Table 2 Species known to be medicinal by women in Mahabo-Mananivo

AMARANTHACEAE

Amaranthus sp

Anampatsa

bark

intestinal parasites

AMARANTHACEAE

Chenopodium ambrosioides L.

Taimboritsiloza

Entire plant

Placental apposition - Parasites - Nosebleeds

Naturalized in Madagascar

ANACARDIACEAE

Mangifera indica L.

Manga

Bark Root

Evacuation of the placenta - Diarrhea - Hemorrhoid - Leucorrhoea - Dental Disease - Gonorrhea

Naturalized in Madagascar

ANACARDIACEAE

Rhus taratana (Baker) H. Perrier

Taranta

Leaf

Poisoning - Convulsions - Epilepsy - Stomach pain

Endemic to Madagascar

ANACARDIACEAE

Sclerocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst.

Sakoa

Leaf

Venereal diseases - Sedative - Astringent - Spider Bite

Comoros, Africa

ANNONACEAE

Annona reticulata L.

Coeur de Boeuf

Leaf

Evacuation of the placenta

ANNONACEAE

Annona sp.

Sarisoky

Leaf

Stomach pain

APHLOIACEAE

Aphloia theiformis (Vahl) Benn.

Fandramana

Leaf, Bark

Evacuation of the placenta - Malaria - Tuberculosis - Sore throat - Heartburn

Comoros, Mascarenes, Seychelles, Africa

APOCYNACEAE

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don

Vonenina

Entire plant, Root

Stomach pain - Pancreas pain - Cancer

Endemic to Madagascar

APOCYNACEAE

Petchia erythrocarpa (Vatke) Leeuwenb.

Hentona

Bark

Malaria

Comoros

APOCYNACEAE

Petchia madagascariensis (A. DC.) Leeuwenb.

Kabokala

Leaf

Insect bites

Endemic to Madagascar

APOCYNACEAE

Voacanga thouarsii Roem. & Schult.

Kaboky

Leaf- Latex - Roots - Bark-seeds

Evacuation of the placenta - Hypertension - Heart problems-wounds - Boils - Gonorrhea-Eczema - Scabies - Fungal Infections - Rheumatism - Stomach pain

Africa

AQUIFOLIACEAE

Ilex mitis (L.) Radlk.

Hazondrano

Leaf

Bad luck

Africa

ARACEAE

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

Saonjo

Leaf

Evacuation of the placenta

Naturalized in Madagascar

ARACEAE

Typhonodorum lindleyanum Schott

Via

Leaf, heart

Evacuation of the placenta - Burn - hip problems

Comoros, Mascarenes, Africa

ARALIACEAE

Schefflera longipedicellata (Lecomte) Bernardi

Membolo - vatsila

Epilepsy - Cold - Gonorrhea

Endemic to Madagascar

ARALIACEAE

Schefflera sp.

Memboloha

Leaf

Albumin - Worms - Plague - Evacuation of placenta

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Pentopetia sp

Tandrokosy

Leaf, Stem

Eye disease - Jaundice - Gonorrhea

ASPARAGACEAE

Dracaena reflexa Lam.

Hasina

Leaf - stem

Evacuation of the placenta - Malaria - Epilepsy

Mascarenes, Africa

ASPARAGACEAE

Dracaena reflexa var. cernua (Jacq.) Baker

Fananaraha

Leaf - stem

Placental apposition - Thinning

ASPLENIACEAE

Asplenium sp.

Apanga malemy

Entire plant

gonorrhea

ASTERACEAE

Acanthospermum hispidum DC.

Bakakely

Leaf

Diarrhea

Africa

ASTERACEAE

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Ananjazavavy

flowers

Stomach pain

Naturalized in Madagascar

ASTERACEAE

Emilia sp.

Kitsitsona

Leaf

Eczema - Ulcer

ASTERACEAE

Emilia sp.

Tsiotsio

Leaf

Apposition of the placenta

ASTERACEAE

Helichrysum sp.

Aferombohitra

Leaf

Scabies

ASTERACEAE

Mimosa pudica L.

Ramoria

Leaf

Hepatitis - Albumin

Naturalized in Madagascar

ASTERACEAE

Psiadia altissima (DC.) Drake

Dinga

Leaf

Wounds

Endemic to Madagascar

ASTERACEAE

Sigesbeckia orientalis L.

Tsindaory

Leaf

Wounds

Naturalized in Madagascar

ASTERACEAE

Vernonia appendiculata Less.

