Table 4 List of medicinal plant species reported in Zetaquira and Campo Hermoso including ethnobotanical characteristics

Justicia filibracteolata Lindau Acanthaceae ALCG 62 Chuchuhuaza

shrub cultivated in homegarden

native Colombian Andes³

0.06/ 0.00

bark and leaves (B)

rheumatism (B)

concoction with Allium sativum and Aristolochia ringens in extract in alcohol/ oral -U1- (Z), concoction with Cannabis sativa in extract in alcohol -U2-/ oral (B), decoction/ oral (C)

Trichanthera gigantea (Bonpl.) Nees (s) Acanthaceae ALCG 125 Cafetero, Quiebrabarrigo

small tree wild in edge of route

native to Northern South America⁸

0.19/ 0.00

leaves and stems (B)

inflammations and skin infections (B) fevers (Z) to lose weight (Z)

decoction/ topical-baths (B) decoction/ topical-baths (Z); fresh extract by maceration/ oral (Z) infusion/ oral (Z)

Sambucus nigra L.* º Adoxaceae•Caprifoliaceae ⁺⁺ ALCG 68 Sauco Elder or Elderberry

tree cultivated in solar

introduced Europe-West Siberia-North Africa ⁵

0.56/ 0.25

leaves and flowers (B)*² flowers (B)º ² leaves and branches (B) flowers and shoots (Z) leaves and branches (B)

gripe (B) eye inflammations and infections (B) fevers (B) tiredness and weakness (Z) respiratory complaints (B) respiratory complaints (Z) headache (Z) against hair lice (C)

concoction with Citrus limon juice in decoction/ oral (B) extract in decoction or destilation (in a glass bottle)/ topical- eye baths (B) decoction/ topical in baths (B) decoction/ topical, baths (Z) decoction/ oral (B) concoction with milk in decoction/ oral (Z) decoction/ oral (B) decoction/ oral (Z) fresh extract from maceration/ topical on the head before the sunrise starts (Z) fresh extract from maceration/ topical for washing the hair (C)

Furcraea macrophylla Baker, Hook (e-CH) Agavaceae Fique,cabuya Fique

succulent rosette forming tall herb cultivated in a farmland

native Boyaca-Colombia⁷

0.25/ 0.13

root (C)

rheumatism (C) muscles and tendons complaints (C) Hidropisy (C)

decoction/ oral (C) use of fibres of leaves to tie them on the affected part/ topical (C) decoction of a piece of leaf/ oral (C)

leaves (C)

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (s) Amaranthaceae ALCG 80 Paico Epazote Wormseed

herb ascendent cultivated in small garden

native Central Andean range and south of western range in Colombia ⁷

0.44/ 0.38

leaves (B) leaves and stems (B)

stomach complaints (B) intestinal parasites (B)

infusion or decoction/ oral (B) fresh extract by maceration in water/ oral (B)

Althernanthera lanceolata (Benth.) Schinz Amaranthaceae ALCG 113 Planta del cáncer or Sanguinaria

herb cultivated in small garden

introduced American tropics and subtropics, Asia, Africa and Australia¹²

0.48/ 0.25

leaves and branches (B) leaves (C) leaves (Z)

healing of wounds (B) skin cancer (C) stomach ulcer (C) cancer in general (C) cancer in general (Z) fevers (Z)

decoction/ oral and decoction/ topical-baths (B) decoction/ topical baths (C) decoction in milk/ oral (C) decoction / oral (C) fresh extract by maceration in water/ oral (Z)

Eryngium foetidum L.*

herb cultivated in homegarden

native South Mexico to Bolivia Colombian Andeans and Orinoquia⁵

0.06/ 0.06

root (C)

hepatitis (C) condiment herb (C)

decoction/ oral (C) combination with food/ oral (C)

Apiaceae

leaves (C)*2

ALCG 167

Cilantrón,cilantro cimarrón

Mexican coriander, shadow beni

Apium graveolens L. *

herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced Europe and West Asia ¹³, Europe ⁵

0.25/ 0.19

leaves and stems (B)*2

intestinal obstipation (B)

decoction/oral(B)

Apiaceae

infusion/oral(B)

Apio

stomach ache (B)

combination with food/oral(B)

Celery,celeriac

condiment herb (B)

infusion/oral(B)

relaxant (B)

decoction/oral(Z)

to regulate menstruation (Z)

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.* º

herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced Mediterranean Europe⁵

0.06/ 0.06

leaves and stems (B)

to enhance lactation (B)

decoction in milk or “aguadepanela”-U3-/ oral (B)

Apiaceae

ALCG 89

condiment herb (B)

combination with food/ oral (B)

Hinojo

Fennel, Bronze Fennel,

Sweet cumin¹²

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nyman ex A.W. Hill*

herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced Eastern Mediterranean Western Asia Mediterranean Europe ⁸

0.50/ 0.25

leaves (B)*2

cardiovascular complaints as high blood pressure (B)

infusion/ oral (B)

to chew leaves/ oral (B)

combined with food/ oral (B)

Apiaceae

enhance stomach function (B)

infusion/ oral (C)

ALCG 87

infusion/ oral (Z)

Perejil

againts bad breath (B)

