Table 3 Wild edible plants used by the Tibetans in Shangri-la region, Yunnan Province, China
Latin name | Local name | Family name | Distribution | Parts used | Local use (edible only) | Collection period | Additional local use(s) | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Actinidia arguta (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. | Zhemenkoubu | Actinidiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | ripe fruits eaten fresh. | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as hedge plants. | *** |
Actinidia pilosula (Finet et Gagnep.) Stapf ex Hand.-Mazz. | Zhemenkoubu | Actinidiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | ripe fruits eaten fresh. | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as hedge plants. | ** |
Actinidia venosa Rehder | Zhemenkoubu | Actinidiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | ripe fruits eaten fresh. | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as hedge plants. | ** |
Adenophora khasiana (Hook. f. et Thomson) Collett et Hemsl. | Zheibamiedu | Campanulaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Roots | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic. | Jul-Sept | Flowers and stems used for weisang. Aerial parts used as fodder. Roots used to treat cough and clearing heat. | *** |
Alectoria sulcata Nyl. | Shuhua | Usneaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Whole plant | stir-fried | Jul-Sep | Â | * |
Allium hookeri Thwaites var. muliense Airy-Shaw | Rijiucai | Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Aerial parts | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Aug | Â | *** |
Allium ovalifolium Hand.-Mazz. | Rijiucai | Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Aerial parts | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Aug | Â | ***** |
Allium trifurcatum (F. T. Wang et T. Tang) J. M. Xu | Rijiucai | Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Aerial parts | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Aug | Â | **** |
Amaranthus caudatus L. | Yani | Amaranthaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | Jun-Jul | Aerial parts used as fodder. | *** |
Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. | Yani | Amaranthaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | Jun-Jul | Aerial parts used as fodder. | *** |
Amygdalus mira (Koehne) Ricker | Yemaotao; Kamu | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh. | Jul-Aug | Seeds used to relieve a cough and cure injuries. | *** |
Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. ex DC. | Huzhangcao | Ranunculaceae | Weixi | Roots | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic | Jun-Sept | Roots used to treat bronchitis. Whole plant used as ornamental. | * |
Aralia caesia Hand.-Mazz. | Shutoucai | Araliaceae | Shangri-la | Young leaves and leaf buds | stir-fried or eaten fresh | Apr-May | Â | **** |
Aralia chinensis L. | Gege | Araliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young leaves and leaf buds | stir-fried or eaten fresh | Apr-May | Bark used for weisang | ***** |
Arctium lappa L. | Baomujicigen | Asteraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Roots | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic. | Jun-Aug | Fruits, leaves and roots used to relieve fever, and treat measles, dysentery and gastropathy. | *** |
Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott | Reduo | Araceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Tubers used to relieve cough and treat hemoptysis and pneumonia. | ** |
Aristolochia delavayi Franch. | Ricaoko | Aristolochiaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plants | stir-fried and used as spice | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as stomachic tonic. | *** |
Armeniaca mume Siebold | Kangjue | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh. | Aug | Used as rootstock for Armeniaca vulgaris. | * |
Arundinaria faberi Rendle | Sunzi | Poaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | New shoots | boiled or stir-fried | Jul-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder and to make bamboo wares. | ***** |
Berberis amoena Dunn | Qiesi | Berberidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems, leaves and fruits | eaten fresh | May-Sep | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Berberis jamesiana Forrest et W. W. Sm. | Qiesi | Berberidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems, leaves and fruits | eaten fresh | May-Sep | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Berberis pruinosa Franch. | Qiesi | Berberidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems, leaves and fruits | eaten fresh | May-Sep | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Berberis weisiensis C. Y. Wu ex S. Y. Bao | Qiesi | Berberidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems, leaves and fruits | eaten fresh | May-Sep | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | ** |