Asotry

Leaf

tooth decay

Endemic to Madagascar

ASTERACEAE

Vernonia exserta Baker

Seva

Leaf

Chickenpox - Parasites

Endemic to Madagascar

ASTERACEAE

Vernoniopsis caudata (Drake) Humbert

Maranitry atoraky

Bark

Chickenpox

Endemic to Madagascar

ASTEROPEIACEAE

Asteropeia micraster Hallier f.

Manoky mena

Bark, Leaf

Evacuation of the placenta - Diarrhea - Fatigue - Mumps

Endemic to Madagascar

ASTEROPEIACEAE

Asteropeia multiflora Thouars

Manoky fotsy

Leaf Bark

Evacuation of the placenta - Malaria - Parasites - Dental Disease - Gonorrhea Fatigue

Endemic to Madagascar

BIGNONIACEAE

Phyllarthron madagascariense K. Schum.

Resiriky/ Zahana

Leaf

Malaria - Breastfeeding-Cough - disease of the hip

Endemic to Madagascar

BROMELIACEAE

Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.

Mananasy

Intestinal parasites - diarrhea

Tropics

BURSERACEAE

Protium sp

Ambihitry

Bark

Abscess - poisoning

CALOHPYLLACEAE

Calophyllum inophyllum L.

Vintanina

trigeminal neuralgia

Comoros, Africa, New World

CANELLACEAE

Cinnamosma fragrans Baill.

Kanely

Bark

Cold - intestinal parasite - Headaches - Against poison

Endemic to Madagascar

CANELLACEAE

Cinnamosma madagascariensis Danguy

Fotsinana

Bark, leaf

Evacuation of the placenta - Malaria - Hepatitis - Epilepsy - Intoxication - Dysentery - Carrie dental

Endemic to Madagascar

CANNABACEAE

Cannabis sativa L.

Rongony

Leaf

Liver disease

CARICACEAE

Carica papaya L.

Paza

Leaf, Fruit, seeds, roots

Breastfeeding - Headaches - Wounds - Menstrual Pain - Stomach: Ulcer Constipation - Indigestion - Boil - Cysticercosis - Toxoplasmosis - Cough - Yellow Fever - Tooth Decay

Tropics

COMBRETACEAE

Terminalia catappa L.

Atafa

Leaf

Ovarian cycle disruption - Albumin - Tension - Stomach pain

Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles, Africa

CONNARACEAE

Agelaea pentagyna (Lam.) Baill.

Rangahtsara

Bark

Gonorrhea - Aphrodisiac - Stomach ache

Comoros, Mascarenes, Africa

CONVOLVULACEAE

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.

Vomanga

Leaf

Pregnancy - Evacuation of the placenta - Insect stings

Naturalized in Madagascar

CRASSULACEAE

Kalanchoe prolifera (Bowie ex Hook.) Hamet

Silafafa

Leaf

Asthma - Cough - Rheumatism

Endemic to Madagascar

CUCURBITACEAE

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne

Voatavo

Leaf

Fever - colic

Naturalized in Madagascar

CYPERACEAE

Cyperus papyrus subsp. madagascariensis (Willd.) Kük.

Zozoro

Difficulty after childbirth - painful spasms

CYPERACEAE

Pycreus mundtii Cherm.

Ahibita

Entire plant

Evacuation of placenta-Malaria - Tuberculosis

Mascarenes, Africa, New World

EBENACEAE

Diospyros sp

Hazominty

Leaf

Malaria

ERICACEAE

Agauria salicifolia (Comm. ex Lam.) Hook. f. ex Oliv.

Haronga-panihy

Leaf

Scabies (Adult) - Wounds - Ulcers

Mascarenes, Africa

ERICACEAE

Erica sp.

Anjavidy

Leaf Stem leaves

Evacuation of placenta-Pneumonia - Syphilis

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylum ferrugineum Cav.

Menahihy

Bark Leaf

Evacuation of the placenta - Diarrhea - Anemia

Endemic to Madagascar

ERYTHROXYLACEAE

Erythroxylum gerrardii Baker

Fanjoana

Leaf Bark

Yellow fever - Epilepsy

Africa

EUPHORBIACEAE

Croton noronhae Baill.

Tsiavadika

Bark-Leaf

Placental apposition - Malaria - Cough

Endemic to Madagascar

EUPHORBIACEAE

Euphorbia hirta L.

Jean Robert

Entire plant

Gonorrhea - Dysentery - Albumin

Naturalized in Madagascar

EUPHORBIACEAE

Jatropha curcas L.

Savoa

Leaf Latex

Evacuation of placenta Asthma - Dental Disease - Pneumonia

Naturalized in Madagascar

EUPHORBIACEAE

Macaranga oblongifolia Baill.

