A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania

Rajeev Vats; Simion Thomas

doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0001-y

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 1 Knowledge of animal resource use among Sukuma Tribe of Busega District

From: A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania

Scientific name	Common name (E)	Local name (S)	Vernacu lar name	Parts used	Traditional Uses	Mode of Preparation	Dosage	Resp onde nt	Use value	Conserv ation status
Mammals
Eudorcas thomsonii (Gunther, 1884)	Thomson’s Gazelle	Nyamela	mbushi	Heart Skin Tail	Treat: asthma, Pneumonia Make drums	Dry, grind pour hot water	Inhale the smoke 1/day*4 days	145	0.80	Status: NT Trend: D
					Chase away insect	Mount flesh skin container
					Chase away insect	Tail is being dried and used
Hippopotamu s amphibious (Linnaeus, 1778)	Hippopotamus	Kiboko	ngubho	Blood	Boost CD₄ for HIV patient	Blood dried for 3 days	3 spoons/day*	88	0.48	Status: VU
Hippopotamu s amphibious (Linnaeus, 1778)	Hippopotamus	Kiboko	ngubho	Blood	Boost CD₄ for HIV patient	Blood dried for 3 days	30 days	88	0.48	Trend: D
Equus quagga (Boddaert, 1785)	Plains Zebra	Pundamilia	ndolo	Hooves	Treat: glands	Burn, grind, mix with water	2 cup/day*7 days	122	0.68	Status: LC
Equus quagga (Boddaert, 1785)	Plains Zebra	Pundamilia	ndolo	Hooves	Treat: glands	Burn, grind, mix with water	2 cup/day*7 days	122	0.68	Trend: S
Atherurus africanus (Gray, 1842)	Porcupine	Nungunungu	Nungu	Spines	Treat: abscess	Rub ashes in abscess	2/day *2 days	129	0.72	Status: LC Trend: U
Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777)	Spotted Hyena	Fisi	Mbiti	Meat Skin and Feaces	Treat :TB	Eat dry meat Cham	3 pieces/day*3 days.	142	0.79	Status: LC
Crocuta crocuta (Erxleben, 1777)	Spotted Hyena	Fisi	Mbiti	Meat Skin and Feaces	For protection	Eat dry meat Cham	Tie on waist	142	0.79	Trend: D
Ovis aries (Linnaeus, 1778)	red Maasai sheep	Kondoo	Ng’oro	Fat	Treat: burn	Extract tail fat	Rub everyday	105	0.58	Status: NA
Ovis aries (Linnaeus, 1778)	red Maasai sheep	Kondoo	Ng’oro	Fat	Treat: burn	Extract tail fat	Rub everyday	105	0.58	Trend: U
Diceros bicornis (Linnaeus, 1778)	Black Rhinoceros	Faru	Mhela	Horn	Treat: asthma, gastritis; TB	Paste the horn mix with hot	2/ day* 30 days	96	0.53	Status: CR
Diceros bicornis (Linnaeus, 1778)	Black Rhinoceros	Faru	Mhela	Horn	Treat: asthma, gastritis; TB	Paste the horn mix with hot	2/ day* 30 days	96	0.53	Trend: I
Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque, 1821)	African Pangolin	Kakakuona	Murhuka ge	Scales	Goodluck	Make charms.	Tie on hand	154	0.85	Status: NT
Phataginus tricuspis (Rafinesque, 1821)	African Pangolin	Kakakuona	Murhuka ge	Scales	Goodluck	Make charms.	Tie on hand	154	0.85	Trend: D
Atelerix albiventris (Wagner, 1841)	Four-toed Hedgehog	Kalunguyeye	Kilungu miyo	Skin; spines	Stop blood discharge via nostril	Burn; inhale its smoke	Time of suffering	103	0.57	Status: LC
Atelerix albiventris (Wagner, 1841)	Four-toed Hedgehog	Kalunguyeye	Kilungu miyo	Skin; spines	Stop blood discharge via nostril	Burn; inhale its smoke	Time of suffering	103	0.57	Trend: S
Loxodonta Africana (Blumenbach, 1797)	African Elephant	Tembo	Mhole	Skin	Treat: hepatitis	Burn; get ashes	3 spoon/day*7 days	2	.17	Status: VU
Loxodonta Africana (Blumenbach, 1797)	African Elephant	Tembo	Mhole	Skin	Treat: hepatitis	Burn; get ashes	3 spoon/day*7 days	2	.17	Trend: I