Berchemia hirtella Tsai et K. M. Feng | Zhila | Rhamnaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sep | Â | ** |
Berchemia hirtella Tsai et K. M. Feng | Zhila | Rhamnaceae | Deqin | Young leaves | used for making tea | Apr-Jun | Â | ** |
Berchemia sinica C. K. Schneid. | Zhila | Rhamnaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sep | Â | ** |
Berchemia sinica C. K. Schneid. | Zhila | Rhamnaceae | Deqin | Young leaves | used for making tea | Apr-Jun | Â | ** |
Boehmeria penduliflora Wedd. ex Long | Sejia | Urticaceae | Deqin | Young stems and leaves | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Â | * |
Boehmeria tricuspis (Hance) Makino | Sejia | Urticaceae | Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Â | * |
Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L'Hér. ex Vent. |  | Moraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sep-Oct | Leaves used as fodder. Bark used for papermaking. | * |
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. | Zijisuona | Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Aerial part | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Cardamine yunnanensis Franch. | Lijisuona | Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Aerial part | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Cephalotaxus fortunei Hook. var. alpina H. L. Li | Miyou | Cephalotaxaceae | Weixi, Deqin | Seeds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Sep-Oct | Plants used as fuel-wood. Seeds used to expel parasite. | * |
Cerasus conadenia (Koehne) T. T. Yu et C. L. Li | Xumumiedu | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Aug | Flowers and leaves used for weisang | *** |
Cerasus tomentosa (Thunb.) Wall. | Nuosi | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Â | ** |
Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nakai | Suomugua | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | stewed with meat as spice and used to prepare local wine | Sept-Oct | Â | *** |
Chenopodium album L. | Hui | Chenopodiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Aerial parts used as fodder. | *** |
Cinnamomum glanduliferum (Wall.) Meisner | Xiangzhangzi | Lauraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | stir-fried and used as spices | Aug-Sept | Fruits used to treat stomachache. | * |
Cirsium japonicum (Thunb.) Fisch. ex DC. | Baimaci | Asteraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Roots | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic | Jun-Aug | Young stems and leaves used as fodder. | *** |
Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. var. handeliana (Nannf.) L. T. Shen | Dangshen | Campanulaceae | Deqin and Weixi | Roots | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic | Jul-Sept | Aerial parts used as fodder. Roots used to invigorate the spleen. | *** |
Coriaria nepalensis Wall. | Masen | Coriariaceae | Weixi | Fruits | eaten fresh | May-Jun | Â | * |
Cornus capitata Wall. | Jisuo; Jisuziguo | Cornaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Fruits, stems and leaves used as veterinary medicine. | *** |
Cornus macrophylla Wall. | Dengtaishu | Cornaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | used for making vegetable oil. | Aug-Sept | Plants used as fuel-wood. | ** |
Cornus schindleri Wangerin | Saisaizi | Cornaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | seeds | used for making vegetable oil | Aug-Sept | Plants used as fuel-wood. | ** |
Cornus ulotricha C. K. Schneid. et Wangerin | Dengtaishu | Cornaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | seeds | used for making vegetable oil | Aug-Sept | Plants used as fuel-wood. | * |
Corylus chinensis Franch. | Jilizi | Betulaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making pastries | Sept-Oct | Wood used for construction or furniture. | ** |
Corylus yunnanensis (Franch.) Camus | Shanbaiguo | Betulaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making pastries | Sept-Oct | Woods used for construction or furniture. | * |
Cotinus coggygria Scop. var. glaucophylla C. Y. Wu | Jiade | Anacardiaceae | Shangri-la | Young leaves | boiled or stir-fried | May-Jun | Whole plants used as ornamental. | * |
Crataegus chungtienensis W. W. Sm. | Lubu | Rosaceae | Weixi and Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Crataegus oresbia W. W. Sm. | Lubu | Rosaceae | Weixi and Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Cynanchum forrestii Schltr. | Babeda | Asclepiadaceae | Deqin and Weixi | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | Roots stewed with meat and eaten to treat rheumatism. | * |
Davidia involucrata Baill. var. vilmoriniana (Dode) Wangerin | Labizi | Nyssaceae | Weixi | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept-Oct | Whole plant used as ornamental. | * |
Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen | Jiaojia | Urticaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to make local wine | Jun-Aug | Roots used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and broken bones. | * |
