Ethnoveterinary plants and practices used for ecto-parasite control in semi-arid smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe

Emmanuel Tendai Nyahangare; Brighton Marimanzi Mvumi; Tonderai Mutibvu

doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0006-6

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 5 Summary of plants used for ticks and other ecto parasites control, how they are used and status of availability

From: Ethnoveterinary plants and practices used for ecto-parasite control in semi-arid smallholder farming areas of Zimbabwe

Scientific name & Voucher number	Family name	Local names *Shona-S Ndebele-N Shangani-C*	Part used	Preparation methods	Target parasites	Availability status	Comments & precautions
Acacia karroo Hayne.	Fabaceae	Muzunga (S)	Root	Leave root in fowl run	Fleas and mites	Always	Safe to use
Nyahangare E 11	Fabaceae	Muzunga (S)	Root	Leave root in fowl run	Fleas and mites	Always	Safe to use
Monadenium lugardiae N.E. B.	Euphorbiaceae	Chisvosve (S)	Whole plant	Crush and mix with water 24 h	Ticks, fleas	Always	Handle with care
Nyahangare E 15	Euphorbiaceae	Chisvosve (S)	Whole plant	Crush and mix with water 24 h	Ticks, fleas	Always	Handle with care
Albizia amara (Roxb.)Boiv.	Fabaceae	Umbola (N)	Leaves	Crush leaves + water + spray	Ticks, fleas	Seasonal	Effective
Nyahangare E 38	Fabaceae	Umbola (N)	Leaves	Crush leaves + water + spray	Ticks, fleas	Seasonal	Effective
Aloe excelsa A. Berger.	Aloaceae	Gavakava, Mhangani(S)	Stemmy leaves	Crush leaves, mix with water for 24 h & spray	Fleas, ticks	Seasonal	Safe to use
Nyahangare E 29	Aloaceae	Gavakava, Mhangani(S)	Stemmy leaves	Crush leaves, mix with water for 24 h & spray	Fleas, ticks	Seasonal	Safe to use
Aloe chabaudii Schoenland.	Aloaceae	Inhlaba (N)	Succulent leafy stems	Grind and soak and smear the bird with sticky water	Lice	Always	Very effective
Nyahangare E 37	Aloaceae	Inhlaba (N)	Succulent leafy stems	Grind and soak and smear the bird with sticky water	Lice	Always	Very effective
Bauhinia petersiana Bolle.	Fabaceae	Mutyatyambe (S)	Leaves	Crush leaves, mix with water	Ticks, Goats	Always	Safe to use
Nyahangare E23	Fabaceae	Mutyatyambe (S)	Leaves	Crush leaves, mix with water	Ticks, Goats	Always	Safe to use
Capsicum annuum L.	Solanaceae	Mhiripiri (S)	Fruits	Crush the fruits and mix with soot in water and spray	Ticks	Always	Causes eye irritation
Nyahangare E 69	Solanaceae	Mhiripiri (S)	Fruits	Crush the fruits and mix with soot in water and spray	Ticks	Always	Causes eye irritation
Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl. Nyahangare E39	Apocynaceae	Umlugulu (N)	Leaves	Grind leaves, mix with water in the ratio 1:4 and spray	Lice and ticks	Seasonal	Wash hands after use
Cucumis anguria L.	Cucurbitaceae	Mujachacha (S) Amagaka (N)	Fruits	Collect ripe fruits (yellow), crush and mix with water and spray	Ticks	Seasonal	Have an itching effect on animals
Nyahangare E47	Cucurbitaceae	Mujachacha (S) Amagaka (N)	Fruits		Ticks	Seasonal	Have an itching effect on animals
Ornithogalum sp	Asparagaceae	Chihanyanisi (S)	Roots	Crush and mix with water	Ticks	Always but scarce	Very effective
Nyahangare E59	Asparagaceae	Chihanyanisi (S)	Roots	Crush and mix with water	Ticks	Always but scarce	Very effective
*		Chimwamaruka (S)	Leaves and branches	Crush the leaves and branches and mix with water	Fleas and ticks	Always but scarce	Very effective
Cissus quadrangularis L.	Vitaceae	Chiololo (C), Murunjurunju (S)	Stems	Crush and mix with water to spray	Ticks	Always	Handle with care, has an itchy effect
Nyahangare E6	Vitaceae	Chiololo (C), Murunjurunju (S)	Stems	Crush and mix with water to spray	Ticks	Always	Handle with care, has an itchy effect
Psydrax livida (Hiern) Bridson	Rubiaceae	Muvengahonye (S) Umhlahlampethu (N)	Leaves	Crush, mix with water and spray or crush leaves and put on wound or tick infestation site	Ecto parasites	Always
Nyahangare E20	Rubiaceae	Muvengahonye (S) Umhlahlampethu (N)	Leaves		Ecto parasites	Always
Rotheca eriophylla	Lamiaceae	Umnukanja (N) Munukanja (S)	Leaves	Macerate, soak with water and spray	Ticks, Lice and tsetse fly	Always	Very effective and safe to use
Nyahangare E35	Lamiaceae	Umnukanja (N) Munukanja (S)	Leaves	Macerate, soak with water and spray	Ticks, Lice and tsetse fly	Always	Very effective and safe to use
