Table 1 Plants whose leaves are used for preparing sarma in the studied areas and considered countries

Alcea flavovirens (Boiss. and Buhse.) Iljin Yellow-Green Hollyhock

Malvaceae

W

hero, hiro

Turkey: East Anatolia

[78]

Alcea hohenackeri (Boiss. and Huet.) Boiss. Hohenacker’s Hollyhock

Malvaceae

W

fatma gülü, gül hatmi, hero, hiro

Turkey: East Anatolia

[94]

Alcea kurdica (Schlecht) Alef Kurdish Hollyhock

Malvaceae

W

hero, heru

Turkey: East Anatolia

[78,95]

Alcea rosea L. Common Hollyhock

Malvaceae

W

ружа

Bulgaria: Osogovo Mt.

AN

Allium ampeloprasum L. Leek

Amaryllidaceae

C

pırasa

Turkey: Izmir

YD

prasa

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Northern Bosnia

AM

Allium ursinum L. Ramsons

Amaryllidaceae

W

левурда

Bulgaria: Lovech area

AN

Amaranthus viridis L. Green Amaranth

Amaranthaceae

W

delisirken, hoşguran, kızılca mancar, semlik

Turkey: Şırnak

[76]

Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. Lesser Burdock

Asteraceae

W

dulavratotu, galabah

Turkey: Erzurum

[72]

Arctium platylepis (Boiss. & Bal.) Sosn. ex Grossh. Halemhort

Asteraceae

W

baldikeni, deve tabanı

Turkey: NW Anatolia

[103]

Armoracia rusticana P.Gaertn., B.Mey & Scherb. Horseradish

Brassicaceae

C

хрян

Bulgaria: Plovdiv area

AN

hrean, hrin^UK, torma^HU

Romania: Dobruja, Transylvania, Maramureș^UK

AN, AP, YD, CD, ŁŁ

hren, kren, рeн

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia: diverse areas

AM, JF, ZDS

Arum conophalloides Kotschy ex Schott

Araceae

W

yılan bıcağı, yılan yastığı

Turkey: South Anatolia

[77]

Arum dioscorides Sm.

Araceae

W

sarmalık, yılan bıçağı, yılan ekmeği, yılan pancarı

Turkey: South and South-Eastern Anatolia

[72,77]

Arum maculatum L. Snakeshead

Araceae

W

yılan ekmeği, yılan yastığı

Turkey: West and Central Anatolia

[22]

Atriplex hortensis L. Garden Orache

Amaranthaceae

C

градинска лобода

Bulgaria: all over the country

[47], AN

Atriplex rosea L. Red Orache

Amaranthaceae

W/C

розова лобода

Bulgaria: all over the country

[8,47]

Beta trigyna Waldst. and Kit.

Amaranthaceae

C

mancar, süt mancar,

Turkey: Ankara

[26]

Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris convar. cicla Beet/Chard

Amaranthaceae

C

pazı

Turkey: Duzce, Turhal, Malatya

[93], YD

blitva/блитвa

Bosnia Herzegovina and Serbia: diverse areas

AM, ŁŁ, ZDS

Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris convar. vulgaris var. altissima Sugar Beet

Amaranthaceae

C

şekerpancarı, cukorrépa^HU

Turkey: Afyon Romania: Szekely Land

NP, YD

Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris convar. vulgaris var. vulgaris Beetroot

Amaranthaceae

C

burak^UK, cékla^HU

Romania: Moldaviaomania: Szekely Land Romania: Moldavia Maramureș area

[64], ŁŁ

цвекло

Bulgaria: Bansko, Pirin Mt., Karlovo

[47], AN

цвeклa

Serbia: diverse areas

ZDS

pancar

Turkey: Izmir, Malatya

YD

Brassica oleracea Acephala group Kale

Brassicaceae

C

kara lahana

Turkey: Black Sea Region, Duzce, Izmit

[81,88,97]

Brassica oleracea Capitata Group (both fresh and lacto-fermented [sauerkraut]) Cabbage