Mungos mungo (Gmelin, 1788)	Banded Mongoose	Nguchiro	Ng’ara	Nail	Treat: cough	Grind and smell	2/day	5	.13	Status: LC
Mungos mungo (Gmelin, 1788)	Banded Mongoose	Nguchiro	Ng’ara	Nail	Treat: cough	Grind and smell	2/day	5	.13	Trend: S
Procavia capensis (Pallas, 1766)	Rock Hyrax	Pimbi	Membe	Urine	Treat: Syphilis	Collect hyrax urinated soil; mix water; filter soil and then drink	1 cup/day*7 days	4	.3	Status: LC
Procavia capensis (Pallas, 1766)	Rock Hyrax	Pimbi	Membe	Urine	Treat: Syphilis		1 cup/day*7 days	4	.3	Trend: U
Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)	Brown Rat	Panya	Kitakilan zela	Whole animal	Protection of thieves	Dry the dead rat. and.	embed on farms center	48	.82	Status: LC
Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout, 1769)	Brown Rat	Panya	Kitakilan zela	Whole animal	Protection of thieves	Dry the dead rat. and.	embed on farms center	48	.82	Trend: S
Kerivoula Africana (Gray, 1842)	Tanzanian Woolly Bat	Popo	Tunge	Whole animal	Treat : pneumonia	Burn and inhale the smoke	1/day*3 days	7	.37	Status: EN
Kerivoula Africana (Gray, 1842)	Tanzanian Woolly Bat	Popo	Tunge	Whole animal	Treat : pneumonia	Burn and inhale the smoke	1/day*3 days	7	.37	Trend: D
Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1778)	Lion	Simba	Shamba	Adipose tissue Skin	Treat ear pus For protection	Rub fat on the ears Make charm	1/day *4 days Tie on neck	11	.62	Status: VU
Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1778)	Lion	Simba	Shamba	Adipose tissue Skin	Treat ear pus For protection	Rub fat on the ears Make charm	1/day *4 days Tie on neck	11	.62	Trend: D
Phacochoeru s africanus (Gmelin, 1788)	Warthog	Ngiri	Ngere	Tusks	Treat stomach ulcers	Grind, mix with hot water	2 cup/day *7 days	2	.28	Status: LC
Phacochoeru s africanus (Gmelin, 1788)	Warthog	Ngiri	Ngere	Tusks	Treat stomach ulcers	Grind, mix with hot water	2 cup/day *7 days	2	.28	Trend: S
Lepus capensis (Linnaeus, 1778)	Cape Hare	Sungura	Sayayi	Fur	For wound healing	Take the fur burn it and	Rub ashes in the wound.	8	.48	Status: LC.
Lepus capensis (Linnaeus, 1778)	Cape Hare	Sungura	Sayayi	Fur	For wound healing	Take the fur burn it and	Rub ashes in the wound.	8	.48	Trend: D
Insect
Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1778)	Butterfly	Kipepeo	Parapapu	Wings	Treat: chest pain.	Grind; Swallow powder	3/day*5 days.	5	.25	Status: NA
Aglais urticae (Linnaeus, 1778)	Butterfly	Kipepeo	Parapapu	Wings	Treat: chest pain.	Grind; Swallow powder	3/day*5 days.	5	.25	Trend: U
Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1778)	Black ants	Chungu	Sungwa	Whole organism.	To become intelligent and leader	Take the fore ant, grind and rub on head	1/day*3 days	29	.72	Status:
Lasius niger (Linnaeus, 1778)	Black ants	Chungu	Sungwa	Whole organism.	To become intelligent and leader	Take the fore ant, grind and rub on head	1/day*3 days	29	.72	LC Trend: S
Butastur rufipennis (Sundevall, 1851)	Grasshopper Buzzard	Panzi	Ng’umbe	Whole organism	Treat: stomachache; heartbeat	Burn, grind it into powdery form.	Rub 2/day*3 days	54	.86	S tatus: LC
Butastur rufipennis (Sundevall, 1851)	Grasshopper Buzzard	Panzi	Ng’umbe	Whole organism	Treat: stomachache; heartbeat	Burn, grind it into powdery form.	Rub 2/day*3 days	54	.86	Trend: D
Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1778)	Honey bee	Nyuki	Nzoke	Honey	Treat: burn	Rub the burn	2/day*3 days	38	.76	Status: NA
Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1778)	Honey bee	Nyuki	Nzoke	Honey	Treat: burn	Rub the burn	2/day*3 days	38	.76	Trend: U
	Beetle	Kalilila	Kombam wiko	Whole organism	Call a person to come back home	Burn beetle and call the name of a person.	3/day*3 days	48	.82	Status: NA
	Beetle	Kalilila	Kombam wiko	Whole organism	Call a person to come back home	Burn beetle and call the name of a person.	3/day*3 days	48	.82	Trend: U
Chilopoda
Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1778)	Millipede	Tandu		Whole	Treat Dandruff	Burn and swallow the ashes.	1/day*3 days	45	.25	Status: NA
Scutigera coleoptrata (Linnaeus, 1778)	Millipede	Tandu		Whole	Treat Dandruff	Burn and swallow the ashes.	1/day*3 days	45	.25	Trend: U
Arachnida
Araneus spp (Clerck, 1757)	Spider	Buibui		Spider web	Stop bleeding.	Apply direct on fresh wound.	Once/ day	99	.55	Status: LC
Araneus spp (Clerck, 1757)	Spider	Buibui		Spider web	Stop bleeding.	Apply direct on fresh wound.	Once/ day	99	.55	Trend: S
Diplopoda
Trigoniulus corallines (Gervais, 1847)	Millipede	Jongoo	Igongoli	Whole body	Treat dandruff	Press plasma fluid and swallow	2/day*2 days	2	.51	Status: NA
Trigoniulus corallines (Gervais, 1847)	Millipede	Jongoo	Igongoli	Whole body	Treat dandruff	Press plasma fluid and swallow	2/day*2 days	2	.51	Trend: U
Reptiles
Naja siamensis (Laurenti, 1768)	Cobra	Cobra	Kipele	Skin	Treat: burns fractured bone	Powder the skin, mixed with water	Rub 2/day*3 days	129	.72	Status: VU
Naja siamensis (Laurenti, 1768)	Cobra	Cobra	Kipele	Skin	Treat: burns fractured bone	Powder the skin, mixed with water	Rub 2/day*3 days	129	.72	Trend: D
Agama mwanzae (Loveridge, 1923)	Flat-headed Rock Agama	Mjusi	Madhore	Bile	Treat dysentery.	Drink flesh bile	1 spoon/day*3 days	8	.43	Status: LC
Agama mwanzae (Loveridge, 1923)	Flat-headed Rock Agama	Mjusi	Madhore	Bile	Treat dysentery.	Drink flesh bile	1 spoon/day*3 days	8	.43	Trend:S
Python regius (Shaw, 1802)	Royal Python	Chatu	Nsato	Feaces	Treat back pain	Mix with little water	Rub on back 2/day*3	23	.68	Status: LC
Python regius (Shaw, 1802)	Royal Python	Chatu	Nsato	Feaces	Treat back pain	Mix with little water	Rub on back 2/day*3	23	.68	Trend: U
Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1768)	Nile Crocodile	Mamba	Ng’wina	Skin	Treat TB: gastritis.	Burn and swallow the ashes	2/day*7 days	78	0.43	Status: LC
Crocodylus niloticus (Laurenti, 1768)	Nile Crocodile	Mamba	Ng’wina	Skin	Treat TB: gastritis.	Burn and swallow the ashes	2/day*7 days	78	0.43	Trend: S
Aves
Baleara reguloum (Bennett, 1834)	Grey Crowned crane	Korongo	Izunya	blood	Treat stomach ulcers	Drink flesh blood	3/day*2 days	117	0.65	Status: EN
Baleara reguloum (Bennett, 1834)	Grey Crowned crane	Korongo	Izunya	blood	Treat stomach ulcers	Drink flesh blood	3/day*2 days	117	0.65	Trend: D
Aquila rapax (Temminck, 1828)	Tawny Eagle	Tai	Mbeshi	Feathers	Treat chest pain.	Burn and inhale the smoke	15 minutes/day*3 days	108	0.60	Status: LC
Aquila rapax (Temminck, 1828)	Tawny Eagle	Tai	Mbeshi	Feathers	Treat chest pain.	Burn and inhale the smoke	15 minutes/day*3 days	108	0.60	Trend: S
Gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1778)	chicken	Kuku	Ng’oko	Fat Egg white	Nasal congestion. Treat: dysentery	Rub the fat in the nasal Drink egg white	3/day*3 days Twice a day	145	0.81	Status: NA
Gallus domesticus (Linnaeus, 1778)	chicken	Kuku	Ng’oko	Fat Egg white	Nasal congestion. Treat: dysentery	Rub the fat in the nasal Drink egg white	3/day*3 days Twice a day	145	0.81	Trend: U