Parsley

condiment herb (B)

kidney complaints (C)

intestinal pain (C)

againts menstrual pain (Z)

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don.

short lived herb cultivated in pod

introduced Madagaskar ⁸

0.06/ 0.06

flowers (C)

againts eye infections and irritations (C)

infusion/ topical-baths (C)

Apocynaceae

ALCG 158

Vicaria

Madagascar periwinkle

Philodendron sp.

sufrutex wild in edges of secundary forest

unknown Africa and Asia and America around the equador ⁷

0.00/ 0.00

leaves and stem (Z)

skin infections and inflamations (Z)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical-rub part affected

Araceae

ALCG 103

Hidra or Yedra

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced South East Asia, Australia ^8,13

0.31/ 0.25

tuberous root (B)

gastritis (B)

concoction of blended root with milk/ oral (B)

Araceae

stomach ulcer (B)

ALCG 106

food (B)

carbohydrate source food/ oral (B)

Malanga

Taro

Aristolochia ringens Vahl.

Twiner/climber Wild in river bank

introduced native to Brazil ¹⁵

0.75/ 0.00

leaves and stems (B)

rheumatism (B)

concoction with Cannabis sativa, Erythroxylum coca and Justicia filibracteolata in extract in alcohol/ topical and oral (B), maceration in extract in alcohol/ topical and oral (Z)-U2- maceration/ topical in emplast (B)

Aristolochiaceae

ofidic accidents (B)

ALCG 78

Bejuco de Guaco

Gaping Dutchman`s Pipe

Aloe vera (L.) Burman f. * º

Short stem-med suculent plant cultivated in pods

introduced arabic peninsula ⁸

0.63/ 0.63

gel from leaves (B) * 2 º 2

asthma (B)

fresh gel is blended single or in concoction with egg or with honey and juice of Citrus limon/ oral (B)

Asphodelaceae

caugh (B)

Zábila

fever (B)

Aloe

headache (B)

fresh gel/ topical-emplast over head-front (Z)

healing wounds and

fresh gel/ topical-emplast over head-front (B)

skin spots (B)

fresh gel/ topical-emplast over head-front (Z)

external inflamations (B)

hair treatment (B)

massaging (B)

stomach cancer (Z)

fresh gel in concoction with honey/ oral (Z)

Bidens pilosa L. *

herb wild in pastures with bushes composition

native\ From the centrum to the south of the Andeans of Colombia³

0.00/ 0.00

leaves (Z)*2

skin infections (Z) rashes (Z)

maceration/ topical-emplast (Z)

Asteraceae

decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

ALCG 144

Chipaca

Spanish needle,black jack

Onoseris onoseroides (Kunth) Robins

tall herb wild in slope hills and between bushes on open pastures

introduced Central America and naturalized in Colombia ³

0.13/ 0.00

leaves (B)

against bleedings (C)

fresh leaves directly on the wound/ topical (C)

against uterus complaints (C)

Asteraceae

infusion/ oral (C)

ALCG 139

pains in muscles (Z)

maceration/ topical-emplast (Z)

Santa María

Conyza filaginoides (DC.) Hieron

herb spontaneous in solar with some cultivated trees

native Central Colombian Andeans ³

0.00/ 0.00

leaves and stems (Z)

skin infections and rash (Z)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical-massage (Z)

Asteraceae

ALCG 110

Venadillo

Pyrethrum parthenium (L.)

herb cultivated in small garden

introduced Eurasian, meridional-boreal³

0.00/ 0.00

leaves º2*2 and stems (Z)*2

intestinal complaints (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

Sw.

relaxant (Z)

fresh maceration/ emplast (Z)

* º

flowers (Z)

uterus cramps (Z)

Asteraceae

ALCG 75

Manzanilla

Feverfew

Wild chamomille

Galinsoga parviflora Cav.

herb cultivated in homegarden

native Colombia, South America^3,8

0.19/ 0.06

leaves (B)

againts excess of stomach acids (B)

decoction/ oral (B)

Asteraceae

leaves and stems (C)

condiment herb (B)

decoction/ oral (B)

ALCG 90

against white plaques in mouth (C)

fresh extract by maceration in water/ oral (C)

Guacas

intestinal parasits (C)

Matricaria chamomilla L. * º

herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced Iran and Europe ^3,8,17

0.38/ 0.38

leaves and flowers (B)

stomach complaints (B)

decoction or infusion (B)

leaves, stems and flowers (B)

relaxant (B)

infusion/ oral (B)

Asteraceae

rheumatism (Z)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical-massage (Z)

ALCG 96

colds, spams and cramps in muscles (C)

Manzanilla dulce

decoction/ oral and fresh extract by maceration/ topical-massage (C)

Roman chamomile,

German chamomile

Taraxacum officinales F.H.Wigg.

herb spontaneous in a farm with a large patch of secondary forest

introduced Europe³

0.25/ 0.06

leaves (B)

cardiovascular complaints (B)

infusion/ oral (B)

* 2

infusion/ oral (C)

* º

kidney complaints (C)

Asteraceae

enhance lungs function (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

ALCG 104

rheumatism (Z)

decoction/ oral (Z)

liver cleanse (Z)

Diente de león

maceration/ topical-emplast (Z)