Decaisnea insignis (Griff.) Hook. f. et Thomson | Xianli | Lardizabalaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to make local wine | Jul-Aug | Roots and fruits used to clearing heat. | *** |
Dioscorea melanophyma Prain et Burkill | Huangshayue | Dioscoreaceae | Weixi | Tubers | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Diospyros lotus L. | Tazhi | Ebenaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept-Oct | Â | *** |
Duchesnea indica (Andrews) Focke | Dihongpao | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jun-Jul | Â | * |
Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb. | Cibie | Elaeagnaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jun-Jul | Â | ** |
Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. | Yangnaiguo | Elaeagnaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Aug | Â | ** |
Eriobotrya salwinensis Hand.-Mazz. | Â | Rosaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jun-Aug | Plants used as fuel-wood. | * |
Eutrema deltoideum (Hook. f. et Thomson) O. E. Schulz | Limo | Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Eutrema heterophyllum (W. W. Sm.) H. Hara | Limo | Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Eutrema himalaicum Hook. f. et Thomson | Limo | Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) H. Hara | Wanao | Polygonaceae | Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder. | * |
Fargesia melanostachys (Hand.-Mazz.) T. P. Yi | Sunzi | Poaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | New shoots | boiled or stir-fried | May-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder and to make bamboo wares. | ***** |
Ficus pumila L. | Dongshili | Moraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making bean jelly | Jul-Aug | Leaves used as fodder. | * |
Ficus sarmentosa Buch.-Ham. ex Sm. | dongshili | Moraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making bean jelly | Jul-Aug | Leaves used as fodder. | * |
Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | Asi | Apiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jul | Â | ** |
Fragaria moupinensis (Franch.) Cardot | Gasuo | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh. | Jun-Jul | Whole plants used as fodder. | ** |
Galinsoga parviflora Cav. | Nawabijia | Asteraceae | Deqin and Weixi | Young stems and leaves | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Whole plants used as fodder. | * |
Ginkgo biloba L. | Baiguo | Ginkgoaceae | Deqin, Weixi | Seeds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Sep-Oct | Seeds used to treat asthma. | * |
Gnaphalium affine D. Don | Qingmincai | Asteraceae | Weixi | Young leaves | grounded with sticky rice to make rice cake. | Apr-May | Leaves used to treat cuts and gun shot wounds. | * |
Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ex Sw.) Vuijk | Lianxiongde | Orchidaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plant | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic. | Aug-Sep | Whole plant used as fodder. | * |
Hippophae rhamnoides L. subsp. yunnanensis Rousi | Xiju | Elaeagnaceae | Deqin. Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh or used to make beverage and wine. | Aug-Oct | Fruits used to treat cough and invigorate the circulation of blood. | ***** |
Houttuynia cordata Thunb. | Zhergen | Saururaceae | Weixi, Shangri-la | Leaves and roots | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Â | *** |
Juglans regia L. | Daiga | Juglandaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | eaten fresh or stir-fried, and used for making vegetable oil. | Aug-Sept | Plants used as fuel-wood. | *** |
Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz. | Cilaobao | Araliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jun | Â | ** |
Lethariella cladonioides (Nyl.) Krog | Gangge | Parmeliaceae | Deqin | Whole plant | used for making tea, wine and beverage | Aug-Oct | Used to tranquilize mind and clearing heat. | * |
Leycesteria formosa Wall. | Sezha | Caprifoliaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh. | Aug-Oct | Â | * |
Ligusticum daucoides (Franch.) Franch. | Riqincai | Apiaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plants | stir-fried or added to soups | Apr-May | Aerial parts used as fodder. | **** |
Lindera kariensis W. W. Sm. | Rihujiao | Lauraceae | Weixi, Deqin | Fruits | used as spices | Jul-Sept | Â | ** |
Lindera nacusua (D. Don) Merr. | Rihujiao | Lauraceae | Weixi | Fruits | used as spices | Jul-Sept | Â | ** |
Lindera obtusiloba Blume var. heterophylla (Meisn.) H. P. Tsui | Rihujiao | Lauraceae | Weixi | Fruits | used as spices | Jul-Sept | Â | * |
Lindera reflexa Hemsl. | Rihujiao | Lauraceae | Weixi | Fruits | used as spices | Jul-Sept | Â | * |
Lobaria sp. | Qingwapi | Stictaceae | Shangri-la and Weixi | Aerial part | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Whole plant used to treat dyspepsia. | * |
