Table 1 Typology for measuring cultural values and animal symbolism adapted from Kellert [[67]] and Vermeulen & Koziell [[68]]

Naturalistic

1. Deep experience with nature

2. Awareness and attentiveness, willingness to examine and discover

3. Enhanced creativity and imagination

Ecologistic-scientific

1. Systemic study of nature

2. Pursuit of knowledge to understand nature

3. Cycles and system comprehension

Humanistic

1. Deep feelings of attachment to nature's components

Utilitarian (direct/indirect use)

1. Resource view (material value associated)

2. Subsistence (or household use)

3. Productive (or tradable use)

4. Environment services offered to human well being

Aesthetic

1. Capacities for curiosity, imagination and creativity

2. Recognition of order, harmony, symmetry, grace and balance

3. Aesthetic search, real beauty, ideal and perfect

Negativistic

1. Aversive reactions to nature

2. Destructive practices sometimes

3. Environmental problems like pollution

Dominionistic

1. Sense of control and domination of nature

2. Nature as a place for exercising mastery

Moralistic

1. Nature as a philosophical resource

2. Willingness to treat nature with respect and kindness

3. Ethical responsibility

4. Affinity feelings

Symbolic

1. Use the sights, sounds of nature in language, and other symbolic ways

2. Religion, spirituality, anthropomorphism

Spiritual

1. Attachment to nature through its affinity with ancestors, religion, or its role in traditional ceremonies

2. Related to cosmovision

Cultural

1. Objects of nature that express the values of the culture superimposed on, thus linked to belongingness and identity

Existence

1. Nature existence regardless of utility humans

2. Bequest to future generations