Dandelion

infusion/ oral (Z)

Artemisia absinthium L. *

herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced Europe³ and West Asia

0.19/ 0.13

leaves (B)

stomach ache (B)

infusion/ oral (B)

(e-CH)

leaves (Z)

liver cleanser (C)

infusion/ oral (C)

Asteraceae

leaves and stems (Z)

to prevent extra blood flow during child delivery (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

Ajenjo

infusion/ oral (Z)

Absinthe wormwood,

againts inflamations and infections (Z)

decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

grand wormwood

Calendula officinalis L. * º

short-lived plant cultivated in pod

introduced South and East Europe³

0.31/ 0.19

flowers (B)

external-internal inflamations (B)

Decoction / topical, baths (B)

Asteraceae

*2 º 2

gastritis (C)

decoction / oral (B)

ALCG 57

leaves and flowers (C)

skin infections (Z)

infusion of leaves and flowers in concoction with drops of Crotons' sage/ oral (C)

Caléndula

Pot Marigold, Scotch Marigold

leaves and stems (Z)

menstrual cramps (Z)

maceration of leaves/ topical (Z)

decoction/ topical,baths (Z)

Ambrosia cumanensis Kunth

herb cultivated in homegarden

native Colombian Andeans³

1.12/ 0.81

leaves and stems (B)

gripe (B)

infusion/ oral (B)

Asteraceae

rheumatism (B)

fresh plant in maceration / topical in cataplasm (B)

ALCG 63

branches (Z)

children bledder complaints (B)

Altamisa

concoction with Mentha suaveolens

Western Ragweed or Perennial Ragweed

menstrual cramps (Z)

and Ruta graveolens in infusion/ oral (Z)

colds and spams in muscles (C)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical to rub body (C)

stomach ache (C)

decoction/ oral (C)

intestinal complaints (C)

against flies (Z )

branches are placed in dogs beds against flies (Z)

Anredera cordifolia Tenore

Vine wild in edges of secondary forest with enought shadow and moisture

native SouthAmerica (Colombia,Ecua-dor, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia,Brasil,Salvador)¹³

0.12/ 0.13

leaves and stems (B)

fevers (B)

decoction or infusion/ oral (B)

Basellaceae

respiratory complaints (C)

fresh extract by maceration in water/ topical-baths (Z)

ALCG 109

Rubacá

skin infections (Z)

decoction/ oral (C)

muscles and tendons inflamations,edemas (Z)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical-emplast or massage (Z)

Crescentia cujete L. ^3,; *

tree cultivated in homegarden

native North Central America, Mexico and Belice, Colombian Andes,Amazons and Caribean³

0.06/ 0.06

young fruit (C)*2

caugh (C)

fresh extract or juice/ oral (C)

Bignoniaceae

asthma (C)

Totumo

Calabash tree

Jacaranda cf. copaia (Aubl.) D.Don

tree cultivated in solar

native Colombian Andeans and Orinoquia³

0.94/ 0.69

bark (B)

Intestinal complaints (B)

decoction/ oral (B)

Bignoniaceae

leaves (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

leaves (C)

Kidney complaints (Z)

infusion/ oral (C)

ALCG 69

branches (C)

rheumatism (C)

concoction with fresh maceration-Eucalyptus globulus and Allium sativum in extract in alcoholU2 / oral topical (C)

Gualanday

gripe (C)

fevers (C)

denge (C)

decoction/ oral (C)

skin infections (C)

see concoction with Urtica dioica and Rosmarinus officinalis (C)

circulatory complaints (C)

mouth dryness (C)

Symphytum officinale L.

herb cultivated in garden

introduced Europe, West Asia ⁹

0.06/ 0.13

leaves (B)

rheumatism (C)

infusion/ oral (C)

Boraginaceae

headache (C)

concoction with Rosmarinus officinalis in decoction/ oral (Z)

ALCG 173

prostate complaints (Z)

Comfrey

Quaker Comfrey, boneset

Cannabis sativa L.

herb cultivated

introduced North West of Himalayan mountains, Asia⁷

0.19/ 0.06

leaves (B)

rheumatism (B)

concoction with Justicia filibracteolata in extract in alcohol^U2/ oral (B),

Cannabaceae

ALCG 172

concoction with Aristolochia ringens, Erythroxylum coca and Justicia filibracteolata in extract in alcohol/ topical and oral (B)

Marihuana

Marijuana,Hemp,Cannabis

maceration in extract in alcohol/ topical and oral (Z)^U2

Clusia aff. ellipticifolia Cuatr.

small tree cultivated in an edge of pastures plot

native Colombian Andes and Amazons⁵

0.13/ 0.00

fruits (C)

against warts (C)

fresh fruit juice/ topical directly on skin (C)

leaves (Z)

back pain (Z)

Clusiaceae or Guttiferae

heated leaves/ topical directly on the back (Z)

ALCG 122

Gaque

Tradescantia zebrina Heynh.

herb cultivated in small garden

introduced Neotropical Guatemala and Mexico¹³ probably Panamá⁸

0.00/ 0.00

leaves and flowers (Z)

diabetes (Z)

decoction/ oral (Z)

Commelinaceae

rheumatism (Z)

maceration/ topical-emplast (Z)

