O
Orania sp.	WL072	Arecaceae	Vayave [K : AN (E)]	Difficult breathing, cough and wheezing	B	Concoction	O
Oxalis corniculata L. [9, 14, 16]^*, [19]	SK041	Oxalidaceae	Sokolo [B : S]	Dysmenorrhoea	L, F & Stem	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Oxalis corniculata L. [9, 14, 16]^*, [19]	SK035	Oxalidaceae	Gehani gihi [G : M]	Labour pain	L, F & Stem	F / Succus	O
Pandanus sp. [9, 13, 14, 16, 21]^*, [22]	RJ047	Pandanaceae	Awangwe [I : J]	Asthma	soft L	Succus (squeezed)	O
Phyllanthus niruri L. [9, 11, 13, 16]	SK070	Euphorbiaceae	Saha gihi [G : G]	Stings from insects/bees	L & F	Fresh / Succus	E
Piper aduncum L. [29]	WL043	Piperaceae	Kamani-Lucefa [K : E]	Bone Fractures	L	Heated	E
Piper betle L. [9, 10, 16]	SK061	Piperaceae	Yagerere [B : S]	Malnutrition	L	Chopped and cooked together with pig meat	O
Piper gibbilimbum C.DC. [14]^*, [31, 32]	RJ038	Piperaceae	Kutmunne [I : J]	Improves platability of other TrM	L	Wrapper	O
Piper sp. [8–10, 21]^, [13, 14, 16]^, [17, 18, 22]	RJ039	Piperaceae	Mudutganan'ne [I : KA]	Magical	soft L	Concoction	O
Piper sp. [8–10, 21]^, [13, 14, 16]^, [17, 18, 22]	SK026	Piperaceae	Gegiya [G : U]	Toothache	yf L	Succus	E
Pipturus argenteus (G.Forst.) Wedd. [9, 10, 13, 16, 18, 26]	SK067	Urticaceae	Ase yaha [G : N]	Remove worms	L	Chopped leaves are cooked together with pig meat	O
Pittosporum sinuatum BL. [14]^*	WL058	Pittosporaceae	Ilawau-u [Ki : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Pittosporum sp. [9, 21]^[13, 14, 16]^	RJ027	Pittosporaceae	Wununghe [I : W	Scabies, ulcerative sores	A	Decoction	O
Planchonella sp. [14]^*	RJ024	Sapotaceae	Ik'klake [I : J]	Abdominal swelling / Magical	Seed, L, B	Decoction (bark) / fresh	O
Plantago major L. [21]^*	SK044	Plantaginaceae	Getuya [B : S]	Diarrhea	Whole	Either cooked separately or with pig meat in a bamboo	O
Plantago major L. [21]^*	SK034	Plantaginaceae	Masiga gihi [G : U]	Deep wound (pig/dog bite, axe/knife wound)	L & stem	F / Succus	E
Plectranthus scutellarioides R. Br. [3, 13, 14, 16, 18]	SK040	Lamiaceae	Salita [B : S]	Dysentery	L	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Podocarpus neriifolius Don. [9, 27]	WL054	Podocarpaceae	Laso [Ki / K : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	B	Concoction	O
Poikilospermum sp. [8, 14]^*	SK058	Urticaceae	Sikrutafa [B : S]	To gain weight/become fat	L & vine	Chopped leaves & scraped vines are cooked together with pig meat	O
Polygala paniculata L., [21]^, [13], [14]^	SK016	Polygalaceae	Nuva gihi [G : O]	Malaria & High Fever	L & F	Cooked with meat in bamboo	O
Polygonum strigosum R. Br. [14]	RJ022	Polygonaceae	Tungole [I : J]	Labor pain (analgesic)	soft L	Fresh	O
Polyscias filicifolia (C.Moore ex E.Fourn.) L.H.Bailey	RJ005	Araliaceae	Iriduki'Imetchale [I : J]	Malaria	L	Fresh	O
Psidium guajava L. [8, 9, 13, 16]	SK002	Myrtaceae	Gusigusi [G : N]	Diarrhea	L	Fresh / Succus	O
Psoralea sp.	SK003	Leguminosae	Gulumeha [G : G]	White mouth sores / Candida like	L, F & Stem	F / Succus (All at once)	O (Chewed)
Psychotria sp. [9, 11, 21]^, [13, 14]^	WL033	Rubiaceae	Katoya [F : Y]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Rubus moluccanus L. [9, 14, 16, 21]^*	WL023	Rosaceae	Uruturu [F : Y]	Fevers	L	Concoction	O