Mokarana

Leaf

Malaria - Diarrhea

Endemic to Madagascar

EUPHORBIACEAE

Macaranga sp

Mokarana

Leaf

Diarrhea

EUPHORBIACEAE

Manihot utilissima Pohl

Kazaha

Leaf

Gonorrhea - painful spasms - Pneumonia - Boil

EUPHORBIACEAE

Suregada boiviniana Baill.

Lelangana

Leaf

Placental apposition - Dysentery - Epilepsy-Malaria

Endemic to Madagascar

FABACEAE

Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm.

Volomborona

Leaf

Fatigue - Cough

Africa

FABACEAE

Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth

Ambatry

Leaf

Evacuation of the placenta - Tension

Naturalized in Madagascar

FABACEAE

Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene

Quatre épingles

Leaf

Thrush - Schistosomiasis

FABACEAE

Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) Kuntze

Hintsy

Leaf

Placental apposition - Cough

Mascarenes, Africa

FABACEAE

Mimosa pudica L.

Ramoria

Pelvic pain - Nervousness - Diuretic

Naturalized in Madagascar

FABACEAE

Senna alata (L.) Roxb.

Quatre épingles

Leaf

Hypertension

Naturalized in Madagascar

GENTIANACEAE

Tachiadenus carinatus (Desr.) Griseb.

Malanilava

Entire plant

Diarrhea

Endemic to Madagascar

GLEICHENIACEAE

Sticherus flagellaris (Bory ex Willd.) Ching

Ringotra

Leaf

Diarrhea - Measles - Vomiting - Coughing

Mascarenes, Comoros

HYPERICACEAE

Harungana madagascariensis Lam. ex Poir.

Harongana

Bud Leaf

Gonorrhea - heart disease - Albumin - Asthma - Boil-Diarrhea

Comoros, Mascarenes, Africa

ICACINACEAE

Cassinopsis madagascariensis Baill.

Valotry

Leaf - Bark

Cough - Itching - Syphilis

Endemic to Madagascar

LAMIACEAE

Ocimum gratissimum L.

Romba be

Leaf

Placental apposition - Asthma - Albumin - Headache - Dental Disease

Comoros, Mascarenes, Seychelles, Africa, Asia

LAMIACEAE

Salvia coccinea Buc’hoz ex Etl.

Romba madinika

Leaf

parasites

Naturalized in Madagascar

LAURACEAE

Persea americana Mill.

Zavoka

Leaf

Diarrhea - Apposition of placental - Cough

Naturalized in Madagascar

LECYTHIDACEAE

Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng.

Fotatry

Leaf

Placental apposition - Scabies - Tetanus

Comoros, Australiasia, Africa

LILIACEAE

Asparagus simulans Baker

Ahitsifantatry

Entire plant

Epilepsy - Stomach pain

Endemic to Madagascar

LOMARIOPSIDACEAE

Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) C. Presl

Mitsisiloha

Entire plant

Malaria

Mascarenes, Australasia, Seychelle, Afria, Asia, New World

LORANTHACEAE

Bakerella sp

Velomiato

Entire plant

Convulsion - Cough - Boil

LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm.

Tongotsokina

Entire plant

Asthma - Epilepsy - Pelvic Pain - Gonorrhea - Cough - Hypertension

Mascarenes, Africa, Asia, New World

LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodium clavatum L.

Dito

Leaf

Pregnant - Placental apposition - Gonorrhea - Filariasis - Malaria

Comoros, Mascarenes, Africa

MELASTOMACEAE

Clidemia hirta (L.) D. Don

Voatrotrokala

Leaf

Wounds

Naturalized in Madagascar

MELASTOMACEAE

Dichaetanthera sp

Felabarika

Leaf

diarrhea

MELASTOMACEAE

Medinilla

Takasina

Cough

MELIACEAE

Melia azedarach L.

Voandelaka

Leaf

Fatigue

Naturalized in Madagascar

MENIPERMACEAE

Burasaia australis Scott-Elliot

Sompatry

Leaf

Intoxication - Convulsion - Dental Disease - Malaria - Medicinal plant magic

Endemic to Madagascar

MOLLUGINACEAE

Mollugo nudicaulis Lam.