Brassicaceae

C

lahana

Turkey: all over the country

YD

прясно зеле, кисело зеле

Bulgaria: all over the country

[46,47,50], AN

kupus/купуc

Bosnia Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia: all over the country (in Serbia quite exclusively used only lacto-fermented)

AM, JF, ŁŁ, ZDS

зелка, расол, купус

Macedonia: all over the country

GS

lakna, liakra

Kosovo and Albania: all over the country

AH, AP

curechi, káboszta^HU, káposzta^HU, varză

Romania: all over the country

CD, NP

Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes Kohlrabi

Brassicaceae

C

алабаш, гулия

Bulgaria: Rhodopes Mt., Dobrostan

[46,47], AN

Brassica rapa L. var. rapa Turnip

Brassicaceae

C

kırmızı çükündür

Turkey: Düzce

[97]

Caltha palustris L. Marsh Marigold

Ranunculaceae

W

bulbuci de baltă, calcea calului

Romania: Moldavia

[59,67]

Campanula sclerotricha Boiss. Bellflower

Campanulaceae

W

büyük köklü, çançiçeği, nermedenk

Turkey: Hakkari

[78]

Centaurea haradjianii Wagenitz

Asteraceae

W

kaputkulak

Turkey: South Anatolia

[96]

Cercis siliquastrum L. Judas Tree

Fabaceae

W/C

Erguvan

Turkey: diverse areas

[103]

Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Creeping Thistle

Asteraceae

W

köygöçüren, köygöçerten

Turkey: West and Central Anatolia

[22]

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Taro

Araceae

C

göleğez

Turkey: Adana, Antalya

YD

Convolvulus stachydifolius Choisy

Convolvulaceae

W

sermaşık, sarmaşık

Turkey: Cizre

[76]

Corylus avellana L. Hazelnut*

Betulaceae

C

fındık

Turkey: Duzce, Malatya

[97], YD

W/C

leithi

Kosovo: Pristina area

BM, HA

Corylus maxima Mill. Filbert

Betulaceae

C

fındık

Turkey: Duzce, Malatya

[97], YD

Cydonia oblonga Mill. Quince

Rosaceae

C

ayva

Turkey: Malatya

YD

ftoi

Albania: Mt. Korab

[9]

Heracleum trachyloma Fisch. & C.A. Mey. Downy cow-parsnip

Apiaceae

W

baldırgan

Turkey: East Anatolia

[103]

Lactuca sativa L. Lettuce

Asteraceae

C

marul

Turkey: West Anatolia, Malatya

YD

маруля

Bulgaria: Sofia area, Plovdiv area

AN

Malva neglecta Wallr. Dwarf Mallow

Malvaceae

W

ebegümeci, ebemgümeç, ebemövmeci, tolık, tolk

Turkey: all over the country

[95], YD

Malva nicaeensis All. French Mallow

Malvaceae

W

develik, ebegümeci

Turkey: Çanakkale

[75]

Malva sylvestris L. Mallow

Malvaceae

W

develik, ebegümeci

Turkey: West Anatolia

[22,75]

Morus alba L. White Mulberry

Moraceae

C

akdut, dut, tuye

Turkey: East, West and Central Anatolia

[22,99], YD

Morus nigra L. Black Mulberry

Moraceae

C

dut, karadut, tuye

Turkey: all over the country

[22,99], YD

Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry

Moraceae

C

mordut, kırmızı dut

Turkey: West and Central Anatolia

[22], YD

Onopordum illyricum L. Illyrian Thistle

Asteraceae

W

deli kenger, dolma kenkeri, eşek dikeni

Turkey: Muğla

[101]

Pelargonium quercetorum Agnew Turkish Pelargonium

Geraniaceae

W

tolk

Turkey: Hakkari

[78]

Petasites hybridus (L.) G. Gaertner, B. Meyer and Scherb. Butterbur

Asteraceae

W

galdirel, kaldırek, kaldirek

Turkey: Manyas

[98]

Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bean

Fabaceae

C

fasülye

Turkey: West and East Anatolia, Malatya

[102], YD

fasole

Romania: Bacau area

AP

грав^MK

Albania: Gollobordo^MK

[13]

grah, mohune

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo area

JF

Phytolacca americana L.* Pokeweed

Phytolaccaceae

W

крмус

Macedonia: Strumica area

GS

Plantago lanceolata L. Narrowleaf Plantain

Plantaginaceae

W

sinirliot

Turkey: West and Central Anatolia

[22,93]