Rungia klossii S.Moore [11, 21]^, [14, 30]^	WL004	Acanthaceae	Hefi [K : U]	none	Herb	Major additive to Wl001- > 003	O
Saccharum sp. [9, 11, 21]^, [13, 14, 16]^, [17, 23, 26]	RJ051	Poaceae	Sale / Saimije [I : J]	Improves platability of other TrM	Crystallized	Additive (taste / texture)	O
Sacciolepis sp. [10, 13, 14, 21]	WL036	Poaceae	Hufa-aigoyae [K : AN]	Small sores & minor cuts	F / Stem	Succus	E
Salacia sp. [14]^*	WL029	Celastraceae	Agenafa [K : Y]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L & Stem	Concoction	O
Sambucus javanica Reinw. ex Blume	SK008	Caprifoliaceae	Golani yaha [G : N]	Chicken-pox	F	Infusion used for bathing	E
Sanchezia nobilis var. glaucophylla Lem.	SK076	Acanthaceae	Girukaru [G : U]	Broken bones & joint dislocations	L	Cooked with meat or other greens	O & E
Saurauia andreana (F.MuelL.) Diels [8, 14]^*	WL064	Actinidiaceae	Ayano [Ki : K]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Saurauia sp. [8, 21]^, [14]^	SK027	Actinidiaceae	Goiva [S : O]	Ulcers	L	Poultice	E
Saurauia sp. [8, 21]^, [14]^	SK051	Actinidiaceae	Kiahuyave [B : S]	Dysmenorrhoea	L & B	Leaves / bark or both are cut into pieces and cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Saurauia sp. [8, 21]^, [14]^	SK053	Actinidiaceae	Yaketupa [B : S]	Abnormal mouth & nose bleeding	L & B	Chopped leaves & scraped bark are cooked together with pig meat in bamboo	O
Saurauia sp. [8, 21]^, [14]^	RJ010	Actinidiaceae	Kokgingila [I : J]	Permanent contraceptive	B	Decoction	O
Saurauia sp. [8, 21]^, [14]^	RJ030	Actinidiaceae	Gol'lik [I : W / AD]	Liver pain / epigastric pain	L	Fresh	O
Saurauia sp. [8, 21]^, [14]^	WL005	Actinidiaceae	Karakieta [F : Y]	Pains, Fevers & GI Symptoms ["typhoid symptoms"]	L	Concoction	O
Saurauia sp. [8, 21]^, [14]^	WL018	Actinidiaceae	Kaware [F : Y]	Excessive menstrual bleeding	L	Concoction	O
Schefflera sp. [21]^, [13], [14]^, [15]^*	WL003	Araliaceae	Ase [K : E]	Emetic	L	Concoction	O
Scindapsus sp.	SK055	Araceae	Yage [B : S]	Severelysick patients	Stem & yf L	Chopped leaves & scraped vines are cooked together with pig meat	O
Selaginella emmeliana Van Geert	WL049	Selaginellaceae	Kakasi [Ki / K : A]	Swollen Hands and Feet	L	Concoction	O / E
Senecio sp. [14]^*	SK012	Asteraceae	Gotu aira [S : O]	Cough with runny nose	yL & S	F / Succus	O
Setaria sp. [8–10, 14]	SK010	Poaceae	Nomu suva [S : O]	Malaria	whole plant	Chopped into pieces & cooked with meat in bamboo	O
Sida acuta Burm. F. [9, 13, 16]	SK014	Malvaceae	Nivinihani [G : O]	Dysmenorrhoea, Diarrhea	yf L & Rs	Eaten with food & F / Succus	O
Sigesbeckia orientalis L. [14]^*	SK042	Asteraceae	Mezamua [B : S]	Diarrhea	Whole	Fresh / Succus	O
Smilax rotundifolia L. [8, 9, 16]	WL024	Smilacaceae	Kogana [K : Y]	Pains and Fevers [Analgesic]	L	Concoction	O
Smilax sp. [8, 9, 14, 16]^*	WL030	Smilacaceae	Ala-Kogana [K : U]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Smilax sp. [8, 9, 14, 16]^*	SK023	Smilacaceae	Gatapa nara [S : O]	Epilepsy	y soft L	Cut into pieces & cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Steganthera sp. [14]^*	RJ033	Monimiaceae	Kwagisal'lik [I : AD]	Strong cough with burning/nausea	soft L & S	Fresh	O