ALCG 115

Suelda con suelda roja or cinta

Wandering jew

Callisia monandra (Sw.) Schult. & Schult f.

herb wild in edge of secondary forest with enought shadow and moisture

native to Caribean territories²⁰ including Colombia

0.19/ 0.13

leaves and stems (B)

fracture bones (B)

maceration/ topical-emplast (B)

rheumatism (Z)

maceration/ topical-emplast (Z)

Commelinaceae

decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

ALCG 118

Suelda con suelda blanca

Cojite morado

Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.

climbing vine plant cultivated in homegarden

introduced Central America and Mexico ⁸

0.06/ 0.00

fruit (B)

hipertension complaints (B)

decoction/ oral (B)

Cucurbitaceae

ALCG 151

Guatilla

Alligator pear,pear squash

Cupresus lusitanica Mill.

tree cultivated in small garden

introduced Europe⁷ naturalized in Mexico²⁴

0.13/ 0.00

branches (B)

rheumatism (B)

decoction/ topical-baths (B)

Cupressaceae

caughs and asthma (B)

concoction with Eucalyptus globulus and Solanum nigrum in concentrated extract by decoction/ oral (B)

ALCG 129

against bledder complaints in children (C)

Pino ciprés

Mexican cypress,Cedar of Goa

tiredness and weakness (Z)

maceration/ topical-emplast (C)

kidney complaints (Z)

concoction with Eucalyptus globulus in decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

decoction/ oral (Z)

Equisetum giganteum L.*

herb wild in strem edge

native Central and South America Central part of Colombian Andeans⁷

0.19/ 0.00

leaves and stem (B)*2

skin infections and inflamations (B)

decoction/ topical-baths (B)

Equisetaceae

decoction/ oral (Z)

ALCG 156

root (C)

kidney complaints (B)

decoction/ oral (B)

Cola de caballo

horsetail

againts rheumatism and osteoporosis (C)

concoction with Furcraea macrophylla in decoction/ baths (C)

Erythroxylum coca Lam.

Shrub or small tree Cultivated in solar

native Colombia and South America⁵

0.44/ 0.25

leaves and branches (B)

rheumatism (B)

concoction with Cannabis sativa, Aristolochia ringens and Justicia filibracteolata in extract in alcohol/ topical and oral (B)

Erythroxylaceae

rheumatism (C)

ALCG 73

leaves (C)

tiredness and

Coca

leaves (B)

weakness (B)

leaves (Z)

relaxant (B)

decoction/ oral (C)

tooth pain (Z)

infusion/ oral (B)

fresh maceration/ topical on the tooth (Z)

Croton Funckianus Muell. Arg.

tree wild in edge of route

native Colombian Andes⁵

0.06/ 0.06

leaves (C)

tooth pain (C)

maceration/ topical-emplast (B)

Euphorbiaceae

ALCG 120

Sangregado

Mimosa pudica L.

herb wild in open pastures

native South and Central America⁷

0.56/ 0.00

leaves (B)

tooth pain (B)

fresh maceration/ topical-emplast (B)

Fabaceae

rheumatism (C)

decoction/ topical-bath (C)

ALCG 175

for helping children to fall asleep (C)

Dormidera

Sensitive Plant, Mimosa

Senna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barnaby

shrub spontaneous in a sideroad

introduced 48 lower states, Virgin Islands,Puerto Rico²³

0.50/ 0.06

branches (B)

fever (B)

decoction/ topical-bath (C)

Fabaceae

leaves (C)

gripe (C)

concoction with Trichanthera gigantea and Cestrum mariquitense in decoction/ topical-bath (Z)

ALCG 161

branches (C)

headache (C)

decoction/ oral (C)

Alcaparro

branches (B)

for healing uterus after giving birth (C)

fresh extract by

Sicklepod

to stop noise bleeding in children (Z)

maceration/ topical-massage or bath (C)

decoction/ topical-bath (C)

decoction in milk/ topical-bath (Z)

Juglans neotropica Diels

tree cultivated in solar within a secondary forests well drened

native Amazons, Orinoquia Central Andes Range⁷

0.00/ 0.00

leaves (Z)

allergies (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

(e-CH/Z)

leaves and branches (Z)

diaper rash and other skin complaints as acne and feets' fungus (Z)

decoction/ topical in baths (Z)

Juglandaceae

leaves (Z)

uterus cleaning (Z)

decoction/ topical in hip baths (Z)

ALCG 67

Cedro Nogal

Colombian walnut

Melissa officinalis L.* º

herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced Europe and Asia³

0.75/ 0.62

leavesº2 and stems (B)*2

gripe (B)

decoction/ oral (B) or fresh extract by maceration in water/ oral (B) or infusion/ oral (B)

Lamiaceae

fevers (B)

ALCG 92

relaxant (B)

Toronjil

stomach ache (B)

Common balm

intestine complaints (B)

Ocimum campechianum Mill.

herb cultivated in homegarden

native North, Central and Northern South America²³

0.63/ 0.31

leaves (B)

Intestinal complaints (B)

infusion/ oral (B)

Lamiaceae

seeds (B)

eye dust (B)

one seed is placed in the eye/ topical (B)