Plantago major L. Broadleaf Plantain

Plantaginaceae

W

belgheviz, damar otu, kesikotu, sinirotu, yara otu

Turkey: East Anatolia, Izmit, Ordu, Samsun,

[72,81,95]

Primula veris L. Cowslip

Primulaceae

W

aguliçe, zgjerifet, lulë, lule dashi, lule deshi, lule verdhë, qingji, zgjirifet

Albania: Mt. Korab

[9]

Primula vulgaris Huds. Primrose

Primulaceae

W

ak meneksen, çuha çiçeği

Turkey: South Anatolia

[87,77],

Prunus avium L. Cherry

Rosaceae

C

kiraz

Turkey: Malatya, Sakarya

[84], YD

Raphanus raphanistrum L. Wild Radish

Brassicaceae

W

turpotu

Turkey: West and Central Anatolia, Kahrmanmaras

[22,87]

Reynoutria japonica Houtt. Japanese Knotweed

Polygonaceae

W

bambus

Romania: Maramureș

[64], ŁŁ

Rheum ribes L. Syrian Rhubarb

Polygonaceae

W

işgın

Turkey: East Anatolia

[103]

Ribes nigrum L. Blackcurrent

Grossulariaceae

C

coacăz negru

Romania: Transylvania

[67]

Rubus idaeus L. Raspberry

Rosaceae

C

maline

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Sarajevo area

JF

Rubus caesius L. Dewberry

Rosaceae

W

капина

Bulgaria: Lovech area

[47]

Rumex acetosa L. Sorrel

Polygonaceae

W

ekşi labada, ekşilküçük labada

Turkey: West and Central Anatolia

[22]

киселец

Bulgaria: Rhodopes Mt. area

[8]

uthullaçe

Kosovo: Pristina area

BM, AH

киселицa

Serbia: South and Central regions

ZDS

Rumex acetosella L. Red Sorrel

Polygonaceae

W

ebem ekşisi, ekşikulak, kuzukulağı, tırşık

Turkey: East Anatolia

[99]

Rumex alpinus L. Alpine Dock

Polygonaceae

W

dağ pazısı, ışgın

Turkey: East Anatolia, Afyon

[72,99]

ştevia stânelor

Romania: Transylvania

[67]

Rumex conglomeratus Murray Sharp Dock

Polygonaceae

W

labada, kuzukulağı, tırşo, tirşik

Turkey: South, East and South-eastern Anatolia, Manyas

[71,76,86,94,98]

Rumex crispus L. Curly Dock

Polygonaceae

W

efelek, efelik, kıvırcık labada, tırşo,labada, tirşik

Turkey: West and Central Anatolia, Bursa, Cizre

[22,23,25,72,76,80,84,90], YD

штавеј

Macedonia: all over the country

GS

штaвaљ

Serbia: all over the country

ZDS

Rumex gracilescens Rech.

Polygonaceae

W

acımancar, efelek, göylek, güyrek

Turkey: Ankara

[26,91]

Rumex obtusifolius L. Broad-Leaved Dock

Polygonaceae

W

yabani labada

Turkey: West and Central Anatolia

[22], YD

ştevie

Romania: Transylvania

[67]

Rumex olympicus Boiss.

Polygonaceae

W

ebelek, ilabada

Turkey: Bursa

[72]

Rumex patientia L. Patience Dock

Polygonaceae

W

akıllı labada, at kulağı, efelek, evelik, göbede, güylek, labada

Turkey: Thrace, Anatolia

[22-24,80,85,93,98], YD

лапад

Bulgaria: all over the country

[8,47], AN

atkulak^TA, dragomir, măcrisul cucului, ştevie de grădină, ščava^UK

Romania: Transylvania, Dobruja^TA, Maramureș^UK

[64], AN, AP, ŁŁ, YD

лапад

Bulgaria: all over the country

[8,47], AN

зeљe

Serbia: diverse areas

ZDS

Rumex pulcher L. Fiddle Dock

Polygonaceae

W

labada, ilabada

Turkey: Çanakkale, Izmit

[75,81]

Rumex tuberosus L. Swollen Sorrel

Polygonaceae

W

efelek, kuzukıkırdağı

Turkey: East Anatolia, Eskişehir

[70,78,80,95]

Salvia forskaohlei L. Forskhal’s Sage

Lamiaceae

W

şalba

Turkey: unspecified Asia Minor

[79]

Salvia poculata Náb.