Aferotany

Entire plant

Malaria - Albumin - Convulsion - Cough - Diarrhea - Diarrhea - Blood loss - Scabies

Australasia, Africa, New World

MONIMIACEAE

Tambourissa castri-delphinii Cavaco

Amborabe

Leaf

Placental apposition - Dysentery

Endemic to Madagascar

MONIMIACEAE

Tambourissa parvifolia Baker

Ambora

Leaf

Filariasis - Loss of blood

Endemic to Madagascar

MORACEAE

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg

Soanambo

Leaf

Diarrhea

MORACEAE

Ficus polita subsp. polita

Mandresy

Leaf

Placental apposition - bilious - Gonorrhea - Syphilis

MORACEAE

Ficus reflexa Thunb.

Laza

Leaf

Pelvic pain - Gonorrhea

Comoros, Mascarenes, Seychelles

MUSACEAE

Musa × paradisiaca L.

Akondro

Leaf - fruit

Placental apposition - Diabetes - Prevents tooth decay - Diarrhea - Wounds

Naturalized in Madagascar

MYRICACEAE

Morella spathulata (Mirb.) Verdc. & Polhill

Hazosiay

Leaf

Placental apposition - Malaria - Cough - Stomach Pain - Dental Disease- Injury

Africa

MYRISTICACEAE

Brochoneura acuminata (Lam.) Warb.

Raraha

Leaf

Injury - Scabies - Abscess

Endemic to Madagascar

MYRTACEAE

Melaleuca

Kininy bonaky

Leaf

Placental apposition - Cold

Naturalized in Madagascar

MYRTACEAE

Psidium cattleyanum Sabine

Angavombazaha

Leaf

Diarrhea

Naturalized in Madagascar

MYRTACEAE

Psidium guajava L.

Angavogasy

Leaf

Malaria - Colic stomach - diarrhea - dysentery

Naturalized in Madagascar

MYRTACEAE

Psidium guajava L.

Angavofotsy

Leafs Roots

Diarrhea - Vomiting Boil

Naturalized in Madagascar

MYRTACEAE

Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry

Jirofo

Leaf

Placental apposition - Dental Disease - Malaria

MYRTACEAE

Syzygium bernieri (Drake) Labat & G.E. Schatz

Rotry

Bark-Leaf

Placental apposition - diarrhea - Dentistry Diseases - Scabies

Endemic to Madagascar

MYRTACEAE

Syzygium emirnense (Baker) Labat & G.E. Schatz

Rotry

Bark-Leaf

Placental apposition - Dentistry Diseases - Scabies

Mascarenes

NEPENTHACEAE

Nepenthes madagascariensis Poir.

Kapilanomba

Entire plantEau dans l’urne

Adhesion of placental-malaria-Albumin - Filariasis - Gonorrhea Syphilis-ear disease

Endemic to Madagascar

NYMPHEACEAE

Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f.

Tatamo

Tubers

Hemorrhoids - Pelvic Pain

Comoros, Mascarenes, Africa, Asia

OLACACEAE

Olax emirnensis Baker

Soazanahary

Leaf

Placental apposition - Malaria - Hepatitis - Epilepsy - Self-defense against witchcraft - Dysentery - Fatigue - Medicinal plant magic

Endemic to Madagascar

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE

Ophioglossum L.

Tsipanga

Leaf

Childbirth

ORCHIDACEAE

Angraecum sp.

Valily

Entire plant

fortifying

PANDANACEAE

Pandanus sp

Vakoana

Leaf

Fatigue - Impotence

PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiflora edulis Sims

Garana

Leaf

Tension - Parasites

naturalized in Madagascar

PHYLLANTHACEAE

Phyllanthus sp

Masombero

Leaf

Apposition of the placenta

PHYSENACEAE

Physena madagascariensis Thouars ex Tul.

Resojo

Bark

Sore throat - Anemia - Against poison

Endemic to Madagascar

PIPERACEAE

Piper nigrum L.

Poivre

Seeds

Dental disease - Poultice - Joint pain

PITTOSPORACEAE

Pittosporum verticillatum Bojer

Memboloha

Leaf- Bark

Malaria - Adhesion of placental

Endemic to Madagascar

POACEAE

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf

Veromanitra

Entire plant

Fever

Australasia/Pacific, Africa, Asia, New World

POACEAE

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Kindresy

Entire plant

Albumin - Malaria - Liver Disease - Menstrual Pain - Laxative

Australasia, Africa, New World

POACEAE

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Tsipihipihina

Entire plant

Stomach pain

Africa, Asia, New World

POACEAE

Hyparrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf

Verofehana

Entire plant

Epilepsy - Cracks skin of the feet

Africa, Asia, New World

POACEAE

Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch.

Tenina

Leaf

Intoxication - Gonorrhea - Pneumonia - Tonsillitis - Measles - Tension

Naturalized in Madagascar

POACEAE

Oryza sativa L.