ALCG 74

leaves (Z)

gripe (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

Albahaca

Basil, Wild mosquito plant

Mentha viridis L.

herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced Europe ³

0.50/ 0.38

leaves (B)

gripe (B)

infusion/ oral (B)

Lamiaceae

stomach ache (B)

infusion or decoction/ oral (B)

ALCG 91 Menta

inflammations of intestine (B)

fresh extract by maceration in water/ oral (C)

Spearmint

infusion/ oral (B)

Satureja brownei (Sw.) Briq.

herb cultivated in small garden

native South America, Colombian Andean Ranges³

0.19/ 0.06

leaves and stems (B)

against bledder complaints in children (B)

maceration/ topical-emplast (B)

Lamiaceae

condiment herb (B)

combination with food/ oral (B)

ALCG 130

stomach ache (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

Poleo

enhance blood cleaning (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

Origanum majorana L.*

herb cultivated in solar

introduced Asia menor¹³

0.06/ 0.00

leaves (Z)*2

stomach aches and

infusion or decoction/

Lamiaceae

ALCG 76

intestine complaints (Z)

oral (Z)

Mejorana

prostata complaints (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

knotted marjoram,sweet marjoram

kidney complaints (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

Rosmarinus officinalis L.* º

woody herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced Península Ibérica, Western Mediterranean³

0.31/ 0.19

leaves (B)

lungs complaints (B)

infusion/ oral (C)

* 2 º 2

tooth pain (B)

decoction in milk/ oral (Z)

(e-Z)

leaves and stems (B)

hipertension complaints (B)

maceration/ topical-emplast on tooth (B)

Lamiaceae

against hair loss (B)

infusion/ oral (B)

ALCG 149

muscles pain (C)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical-massage (C)

Romero

rheumatism (C)

decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

Rosemary

stomach ache (Z)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical-massage (C)

tiredness (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.

herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced Europe³

0.94/ 0.94

leaves (B)

stomach ache (B)

infusion or decoction/ oral (B)

Lamiaceae

shoots (Z)

fresh extract by maceration/ oral (B)

ALCG 127

leaves and stems (Z)

infusion or fresh extract by maceration/ oral (B)

Yerbabuena blanca

leaves (Z)

headaches (B)

concoction with Allium sativum cloves, in concentrated extract by decoction/ oral (Z)

Round leaved mint

leaves and stems (Z)

intestinal inflamations (B)

intestinal parasits (Z)

concoction with Piper cf.bogotense, Trichanthera gigantea and Phytolacca rivinoidesin decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

against infections and inflamations (Z)

fevers (Z)

infusion/ oral (Z)

concoction with Ambrosia cumanensis and Ruta graveolens in decoction/ oral (Z)

menstrual cramps (Z)

diaper rash (Z)

decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

Persea americana Mill.

tree cultivated in solar

native Central and South America⁷

0.25/ 0.13

shoots (C)

gripe (C)

decoction and concoction with fresh extract of Verbena littoralis and Citrus limon juice/ oral (C)

apendicitis (C)

Lauraceae

shoots (Z)

sensitive gums (Z)

decoction/ oral (C)

ALCG 100

fruit (C)

against dry hair (C)

maceration/ topical (Z)

Aguacate

fruit (Z)

regulator of digestion (Z)

maceration/ topical-massage (C)

Avocado, butter pear

combination with food/ oral (Z)

Allium fistulosum L.

gregarious herb cultivated in homegarden

introduced Siberia ; Altai montains in Siberia⁷

0.31/ 0.19

roots (B)

intestinal obstipation (B)

decoction/ oral (B)

fresh extract by maceration/ oral (C)

Liliaceae

leaves (B)

stomach ache (B)

decoction/ oral (Z)

Cebolla larga

leaves (B)

condiment herb (B)

combination with food (B)

Scallion, green onion

young leaf (C)

against intestinal obstipation in newborns (C)

fresh leaf as suppository/ rectal (C)

roots (C)

lost of memory (C)

leaves (B)

fever (Z)

decoction/ oral (C)

maceration/ topical-emplast on head-front (Z)

Allium sativum L. * º

herb cultivated in pod

introduced Southwestern Asia; Central Asia ⁷

0.12/ 0.06

bulbus (B) *2 º 2

gripe (C)

concoction with alcohol-Aguardiente ^U2/ oral (C)

Liliaceae

fevers (C)

decoction/ oral (C)

Ajo

againts intestinal worms (C)

concoction with alcohol-Aguardiente-^U2/ oral (Z)

Garlic

againts amebiasis (Z)

concoction with shoots of Menta suaveolens in concentrated extract by decoction/ oral (Z)

rheumatism (Z)

concoction with Justicia filibracteolata and Aristolochia ringens in extract in alcohol ^U1- (Z)

Althaea officinalis L. º

herb cultivated in pod

introduced Mediterranean⁵

0.38/ 0.00

leaves (C)

kidney complaints (C)

infusion/ oral (C)

Malvaceae

flowers (C)

caugh (C)

fresh extract by maceration/ oral (Z)

Malva

leaves (B)

stomach

infusion/ oral (Z)

Marsh mallow

ache (Z)

fever (Z)

Anoda cristata (L.) Schl.