Lycopus lucidus Turcz. ex Benth. | Ganluo | Lamiaceae | Shangri-la | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried or used for making pickle | Jul-Aug | Â | ** |
Mahonia duclouxiana Gagnep. | Jisa | Berberidaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh. | Aug-Sep | Whole plants used as hedge plants. | * |
Maianthemum atropurpureum (Franch.) LaFrankie | Zhuyecai; Nibai | Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ***** |
Maianthemum forrestii (W. W. Smith) LaFrankie | Zhuyecai; Nibai | Liliaceae | Shangri-la and Weixi | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | **** |
Maianthemum henryi (Baker) LaFrankie | Zhuyecai; Nibai | Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | **** |
Maianthemum oleraceum (Baker) LaFrankie | Zhuyecai; Nibai | Liliaceae | Weixi, Shangri-la | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | *** |
Maianthemum purpureum (Wallich) LaFrankie | Zhuyecai; Nibai | Liliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ***** |
Maianthemum tatsienense (Franct.) LaFrankie | Zhuyecai; Nibai | Liliaceae | Shangri-la | Young shoots and leaves | stir-fried or added to soups | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | **** |
Malus rockii Rehder | Tangli | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept | Plants used as fuel-wood, and rootstock for Malus pumila. Whole plants used as fence. | *** |
Malus spectabilis (Ait.) Borkh. | Haitangguo | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Fruits decoction used to treat dark urine. | ** |
Malva verticillata L. | Jiangba | Malvaceae | Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Leaves, stems and seeds used as fodder. Whole plant used as ornamental. | * |
Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tadaro | Huangguaxiang | Onocleaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Immature fronds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jun | Â | **** |
Medicago lupulina L. | Mocuo | Fabaceae | Deqin, Shangri-la | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Leaves, stems, flowers and seeds used as fodder. | * |
Megacarpaea delavayi Franch. | Yuose | Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Megacarpaea polyandra Benth. ex Madden | Yuose | Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Mentha canadensis L. | Qiubi | Lamiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Â | ** |
Nostoc sphaerioides Kützing | Shuimuer | Nostocaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plant | eaten fresh or added to soups | Jun-Jul | Whole plant used to treat burns and scalds. | * |
Metapanax delavayi (Franch.) J. Wen et Frodin | Â | Araliaceae | Deqin, Weixi | Young leaves | used for making tea | Apr-May | Whole plants used as hedge plants. | * |
Ophioglossum reticulatum L. | Yimuyidun | Ophioglossaceae | Shangri-la | Immature fronds | stir-fried or added to soups | Jul-Aug | Whole plants used to treat impotence and lumbago. | * |
Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw. | Xianrenguo | Cactaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sep | Tubers and fruits used as fodder. Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Oreorchis indica (Lindl.) Hook. f. | Xiabaji | Orchidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Pseudobulbs | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Whole plants used as fodder. Pseudobulbs used to stop bleeding and detumescence. | * |
Osmunda japonica Thunb. | Shuijuecai | Osmundaceae | Weixi | Immature fronds | stir-fried | May-Jun | Â | *** |
Osteomeles schwerinae C. K. Schneid. | Sele | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Leaves and fruits used as fodder. | ** |
Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C. A. Meyer var. major (Burkill) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng | Gedeqi | Araliaceae | Shangri-la | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jun | Whole plants used as fodder. Roots used to stop bleeding. | *** |
Panax japonicus (T. Nees) C. A. Meyer var. major (Burkill) C. Y. Wu et K. M. Feng | Gedeqi | Araliaceae | Shangri-la | Rhizomes | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic. | Jul-Aug | Whole plants used as fodder. Rhizomes used to stop bleeding. | *** |
Pentapanax henryi Harms | Â | Araliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Apr-May | Â | ** |
Photinia glomerata Rehder et E. H. Wilson | Chongsi | Rosaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept | Â | * |
Phyllanthus emblica L. | Ganlan | Euphorbiaceae | Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Barks used to extract tannin. | *** |
Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. | Tuoqiong | Phytolaccaceae | Deqin | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Jul-Aug | Roots used to promote diuresis. | * |
Pinellia pedatisecta Schott | Luoa | Araceae | Deqin | Young leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Corms used to treat vomit and http://reduce http://phlegm. | * |