Vary

Bud

birth

cultivated in Madagascar

POACEAE

Panicum maximum Jacq.

Ahitry

Leafs

Wounds

Madagascar, Africa, New World

POACEAE

Sporobolus africanus (Poir.) Robyns & Tournay

Ahitry

Entire plant

Allergy

Australasia, Africa, New World

POACEAE

Zea mays L.

Katsaka

Barbe

gonorrhea

cultivated in Madagascar

POLYGONACEAE

Persicaria senegalensis (Meisn.) Soják

Fotsimbarinako

Root

Malaria

Naturalized in Madagascar

RUBIACEAE

Canthium sp.

Fotsikahitry

Leaf

Epilepsy

RUBIACEAE

Coffea sp.

Kafe

Leaf

Malaria

RUBIACEAE

Danais cernua Baker

Fangalalemy

Leaf Bark

Syphilis - Tooth Decay

Endemic to Madagascar

RUBIACEAE

Paederia foetida L.

Ahimembo

Leaf

Evacuation of the placenta - Headaches

RUBIACEAE

Psychotria sp

Sariloa

Leaf

diarrhea

RUTACEAE

Cedrelopsis grevei Baill.

Hafatraina

Leaf Bark

Stomachaches - Acne

Endemic to Madagascar

RUTACEAE

Citrus aurantium L.

Voasary makirana

Fruit

Cough - Malaria

Naturalized in Madagascar

RUTACEAE

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Voangy gasy

Leaf

Evacuation of placenta-Malaria

SALICACEAE

Homalium axillare (Lam.) Benth.

Fotsiakara

Bark

burns

Endemic to Madagascar

SALICACEAE

Scolopia sp

Hazofotsy

Bark

Rheumatism

SAPINDACEAE

Litchi chinensis Sonn.

Letchis

Leaf

diarrhea

cultivated in Madagascar

SARCOLAENACEAE

Leptolaena pauciflora Baker

Fatra

Bark

Syphilis

Endemic to Madagascar

SARCOLAENACEAE

Sarcolaena multiflora Thouars

Hela

Leaf

Evacuation of placenta

Endemic to Madagascar

SCHIZACACEAE

Lygodium lanceolatum Desv.

Sofin’akanga

Leaf

Pancrea pain - Gonorrhea - Tension - Evacuation of placenta

Native to Madagascar

SIMARUBACEAE

Quassia sp.

Rembiky

Leaf

Aphrodisiac

SMILACEAE

Smilax anceps Willd.

Roindambo

Leaf

Convulsion - Pregnancy - Fatigue - Boil

Comoros, Mascarenes, Africa

SOLANACEAE

Capsicum annuum L.

Sakaipilo

Fruit

Rheumatism - Pain

Naturalized in Madagascar

SOLANACEAE

Datura inoxia Mill.

Ramiary

Leaf

Asthma - Calming

Naturalized in Madagascar

SOLANACEAE

Nicotiana tabacum L.

Paraky

Leaf

Nosebleed

Naturalized in Madagascar

SOLANACEAE

Solanum erythracanthum Bojer ex Dunal

Angivy

Fruit

Cough

Endemic to Madagascar

STILBACEAE

Nuxia capitata Baker

Valanirana

Leaf

Cough - Tonic - Tapeworm

Endemic to Madagascar

STRELITZIACEAE

Ravenala madagascariensis Sonn.

Ravinala

Leaf

Tension

Endemic to Madagascar

TACCACEAE

Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) Kuntze

Tavolo

Tuber

Malnutrition

Naturalized in Madagascar

THYMELACEAE

Gnidia danguyana Leandri

Avoha

Leaf

Bleeding - Parasites

Endemic to Madagascar

ULMACEAE

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume

Andrarezina / Vakoky

Leaf

Evacuation of the placenta - Dental Disease

Africa

VACCINACEAE

Vaccinium sp.

Voakaramy

Leaf

Anemia - Diabetes

ZINGIBERACEAE

Aframomum angustifolium (Sonn.) K. Schum.

Longoza

Leaf

Splinter

Africa

ZINGIBERACEAE

Curcuma longa L.

Tamotamo

Leaf

Albumin - Pregnancy - Malaria - Jaundice Viral

ZINGIBERACEAE

Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig

Longoza

Leaf

Evacuation of the placenta - Scabies

ZINGIBERACEAE

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

Sakaintany

Tuber - Leaf

Pregnancy: Nausea - Evacuation of placenta-cough-diarrhea