Symplocos sp. [14, 21]^*	WL002	Symplocaceae	Vefa [K : E]	Emetic	B	Concoction	O
Symplocos sp. [14, 21]^*	WL059	Symplocaceae	Nimihavaya [Ki : A]	Epigastric pain	L	Concoction	O
Symplocos sp. [14, 21]^*	RJ032	Symplocaceae	Guruke [I : W	Cough	L	Fresh	O
Syzygium longipes Merr. & L.M.Perry [8–11, 13, 16, 18]	SK059	Myrtaceae	Maze [B : S]	Malnutrition	L & B	Cut into pieces and cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Syzygium sp. [8–11, 21]^, [13, 14, 16]^, [18]	SK074	Myrtaceae	Nuva yaha [G : G]	Mild-severe chest pain	L & Fruit	Dry / fresh chopped leaves are cooked with meat in bamboo	O
Syzygium sp. [8–11, 21]^, [13, 14, 16]^, [18]	WL019	Myrtaceae	Yasawa [F : Y]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	B	Concoction	O
Syzygium sp. [8], [9–11, 21]^, [13, 14, 16]^, [18]	SK038	Myrtaceae	Fitome [B : S]	Swallowing of poison	L & B	Cut into pieces and cooked with pig meat in bamboo	O
Tagetes sp. [11]	SK006	Asteraceae	Ukuromini [G : N]	Toothache	F & Stem near F	F (All are squeezed and applied directly)	D
Tasmannia piperita (Hook. f.) Miers. [13, 14]	RJ008	Winteraceae	Iridukichale [I : J]	Malaria and strong cough	L	Fresh or dry	O
Tecoma sp. [21]^, [15]^	WL067	Bignoniaceae	Na-a [Ki : A]	Vaginal discharge/bleeding	R	Concoction	O
Timonius belensis Merr. & L.M.Perry [14]^*	SK039	Rubiaceae	Kipe [B : S]	Joint & back pain	L & B	Scraped B is added to chopped L & pig meat and cooked in bamboo	O
Timonius sp. [9, 13, 14, 16]^*	WL039	Rubiaceae	Ubagu [K : E]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Trichospermum sp.	WL071	Tiliaceae	Aviya [Ki : A]	Headache, fatigue, GI discomfort, muscle aches and arthralgia	L	Concoction	O
Tridax procumbens L. [11, 16]	SK077	Asteraceae	Lilita [G : U]	Mild-severe headache	L	Cooked with meat in bamboo	O
Tristiropsis sp.	RJ023	Sapindaceae	Longola [I : J]	Malaria, cough w/ chest pain / Magical	soft L	Fresh	O
Uncaria sp. [8, 21]^, [14]^	SK062	Rubiaceae	Glagigo [B : S]	Internal sores & candida infections	L & Stem	Candida: stem smashed to release succus which is gargled; sores: stem and leaves are cooked and eaten	O (Rinse) / O
Unidentified	SK011	Araliaceae	Gororotave nara [S : O]	Toothache	L & stem	F / Succus (Cut & squeezed in hand)	E
Unidentified	SK065	Not given	Nagepa [B : S]	Headache	L, F & Stem	All parts are cooked together with pig meat	O
Unidentified	RJ003	Unidentified	Imetchale [I : J]	Malaria	L	Fresh	O
Unidentified	RJ016	Icacinaceae	Kawikaule [I : J]	Strong cough	L	Fresh or dry	O
Unidentified	RJ025	Scrophulariaceae	Imetchale [I : J]	Malaria and Asthma	A	Fresh or dry	O
Unidentified	RJ026	Solanaceae	Kwagi'Kuwogie [I : J]	Persistent cough	L	Fresh	O
Unidentified	RJ028	Unidentified	Kimamite (small) [I : J]	Malaria / mental enhancement	L, Stem	Leaf Fresh / Stem charred and inhaled	O
Unidentified	RJ031	Unidentified	Kat'tungje [I : J]	Strong cough with rhinorrhea (decongestant)	L	Fresh	O
Unidentified	RJ034b	Unidentified	Ammate [I : J]	Dyspnea	soft L	Fresh	O
Unidentified	RJ035	Unidentified	Kimamite (big) [I : J]	Headache / Malaise	L	Fresh	O
Unidentified	RJ040	Euphorbiaceae	Klalebongbonge [I : KA]	Magical	soft shoot / L	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL008	Leguminosae	Orovia [F : Y]	Abdominal discomfort / bodyaches [also magical: make people like bearer]	F	Fresh	O