Lamiaceae

W

bareş, öküzpörçüğü, ezmangag

Turkey: East Anatolia

[78,95]

Salvia sclarea L. Clary Sage

Lamiaceae

W

tüylü adaçayı, misk adaçayı, pune, ayıkulağı

Turkey: East Anatolia

[99]

Sinapis arvensis L. Field Mustard

Brassicaceae

W

hardalotu

Turkey: Tokat

[93]

Smilax excelsa L. Smilax

Smilacaceae

W

melevcen

Turkey: unspecified Asia Minor

[79]

Spinacia oleracea L. Spinach

Amaranthaceae

C

ıspanak

Turkey: West Anatolia

YD

спанак

Bulgaria: Sofia area, Plovdiv area

AN

špinat, španać, cпaнaћ

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia: diverse areas

AM, ZDS

Solanum tuberosum L. Potato

Solanaceae

C

компири^MK

Albania: Gollobordo^MK

[13], AP

Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. Milk Thistle

Asteraceae

W

devedikeni

Turkey: diverse areas

[103]

Symphytum kurdicum Boiis. and Hausskn. Kurdish Comfrey

Boraginaceae

W

karakafesotu, ezmangag

Turkey: Hakkari

[78]

Tilia cordata Miller Small-Leaved Lime

Malvaceae

C/W

blini

Kosovo: Pristina area

BM, AH

Tilia cordata Miller and T. platyphyllos Scop. Small- and Large-Leaved Lime

Malvaceae

C/W

tei

Romania: diverse areas

[67], AP

Tilia tomentosa Moench Silver Lime

Malvaceae

C/W

липа

Bulgaria: Lovech and Tsarevo areas; Turkey: diverse areas

[47,103], AN

Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don Abraham-Isaac-Jacob

Boraginaceae

W

galdirik, hodan, ispit, kaldırık, kaldurak otu

Turkey: diverse areas

[83,93,97], YD

Tussilago farfara L. Coltsfoot

Asteraceae

W

öksürükotu

Turkey: West and Central Anatolia, Kastamonu

[22,72]

martilapi^HU, fehérhátú^HU, lapu^HU, podbal, podbielina^PO tőltike^HU

Romania: diverse areas

[60,67-69], AP, CD, ŁŁ, NP

podbel, podbjel, пoдбeл

Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia: diverse areas (in Serbia rarely used)

JF, ZDS

Urtica dioica L. Nettle

Urticaceae

W

ısıran

Turkey: South-eastern Anatolia

[74]

кoпривa

Serbia: diverse areas

ZDS

hitha, hejtha

Albania: Mt. Korab

[9]

Vicia faba L.

Fabaceae

C

бакла

Bulgaria: Karlovo area

[47]

Vitis labrusca L. Fox Grape

Vitaceae

C

rrush me erë

Albania: Mt. Korab

[9]

Vitis sylvestris Gmelin Wild Grape

Vitaceae

W

çivek, deliasma, lazüzümü

Turkey: Yalova

[100]

Vitis vinifera L. Grape

Vitaceae

C

asma, tiri, jur

Turkey: all over the country

[78,83,87,88,90,95], YD

лоза

Bulgaria: all over the country

[8,46,47,50]

лоза

Macedonia: all over the country

GS

rrushi

Kosovo and Albania: all over the countries

AH, AP

viţă de vie, szőlő^HU

Romania: diverse areas

[65,67,96], CD, NP

loza/лoзa

Serbia, Bosnia Herzegovina, and Croatia: diverse areas

AM, JF, ŁŁ, ZDS