Colophospermum mopane (J. Kirk ex Benth.) J. Kirk ex J. Leonard.	Fabaceae	Mopani (S)	Branches and twigs	Burn and apply ashes on animal skin	Ticks, fleas, mites	Always	Safe to use
Nyahangare E41	Fabaceae	Mopani (S)	Branches and twigs	Burn and apply ashes on animal skin	Ticks, fleas, mites	Always	Safe to use
Combretum imberbe Wawra.	Combretaceae	Muchenarota/Mutsviri (S)	Bark	Ash of the bark and twigs dusted on infestation sites	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Nyahangare E55	Combretaceae	Muchenarota/Mutsviri (S)	Bark	Ash of the bark and twigs dusted on infestation sites	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Croton gratissimus Burch.	Euphorbiaceae	Inkiza emhlope (N)	Leaves and twigs	Use as bedding in the fowl run	Lice	Always	Very effective
Nyahangare E48	Euphorbiaceae	Inkiza emhlope (N)	Leaves and twigs	Use as bedding in the fowl run	Lice	Always	Very effective
Scientific name & Voucher number	Family name	Local names *Shona-S Ndebele-N Shangani-C*	Part used	Preparation method	Target parasites	Availability status	Comments & precautions
Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk.	Rutaceae	Umpahla, Umpandula N,	Leaves	Crush leaves, soak in water and spray	Ticks, Fleas, Lice	Always but scarce	Very effective
Nyahangare E27	Rutaceae	Umpahla, Umpandula N,	Leaves	Crush leaves, soak in water and spray	Ticks, Fleas, Lice	Always but scarce	Very effective
Euphorbia cooperi L.	Euphorbiaceae	Umhlonhlo (N)	Branches	Smoke the walls of the fowl run with the branches	Fleas	Always	Handle with care
Nyahangare E71	Euphorbiaceae	Umhlonhlo (N)	Branches	Smoke the walls of the fowl run with the branches	Fleas	Always	Handle with care
Euphorbia ingens E.Mey.ex Boiss.	Euphorbiacaea	Mukondekonde (S)	Stems	Mix milk sap with water and place on infested sites	Fleas, ticks	Always	Avoid contact with the eyes
Nyahangare E43	Euphorbiacaea	Mukondekonde (S)	Stems	Mix milk sap with water and place on infested sites	Fleas, ticks	Always	Avoid contact with the eyes
Gnidia kraussiana Meisn.	Thymelaeaceae	Chitupatupa (S)	Whole plant	Crush and mix with water to spray	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Nyahangare E70	Thymelaeaceae	Chitupatupa (S)	Whole plant	Crush and mix with water to spray	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng.	Verbenaceae	Zumbani (S) Umsuzwane (N)	Leaves and branches	Crush leaves mix with water and spray, twigs can also be used as bedding in fowl runs	Ticks, fleas, lice	Always	Safe to use
Nyahangare E46	Verbenaceae	Zumbani (S) Umsuzwane (N)	Leaves and branches		Ticks, fleas, lice	Always	Safe to use
Maerua edulis Gilg&Gilg-Ben. DeWolf	Capparidaceae	Katunguru (S)	Roots	mix M. edulis roots and S. incanum fruits with water and spray	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Nyahangare E5	Capparidaceae	Katunguru (S)	Roots		Ticks	Always	Very effective
Ornithogalum sp	Alliaceae	Masimbe (S)	Bulb	crush bulb, soak in water and spray	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Nyahangare E59	Alliaceae	Masimbe (S)	Bulb	crush bulb, soak in water and spray	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Datura stramonium L.	Solanaceae	Iyoyi (N), Chowa (S)	Leaves	Crush leaves mix with water and spray on animal	Ticks and Lice	Always but scarce	Safe to use
Nyahangare E51	Solanaceae	Iyoyi (N), Chowa (S)	Leaves	Crush leaves mix with water and spray on animal	Ticks and Lice	Always but scarce	Safe to use
Euclea divinorum Hiern.	Ebenaceae	Muchekesani(S)	Roots	Crush leaves soak in water and spray	Fleas, cattle	Always
Nyahangare E15	Ebenaceae	Muchekesani(S)	Roots	Crush leaves soak in water and spray	Fleas, cattle	Always
*		Mundorani (S)	Roots	Crush dry roots and mix with water (50 g in 300 ml for 3 days)	Ticks	Always but scarce	Very effective
Vernonia colorata (Willd.) Drake.	Compositae/ Asteraceae	Munyatera (S)	Roots	Crush mix with water for an hour and spray	Ticks	Always but scarce	Very effective
Nyahangare E16	Compositae/ Asteraceae	Munyatera (S)	Roots	Crush mix with water for an hour and spray	Ticks	Always but scarce	Very effective
*		Muvuwavuwa (S)	Whole plant	Just put the plant in the fowl run	Fleas and lice	Always but scarce	Very effective
Neorautanenia brachypus	Fabaceae	Zhombwe (S)	Bulb	Crush the bulb, mix with water and spray	Fleas, ticks	Always	Avoid water contamination
(Harms) C.A. Sm.
Nyahangare E65
Nicotiana tabacum L.	Solanaceae	Tobacco (E)	Water	Break and mix with water	Ticks	Always	Safe to use