Threskiornis aethiopicus (Latham, 1790)	African Sacred Ibis	Nyangenyang e	Nzela	Blood	Treat: rheumatism	Drink flesh blood	1/2 cup/day*7 days	59	0.32	Status: LC
Threskiornis aethiopicus (Latham, 1790)	African Sacred Ibis	Nyangenyang e	Nzela	Blood	Treat: rheumatism	Drink flesh blood	1/2 cup/day*7 days	59	0.32	Trend: D
Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1778)	Pied Kingfisher	Ndobhelendo bhele		Fat	Treat: back pain	Massaged on the back	2/day*4 days	142	0.79	Status: NT
Ceryle rudis (Linnaeus, 1778)	Pied Kingfisher	Ndobhelendo bhele		Fat	Treat: back pain	Massaged on the back	2/day*4 days	142	0.79	Trend: D
Dendropicos stierlingi (Reichenow, 1901)	Stierling's Woodpecker	Fulubeji		Intestinal fecal content	Treat: diarrhea	mix hot water with fecal content	2 cup/day*3 days	45	0.25	Status: NT
Dendropicos stierlingi (Reichenow, 1901)	Stierling's Woodpecker	Fulubeji		Intestinal fecal content	Treat: diarrhea	mix hot water with fecal content	2 cup/day*3 days	45	0.25	Trend: S
Anas indica (Linnaeus, 1778)	Duck	Bata	Mbata	Fat	Treat: Pneumonia, Chest pain	Wormed and massaged on the chest	3/day*3 days	92	0.51	Status: NA
Anas indica (Linnaeus, 1778)	Duck	Bata	Mbata	Fat	Treat: Pneumonia, Chest pain	Wormed and massaged on the chest	3/day*3 days	92	0.51	Trend: U
Fish
Mormyrus kannume (Forsskal, 1758)	Elephant snout fish	Domodomo	Shironge	Whole organism	Treat: hookworms; removal poisonous	Burn, grind, mix with hot water	1 cup/day*3 days.	169	0.94	Status: LC
Mormyrus kannume (Forsskal, 1758)	Elephant snout fish	Domodomo	Shironge	Whole organism	Treat: hookworms; removal poisonous	Burn, grind, mix with hot water	1 cup/day*3 days.	169	0.94	Trend: D
Lates niloticus (Linnaeus, 1778)	Nile Perch	Sangara	Mbuta	Gills	Treat: abdominal cramp	Pound and mix with water	1 cup/day*7 days	85	0.47	Status: LC Trend: U
Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger, 1906)	Victoria tilapia	Sato	Sato	Scales	Treat: cough	Burn and swallow the ashes	Regularly.	145	0.81	Status: CR
Oreochromis variabilis (Boulenger, 1906)	Victoria tilapia	Sato	Sato	Scales	Treat: cough	Burn and swallow the ashes	Regularly.	145	0.81	Trend: D
Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797)	Common octopus	Pweza	Naghala	Tail	Treat: Urinary retention	Burn and swallow its ashes	2/day*3 days	25	0.13	Status: NA
Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797)	Common octopus	Pweza	Naghala	Tail	Treat: Urinary retention	Burn and swallow its ashes	2/day*3 days	25	0.13	Trend: U
Gastropod
Snail (O.F. Muller, 1774)	Achatina fulica	Konokono	Nonga	Shell	Treat: leg pain; make chain	Burn, grind, mix with water	Rub 2/day .*3 days	132	0.73	Status: NA,
Snail (O.F. Muller, 1774)	Achatina fulica	Konokono	Nonga	Shell	Treat: leg pain; make chain	Burn, grind, mix with water	Rub 2/day .*3 days	132	0.73	Trend: U
Oligochaeta
Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1778)	Earthworm	Mnyoo		Whole	Treat impotence	Dry; paste mix with hot water	2 spoon/day *7 days	99	0.55	Status: NA
Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1778)	Earthworm	Mnyoo		Whole	Treat impotence	Dry; paste mix with hot water	2 spoon/day *7 days	99	0.55	Trend: U

LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, CR = critically endangered, NA = Not Assessed, I = Increasing, D = Decreasing, S = Stable, U = Unknown, * = Times, E = English, S = Swahili.

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