herb wild in open pastures

introduced Mexico and part of Central America⁵

0.19/ 0.13

leaves and stems (C)

fever (C)

concoction with Senna obtusifolia in extract from maceration/ topical-bath or rub body (C)

Malvaceae

healing wounds and againts spots (C)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical-rub skin (C)

ALCG 170

decoction/ topical-bath (C)

Patechula (Campo Hermoso)

Escobo (Zetaquira)

Spuded anoda,crested anoda

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.

shrub and groundcover cultivated in small garden

introduced China^11,13

0.31/ 0.19

leaves (C)

intestinal obstipation (C)

fresh extract by maceration/ oral (C)

Malvaceae

leaves and flowers (C)

fever (C)

concoction with Cestrum mariquitense in decoction/ topical-bath (C)

ALCG 164

leaves (Z)

againts hair loss (C)

decoction/ topical-bath (C)

Rosado

flowers (Z)

nervous system tonic (Z)

fresh extract by blending/ oral (Z)

Hibiscus

eye inflamations (Z)

fresh extract in water/ topical-eye-bath (Z)

Psidium guineense Sw.

small tree spontaneous in a private pastures plot

native Tropical America, native to Colombia⁵

0.44/ 0.31

leaves and branches (B)

skin infections and recover wounds (B)

decoction/ topical-baths (C)

maceration/ topical-emplast (Z)

decoction or infusion/ oral (B)

infusion/ oral and decoction/ topical-baths (C)

Myrtaceae

intestinal complaints (B)

decoction/ topical-baths (C)

concoction with other eight bitter plants in decoction/ topical-steam baths (C)

ALCG 121

against umbilical hernia (C)

Guayabo Zapatero or Cimarrón

rheumatism (C)

against colds and cramps in uterus (C)

Brazilian guava, wild guava

Eucalyptus cf. globulus Labill. * º

tall tree wild in edge of secondary forest

introduced South East of Australia and Tasmania ^{6 ,10}

0.44/ 0.19

leaves (B)* 2

gripe (B)

infusion/ oral (B)

concoction with Jacaranda copaia and Allium sativum in decoction/ topical-baths (C)

fevers (C)

concoction with fresh maceration-Jaccaranda copaia and Allium sativum in cloves extract in alcohol^U2 / oral (C)

caughs and asthma (B)

rheumatism (B)

concoction with Solanum nigrum and Cupresus lusitanica in concentrated extract by decoction/ oral (Z)

tiredness and weakness (Z)

decoction/ topical-baths (B)

concoction with Cupresus lusitanica in decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

º 2

branches (C)

leaves (B)

branches (B)

leaves (Z)

Myrtaceae

ALCG 128

Eucalipto

Gum tree, Silver-leaved

mountain gum

Cattleya schroederae Rchb. F.

Epiphytic herb cultivated in solar

native Colombia⁸

0.69/ 0.63

leaves (C)

typhus (C)

fresh extract by maceration of one leafe/ oral (C)

denge (C)

extract by blending in concoction with water/ oral (C)

fever (C)

fresh extract by maceration of a piece of leafe in concoction with water/ oral (C)

intestinal

complaints (C)

Orchidaceae

ALCG 165

Lirio

Easter orchid, Baron schroeder´s

cattleya

Petiveria alliacea L. *

herb cultivated in small garden

native Andean(specially Peruvian Amazonas), Caribean and South east of Colombia ⁷

0.25/ 0.25

leaves (C)*2

stomach cancer (C)

infusion/ oral (C)

decoction/ oral (C)

extract by maceration/ topical-rinsing mouth out/ (C)

against lacerations in mouth (C)

infusion/ oral (C)

Phytolaccaceae

headache (C)

ALCG 136

Anamú

Anamú plant

Phytolacca rivinoides Kunth & C.D.Bouché

shrub spontaneous in a solar

native Central and South America, Colombian Andeans⁷

0.38/ 0.25

leaves and branches (B)

rheumatism (C)

decoction/ topical-baths (C)

concoction with Mentha suaveolens,Piper bogotense and Trichanthera giganteain decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

erisipela (C)

inflamations and skin infections (C)

Phytolaccaceae

inflamations and skin infections (Z)

ALCG 146

Guaba, Cargamanto

Piper hispidum Sw.

shrub cultivated in solar/it can also occur in wild

native Central and South America and native to Caribean territories²⁰

0.44/ 0.38

leaves and stems (C)

high blood presure (C)

fresh extract by maceration in water/ oral (C)

fevers (C)

concoction with Verbena littoralis in decoction/ topical-bath (C)

Piperaceae

tiredness and weakness (C)

decoction / topical-bath (C),steam baths/ topical(C)

ALCG 85

rheumatism (C)

Cordoncillo negro

Jamaican pepper

Piper cf. bogotense C.DC.

shrub cultivated in solar/it can also occur in wild

native North of South America ¹²

0.50/ 0.25

leaves (C)

high blood presure (C)

fresh extract by maceration in water/ oral (C)

fevers (C)

extract in water/ oral (C)

concoction with Mentha suaveolens and Phytolacca rivinoides in decoction/ topical-bath (Z)

leaves and stems (Z)

mouth dryness (C)

skin infections and inflamations (Z)