Unidentified	WL012	Unidentified	Kuougo [U : Y]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	Stem [dried]	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL016	Euphorbiaceae	Kamira [KT : F]	Excessive menstrual bleeding	L	Concoction	O]
Unidentified	WL026	Unidentified	Tewesa [F : Y]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	A	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL027	Myrtaceae	Kuta [K : Y]	GIT / Swelling [Magic] [also magical as protection for bearer]	B	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL028	Unknown	Nonhe [F : Y]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L & B	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL041	Unidentified	Eso-Aginogi [K : E]	Weight Loss with severe bodyaches and GI complications	A	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL050	Unidentified	Veya [Ki : A]	Swollen Hands and Feet	A	Concoction	O / E
Unidentified	WL055	Lamiaceae	Natano [Ki / K : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	B	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL057	Sapindaceae	M-e [Ki : A]	Pains [BodyAches]	B	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL060	Theaceae	Alau / Kalau [Ki / K : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	B	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL061	Unidentified	Kaviaya / Kamagafa [Ki / K : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	B	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL068	Melastomataceae	Masirita [Ki : A]	GIT / Swelling [Magic]	L	Concoction	O
Unidentified	WL076	Unidentified	Hapalaga Hitirifae [K : NI (E)]	Diarrhea	F / Fruit	Fresh	O
Unidentified	RJ050	Unidentified	Tungoje [I : J]	Cough	L	Fresh	O
Usnea strigosa (Ach.) Eaton	WL063	Parmeliaceae	Oleazu [Ki : A]	Headache	A	Concoction	O
Vaccinium sp. [13], [14]^, [21]^, [15]^*	RJ019	Ericaceae	Yopengchale [I : J]	Strong cough, asthma/dyspnea, fertility, stop menstruation	L	Fresh	O
Zingiber officinale Roscoe [8–10, 16, 22, 26, 30]	RJ059	Zingiberaceae	Imate [I : J]	Sore throat / Magical	Rhizome	Concoction	O
Zingiber officinale Roscoe [8–10, 16, 22, 26, 30]	WL073	Zingiberaceae	Atu [K : NI (E)]	Common Ingredient	R	Concoction	Many

Languages: Gahuku – G; Siane – S; Bena – B ; Ipma-Baruya Language – I ;Fore – F ; Keyagana – K ;Kimi = Ki ; Unknown – U.
Villages: Amusa - A; Ande - AD; Aniruvi - AN; Egera-Haga - E; Ginipauka - G; Jomuru -J; Kimi - K; Kam'mwa - KA; Kamiyovindi-Tunuku - KT; Masiga - M; Mala and Boiko M-B; Numurapoka - N; Niruvi - NI; Orumba - O; Sekagu -S; Unknown - U; Wauko - W; Yawanita Haya -Y.
Route: Oral – O ; External – E; D – direct on tooth; I - Inhaled.
Plant parts: Aerial parts – A; Bark – B; Flowers – F;; Leaves – L; Tubers – T; Root – R; Vine – V; Whole – W; young – y.
Medicinal preparation: Fresh – F.
*** now known as Osmoxylon eminens (W.Bull) Philipson.
A * following a reference number indicates no reference to medicinal use of the plant was made in the cited source.

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ISSN: 1746-4269

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