Pinus armandii Franch. | Seitu; Songzi | Pinaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Sept-Oct | Leaves and stems used for weisang. Needles used as fodder. Plants used as fuel-wood. | ** |
Pistacia weinmanniifolia J. Poiss. ex Franch. | Li | Anacardiaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Leaves and stems used for weisang. Leaves and fruits used as fodder. | **** |
Plantago asiatica L. | Hamaye | Plantaginaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Whole plants | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Leaves, stems, flowers and seeds used as fodder. | *** |
Plantago major L. | Hamaye | Plantaginaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Whole plants | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Leaves, stems, flowers and seeds used as fodder. | *** |
Potentilla anserina L. | Chuomo | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Roots | eaten fresh or boiled | Jun-Sept | Leaves, stems and fruits used as fodder. Roots used to control leukorrhea flow. | *** |
Potentilla coriandrifolia D. Don var. dumosa Franch. | Zumuyasha | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Roots | eaten after boiling | Jun-Sept | Whole plants used as fodder. | * |
Potentilla leuconota D. Don | Pagu | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Roots | eaten after boiling | Jun-Sept | Whole plants used as fodder. | * |
Prasiola subareolata Skuja. | Shihuacai | Prasiolaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plants | eaten fresh or added to soups | Jun-Jul | Â | * |
Prinsepia utilis Royle | Qingciguo | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | used for making vegetable oil | Jul-Aug | Â | *** |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusclum (Desv.) Underw. ex A. Heller | Zhila | Pteridaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Immature fronds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jul | Whole plant used to treat rheumatism or for clearing heat. | **** |
Pyracantha fortuneana (Maxim.) H. L. Li | Sare | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept-Oct | Â | * |
Pyrus betulifolia Bunge | Reli | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | Â | * |
Pyrus calleryana Decne. | Xialie | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | Â | * |
Pyrus pashia Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don | Suilun | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | Â | ** |
Pyrus pseudopashia T. T. Yu | Suilun | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Â | ** |
Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. | Shuhua | Ramalinaceae | Whole plant | Whole plant | stir-fried | Jul-Sept | Â | * |
Rheum likiangense Sam. | Mojue | Polygonaceae | Shangri-la and Deqin | Young leaves | eaten fresh | Jun-Aug | Roots used to remove blood stasis. | * |
Ribes alpestre Wall. ex Decne. | Suanmiguoguo | Saxifragaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to prepare local wine | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Ribes moupinense Franch. | Hiangshen | Saxifragaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to prepare local wine | Jul-Oct | Leaves, stems and fruits used for weisang. Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Ribes glaciale Wall. | Niangxu | Saxifragaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Leaves and stems used for weisang. Whole plants used as fence and hedge plants. | *** |
Rosa omeiensis Rolfe | Xuwabala | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Whole plants used as fence and ornamental. | *** |
Rosa praelucens Byhouwer | Xielermiedu | Rosaceae | Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh | Sept-Oct | Flowers used for weisang. Whole plant used as ornamental. | *** |
Rosa soulieana Crép. | Xuwabala | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence and ornamental. | ** |
Rubus assamensis Focke | Hongpai; Yongde | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | ** |
Rubus fockeanus Kurz | Hongpai; Yongde | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | * |
Rubus niveus Thunb. | Hongpai; Yongde | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | ** |
Rubus pectinellus Maxim. | Jiaoxumu | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Leaves and stems used for weisang. Whole plants used as fence. | *** |
Rubus pentagonus Wall. ex Focke | Hongpai; Yongde | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | ** |
Rubus polyodontus Hand.-Mazz. | Hongpai; Yongde | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | * |
Rubus rubrisetulosus Cardot | Hongpai; Yongde | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | ** |
Rubus stans Focke | Hongpai; Yongde | Rosaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fence. | ** |
Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M. C. Johnst. | Luozi | Rhamnaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Apr-May | Â | * |