Piperaceae

ALCG 81

Cordoncillo blanco

Plantago major L.*

herb spontaneous in homegarden

introduced Europe and Asia³

0.81/ 0.31

leaves (B)*2

eye dust and infections (B)

decoction/ topical eye bath (C)

fresh extract by destilation in glass bottle/ topical-eye drops (Z)

Plantaginaceae

gastritis (B)

fresh extract by maceration/ oral (B)

decoction/ oral (C)

fresh extract by maceration/ oral (Z)

decoction/ oral (C)

decoction/ oral (C)

fresh maceration in concoction with honey/ topical-emplast (C)

liver cleanser (B)

concoction with Calendula officinalis and Solanum nigrum in decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

kidney complaints (C)

fever (C)

eczema (C)

healing wounds (Z)

ALCG 374

Llantén

Common plantain

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.*

herb cultivated in solar

introduced India ²

0.44/ 0.50

leaves (B)*2

stomach aches (B)

infusion or decoction/ oral (B)

Poaceae

infusion/ oral (Z)

decoction/ oral (Z)

decoction/ oral (C)

intestine complaints (Z)

gripe (Z)

ALCG 77

prostata complaints (C)

Limonaria or limoncillo

West Indian,Lemon grass,

oil grass

fevers (C)

Rumex crispus L.

herb wild in open pastures

introduced Europe⁷, West Asia ²⁰

0.19/ 0.00

leaves (B)

fevers (B)

fresh extract by maceration/ oral (C)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical-baths (Z)

kidney complaints (C)

fresh extract by maceration/ oral (C)

heated leaves/ topical directly on the lower belly (Z)

liver cleanser (C)

intestinal inflamations (Z)

Polygonaceae

ALCG 148

Romaza, Lengua de vaca

Curled dock

Rubus glaucus Benth.

sub-shrub cultivated in homegarden

native from Mexico to Ecuador and from center to south of Colombian Andeans⁷

0.50/ 0.13

shoots and fruits (B)

rheumatism (B)

decoction/ oral and decoction/ topical-baths (B)

against skin infections and inflamations (C)

decoction/ topical-baths and infusion/ oral (C)

decoction/ topical-baths (C)

decoction/ oral (Z)

Rosaceae

shoots (Z)

against rashes (C)

against spots (C)

caughs (Z)

ALCG 126

Moras

Andean blackberry

Citrus aurantium var. Amara L.

small tree cultivated in homegarden

introduced Southern Vietnam¹³ , Southeast Asia⁵

0.69/ 0.25

fruit (B)

relaxant (B)

steam baths/ topical (B)

infusion/ oral (C)

decoction/ topical-for rinsing mouth (B)

headache (C)

steam baths/ topical (C)

decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

decoction/ oral (Z)

mouth infections (B)

rheumatism (B)

body dryness (Z)

leaves (Z)

Rutaceae

Naranjo agrio

Bitter orange,Seville orange

Citrus maxima (Burm. ex Rumph.) Merr.

small tree cultivated in homegarden

introduced South East Asia ^5,13

0.25/ 0.19

fruits (B)

gripe (B)

juice,alone or in combination with aguadepanela-U3-/ oral (B)

stomach ache (B)

decoction of shoots/ oral (C)

juice in combination with water / oral (B)

inflamations because infections (C)

decoction / topical-baths (C)

juice in combination with water/ oral (Z)

shoots (C)

headache (Z)

decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

fevers (Z)

rheumatism (Z)

fruits (B)

fruits and branches (C)

Rutaceae

fruits (Z)

fruits and branches (Z)

ALCG 98

Limón mandarin

Pommelo, Pumelo

Ruta graveolens L.*

herb cultivated in small garden

introduced Canarian Islands Europe meridional⁵

0.75/ 0.50

leaves (B)

to strengthen uterus (B)

fresh choped leaves combined

with boiled egg/ oral (B)

decoction/ oral (B)

decoction/ topical-bath (Z)

fresh extract by maceration in water/ oral (C)

leaves, flowers and stems (B)*2

against cramps in uterus and menstural pains (B)

infusion/ oral (Z)

Rutaceae

rheumatism (Z)

intestinal parasits (C)

cardioregulator (Z)

leaves and stems (C)

ALCG 86

leaves (Z)

Ruda

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. (e-Z)

small tree cultivated in homegarden

introduced Himalaya and Indochina⁵

1.00/ 0.63

fruits (B)

gripe (B)

juice alone or in combination with water or aguadepanela/ oral (B)

fevers (B)

juice in combination with water/ oral (B)

against infections in throat (B)

juice/ to gargle-topical (B)

juice in combination with water/ oral (B)

Rutaceae

stomach complaints (B)

a fresh hitted-hot fruit/ to massage-topical (C)

fruit pieces mixed with salt in water/ to do baths-topical (C)

ALCG 93

intestine complaints (B)

fresh fruit pulp/ to rub the head-topical (C)

juice in combination with water/ oral (Z)

Limón ácido

rheumatism (C)

againts excema (C)

headache (C)

to prevent high blood presure (Z)

Lemon,Citrus

Physalis peruviana L.