Nyahangare E68	Solanaceae	Tobacco (E)	Water	Break and mix with water	Ticks	Always	Safe to use
Spirostachys africana Sond.	Euphorbiaceae	Mutovhoti (S)	Barks	Cut barks break and mix with water	Ticks	Seasonal	Very effective
Nyahangare E63	Euphorbiaceae	Mutovhoti (S)	Barks	Cut barks break and mix with water	Ticks	Seasonal	Very effective
Strychnos spinosa Lam.	Strychnaceae	Matamba (S)	Unripe fruits	Crush unripe fruits, mix with water and spray	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Scientific name & Voucher number	Family name	Local names *Shona-S Ndebele-N Shangani-C*	Part used	Preparation method	Target pests	Availability status	Comments & precautions
Nyahangare E10
Tagetes minuta L.	Compositae/ Asteraceae	Munyakambanje (S)	Whole plant	Crush and mix with water	Ticks, fleas, mites	Always	Safe to use
Nyahangare E66	Compositae/ Asteraceae	Munyakambanje (S)	Whole plant	Crush and mix with water	Ticks, fleas, mites	Always	Safe to use
Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC.	Combretaceae	Mususu (S)	Leaves	Crush mix with water for spray	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Nyahangare E36	Combretaceae	Mususu (S)	Leaves	Crush mix with water for spray	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Strychnos cocculoides Baker.	Strychnaceae	Ubuhlali (N)	Fruit	Squash the fruit and smear contents on animal infested	Lice	Seasonal	Very effective
Nyahangare E45	Strychnaceae	Ubuhlali (N)	Fruit	Squash the fruit and smear contents on animal infested	Lice	Seasonal	Very effective
Vigna unguiculata L.	Leguminosae - Papilionoideae	Cowpea (E)	Pods	Empty pods burnt and ash applied on tick sites	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Nyahangare E67	Leguminosae - Papilionoideae	Cowpea (E)	Pods	Empty pods burnt and ash applied on tick sites	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Xeroderris stuhlmannii	Papilionaceae	Murumanyama (S)	Barks	Crush stems and spread on infestation sites	Fleas, ticks	Always	Very effective
(Taub.)Mendonca &E.P.Sousa Nyahangare E7	Papilionaceae	Murumanyama (S)	Barks	Crush stems and spread on infestation sites	Fleas, ticks	Always	Very effective
Zantedeschia albomaculata (Hook.) Baill.	Araceae	Mufanawembudzi (S)	Stem	Crush, mix with water and drench	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Nyahangare E62	Araceae	Mufanawembudzi (S)	Stem	Crush, mix with water and drench	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Zanthoxylum capense (Thunb.)Harv. Nyahangare E22	Rutaceae	Mukundanyoka (S)	Stems	Crush stems and spread on infestation sites	Fleas, ticks	Always	Safe to use
Xanthocercis zambesiaca (Baker) Dumaz-le-Grand Nyahangare E8	Fabaceae	Muturufuwa (S)	Bark	Crush the bark and soak in water to form a soapy solution for spraying	Fleas and ticks	Available	Safe to use
Pterocarpus angolensis DC. Nyahangare E32	Papilionoideae	Umvagazi (N) Mubvamaropa	Barks, branches	Mix with water	Ticks	Always	Safe to use
Sansevieria hyacinthoides (L.) Druce. Nyahangare E58	Asparagaceae	Chikwenga (S)/Bushfibre (E) Mashamhanda (S)	Stemmy rhizomes	Squash the stems, mix with water and spray on ticks	Ticks	Always	Handle with care
Senna singueana (Del.) Lock Nyahangare E13	Fabaceae	Mudyamhungu Mukundanyoka (S)	Bark	Crush bark and mix with water	Ticks	Always	User friendly
Solanum incanum L. Nyahangare E61	Solanaceae	Nhundurwa (S)	Fruits	Crush fruits and mix with water	Ticks	Seasonal	Handle with care
Solanum panduriforme E.Mey. Nyahangare E60	Solanaceae	Nhundurwa (S)	Fruits	Crush fruits and mix with water	Ticks	Seasonal	Handle with care
*		Chinyaride (S) (fibre like)	Roots and the bulb	Crush the roots/bulb and mix with water	Ticks	Always but scarce	Handle with care
Kleinia sp Nyahangare E50	Asteraceae	Iphunja (N)	Leaves	Crush leaves, mix with water and rub on affected areas	Ticks	Scarce	Very effective
Ricinus communis L. Nyahangare E42	Euphorbiaceae	Umtshafuto (N)	Leaves	Grind leaves and paste on tick infested site	Ticks	Always	Very effective
Osyris lanceolata Hochst. Nyahangare E49	Santalaceae	Ingobamakhosi (N)	Roots	Pestle roots, soak in water and spray	Ticks	Always but scarce	Very effective

* At the time of the survey, samples of these plants could not be found and require further follow up for positive identification.

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