Sambucus chinensis Lindl. | Debangqiongjie | Caprifoliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Aerial parts used as fodder. | *** |
Schisandra rubriflora (Franch.) Rehder et E. H. Wilson | Wuweizi | Schisandraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to prepare local wine | Aug-Oct | Fruits used as antidiarrheic and for invigorating kidney. Whole plant used as ornamental. | *** |
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T. S. Ying | Agabule | Berberidaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Sept | Roots, stems and leaves used to clear heat. Seeds used to cure antenatal pain and help expelling placenta. Whole plant used as ornamental. | ** |
Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames | Xiaobaiji | Orchidaceae | Shangri-la | Whole plant | stewed with meat and eaten as tonic | Aug-Sept | Whole plants used as fodder. | * |
Stachys kouyangensis (Vaniot) Dunn var. franchetiana (H. Lév.) C. Y. Wu | Riganlu | Lamiaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Tubers | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Sept | Whole plants used as fodder. | * |
Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. | Yongma | Asteraceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Whole plants | boiled or stir-fried | Jun-Aug | Whole plants used as fodder. | *** |
Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser | Yawakeqi | Loranthaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | Â | ** |
Taxillus thibetensis (Lecomte) Danser | Yawakeqi | Loranthaceae | Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Oct | Â | *** |
Thamnolia vermicularis Ach. | Xiare | Thamnoliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Whole plant | used for making tea, wine and beverage | Aug-Oct | Used to tranquilize mind and clear heat. | * |
Thlaspi arvense L. | Manlancai | Brassicaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried or used for making pickle | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Thlaspi arvense L. | Manlancai | Brassicaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | used for making vegetable oil | Jul-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Thlaspi yunnanense Franch. | Manlancai | Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried or used for making pickle. | May-Jun | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Thlaspi yunnanense Franch. | Manlancai | Brassicaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Seeds | used for making vegetable oil | Jul-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder. | ** |
Tibetia himalaica (Baker) H. P. Tsui | Â | Fabaceae | Deqin, Shangri-la | Roots | eaten fresh | Jun-Aug | Aerial parts used as fodder. | * |
Toona sinensis (Juss.) Roem. | Â | Meliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Leaf buds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | May-Jun | Â | ** |
Torreya fargesii Franch. var. yunnanensis (C. Y. Cheng et L. K. Fu) N. Kang | Shasongguo | Taxaceae | Weixi, Shangri-la | seeds | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Sept-Oct | Leaves and stems used for weisang. Plants used as fuel-wood. | * |
Toxicodendron succedaneum (L.) Kuntze | Si | Anacardiaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making vegetable oil | Jul-Sept | Wax is extracted from fruits to use in varnish and polish. | * |
Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. A. Barkley | Si | Anacardiaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used for making vegetable oil | Jul-Sept | Wax is extracted from fruits for using in varnish and polish. | * |
Triosteum himalayanum Wall. | Sachi | Caprifoliaceae | Shangri-la | Fruits | eaten fresh | Aug-Sept | Aerial parts used as fodder. | * |
Typhonium diversifolium Wall. ex Schott | Banxia | Araceae | Shangri-la | Young leaves | used for making pickle | Jul-Aug | Â | ** |
Urtica fissa E. Pritz. | Yanglala | Urticaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul | Â | ** |
Urtica mairei H. Lév. | Yanglala | Urticaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | stir-fried | Jun-Jul |  | ** |
Viburnum betulifolium Batalin | Ruosi | Caprifoliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to prepare local tonic wine | Aug-Sept | Â | * |
Viburnum kansuense Batalin | Ruosi | Caprifoliaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh and used to prepare local tonic wine | Aug-Sept | Â | * |
Vitis betulifolia Diels et Gilg | Geng | Vitaceae | Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | eaten fresh | Jul-Oct | Leaves used as fodder. | ** |
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. | Yemu | Rutaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Young stems and leaves | eaten fresh or stir-fried | Apr-May | Â | **** |
Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. | Yemu | Rutaceae | Shangri-la, Weixi and Deqin | Fruits | used as spices | Jul-Sept | Â | ***** |