shrub cultivated in homegarden

introduced Northern South America-Peru ³

0.19/ 0.00

fruits (B)

eye dust and infections (B)

fresh extract from maceration/ topical-eye drops (B)

Solanaceae

a variation is a concoction with honey (C)

ALCG 163

Uchuba,Guchuba

Cape gooseberry

Solanum nigrum L. *

sub shrub spontaneous in solar

introduced Eurasia ^13,23

0.19/ 0.00

fruits and leaves (B)*2

diabetes (C)

infusion/ oral (C)

decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

concentrated extract by decoction/ oral (Z)

inflamations and skin infections (Z)

Solanaceae

respiratory complaints (Z)

ALCG 157

Yerbamora(Zetaquira)

Almoraduz(Campo Hermoso)

black night shade

Cestrum mariquitense Kunth

shrub cultivated in solar

native Tropical America ¹³ Boyacá and Cundinamarca-Colombia ³

0.50/ 0.25

leaves (B)

sinucitis (B)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical-noise drops (B)

fevers (B)

fresh extract by maceration/ oral (B)

concoction with Hibiscus rosa sinenesis in decoction/ topical-baths (C)

headache (C)

fresh extract by maceration/ oral (C

Solanaceae

ALCG 102

Tinto

Cecropia sp.

tree wild in secondary forest

native Colombian Andes⁷

0.06/ 0.00

leaves (Z)*2

cardiac complaints as hypertrophy (B)

concoction with alcohol-dye/ oral (B)

Urticaceae •

Cecropiaceae ⁺⁺

Yarumo

Pumpwood, trumpet tree

Urera baccifera (L.)

herb spontaneous in a farm with a large patch of secondary forest

native Central and South America Central Andeans and Orinoquia in Colombia ⁷

0.25/ 0.06

leaves and branches (B)

rheumatism (B)

decoction/ topical baths (B)

infusion/ oral (C)

allergies (B)

Gaudich ex Wedd. Urticaceae

leaves (C)

blood circulation tonic (C)

ALCG 99

Ortiga mayor, Pringamoza

Urtica dioica L.* º

herb spontaneous in a farm with a large patch of secondary forest

introduced eurasian, meridional-boreal, native of Britain ¹⁸

1.12/ 0.63

leaves and stems (B)

rheumatism (B)

fresh-maceration/ topical in cataplasm (B)

allergies (B)

decoction / topical in baths (B)

Infusion/ oral (B)

blood cleaner and tonic (B)

fresh extract by maceration/ topical to rub skin (C)

infusion/ oral (C)

concoction with Jacaranda copaia and Rosmarinus officinalis in decotion/ oral (C)

Urticaceae

leaves (B)*2

antihemoragic (B)

skin infection and inflamations (C)

leaves and stems (C)

gripe (C)

mouth dryness (C)

ALCG 66

leaves (C)

Ortiga Blanca or Ortiga menor

Great Nettle or Stinging Nettle

Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Brown*

shrub cultivated in homegarden

native to Colombia ^5,25

0.75/ 0.56

leaves (B)*2

stomach complaints (B),

decoction / oral (B)

decoction/oral (C),infusion/oral (Z)

infusion/oral (Z)

diarrhoea (B)

tiredness and weakness (C), (Z)

Verbenaceae

childbirth (Z)

ALCG 72

Pronto alivio

Bushy,Matgrass

Lippia citriodora (Lam.) Kunth*

shrub cultivated in homegarden

native Colombian Andean range ⁸

0.25/ 0.13

leaves (B)*2

stomach and intestinal complaints (B)

infusion/ oral (B)

decoction/ oral (B)

relaxant (B)

infusion/ oral (Z)

general indisposicion (Z)

Verbenaceae

ALCG 70

Cidrón

Lemon Scented Verbena

Lantana camara L.

herb wild in open pastures

native to Caribean territories including Colombia, Continental US and Hawai²⁰

0.25/ 0.25

leaves and stems (B)

high bilirubin in newborns (B)

decoction/ topical-baths (B)

infusion/ oral (C)

decoction in milk/ oral and decoction/ topical-baths (C)

hepatitis (C)

decoction/ topical-baths (Z)

yellow fever (C)

hepatitis (Z)

Verbenaceae

flowers (C)

flowers, stems and leaves (C)

ALCG 117

leaves and stems (Z)

Florota

Cambara de Espinto or Pricky Lantana

Verbena littoralis Kunth *

herb cultivated in solar

native western and central Andean ranges⁵

0.88/ 0.63

leaves and stems (B)

fevers (B)

decoction/ topical baths (B)

fresh extract by maceration in water/ oral (Z)

gripe (B)

concoction with Calendula officinalis and Piper hispidum in decoction/ topical baths (C)

concoction with Piper hispidum in decoction/ topical in baths (C)

infusion/ oral (Z)

rheumatism (Z)

rheumatism (C)

tiredness and weakness (C)

Verbenaceae

ALCG 79

Verbena blanca

Vervain, owi

Viola odorata L.*

Acaule herb Cultivated in small garden

introduced Europe, Austral Asia and Boreal Africa ⁵

0.00/ 0.00

leaves*2 and stems (Z)

cough (Z)

infusion/oral (Z)

Violaceae

asthma (Z)

ALCG 111

Violeta

Sweet violet/common violet