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Table 4 Ethnoveterinary practices in the study area compared with earlier records in Romania and some European countries

From: Ethnoveterinary practices of Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania

Diseases treated in ethnoveterinary practice

Ethnomedicinal treatments in the studied villages *

Earlier reported data in Romania

Data in other countries

 

Used ingredients

Parts used and preparation

Used ingredients

Parts used and preparation

Used ingredients

Parts used and preparation

“hotness” (stomach heat, inflammation, ache)

Artemisia absinthium

herb1,4 [cattle]

Centaurium erythraea Rafn. (Gentianaceae)

herb as tea [pig] [47]

Achillea millefolium

flowers as infusion [53]

 

Plantago lanceolata

leaf with the herb of A. absinthium 1 [cattle]

Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch (Apiaceae)

herb with rancid pork fat and bitter salt [48]

Matricaria chamomilla

flowers as infusion [calves] [51]

 

Gentiana asclepiadea (Figure 3)

root with P. lanceolata as a tea12 [cattle]

Peucedanum oreoselinum Moench (Apiaceae)

herb as fodder [48]

Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch. (Rosaceae)

root as a tea [51]

 

Salix alba

leaf as fodder12 [cattle]

Rumex crispus L. (Polygonaceae)

seed soaked in brandy for digestive problems [48]

milk

[7]

 

milk

[cattle]5

    
 

oil

[cattle]5,9

    

inflamed udder, mastitis

Calendula officinalis

flower as a cream2 [cattle, horse]

Brassica oleracea

sour leaf sap with human urine and dung of horse as a cream [47]

Brassica oleracea

roasted leaf as an embrocation [14]

 

Eryngium planum

herb as a tea2 or washing12 [cattle, horse]

Calendula officinalis

flower as a cream [47]

Calamintha nepeta (L.) Savi (Lamiaceae)

leaf as a wash [15]

 

Matricaria chamomilla

flower as a tea and wash12 [cattle]

Digitalis grandiflora Mill. (Plantaginaceae)

herb [26]

Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. (Rosaceae)

cider vinegar of fruit with grain as fodder [11]

 

Mustela nivalis

skin as an embrocation by itself2,6,9,11 or soaked in milk7 [cattle]

Malus sylvestris

vinegar of fruit on slate as impregnant, as an embrocation [cattle] [28,47]

Malva sylvestris

fresh leaf boiled and placed into sack using as a warm compress [15]

 

cold water

as a wash1,2,6,12; with vinegar2,3 and salt7 as a wash2,7 or embrocation3 [cattle]

Mustela nivalis

as a rubber [49]

Olea europaea L. var. europaea (Oleaceae)

fruit as an ointment [16]

 

clay

by itself or with salt as an embrocation7 [cattle]

Papaver somniferum L. (Papaveraceae)

seed as fodder for “reszfug” (= mastitis) [cattle, sheep] [26]

Sambucus nigra L. (Adoxaceae)

flower in fumigation [cattle] [16]

   

Scrophularia nodosa L., részfugburján (Scrophulariaceae)

as a wash [26], mixed and cooked with salt and flour of Zea mays [19] dried and mixed into the flour as fodder [20]

Thymus vulgaris L. (Lamiaceae)

decoction of flowering stem as a wash [cattle, dog, sheep] [8]

   

Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. (Pinaceae)

resin by itself, or with sour cream or tallow as an embrocation [Papp, unpublished data, Uz-valley]

Zea mays L. (Poaceae)

seed as a decoction in water and/or milk as a washing [cattle] [8]

   

flour

with salt [26]

  
   

water

with vinegar and salt as a washing and an embrocation [34]

  
   

yellow mud

smeared onto the udder [cattle] [28]

  

respiratory diseases: roaring (“kehesség”), cold, cough, pneumonia

Armoracia rusticana

root as fodder1–12 [horse]

Allium cepa L. (Amaryllidaceae)

3 slices of the bulb grated and soaked in brandy, and mixed with saltpetre [29]

Allium cepa

bulb [16]

   

Armoracia rusticana

root by itself [34,47], or with Avena sativa and urine for “száraz kehe” (dry cough) of horse [28,29], or in boiled milk with one spoon of honey, tallow, yeast, 7 slices of Allium sativum, and 9 fruits of Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr., Myrtaceae and Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, Myrtaceae and Piper nigrum L., Pipeaceae [horse] [29], or with “büdöskővirág” (sulphur powder) [34]

Atropa belladonna L. (Solanaceae)

leaf [horse, dog] [8]

 

Juniperus communis

pseudofruit as fodder7 [horse]

Avena sativa L., Poaceae

warmed by itself [28], or with urine, turpentine or “büdöskővirág” put into a sac and pull onto the head of horse as a steaming

Avena sativa

aerial part [horse] [10]

 

injection

[horse] 1

Brassica oleracea

leaf sap dropped into the nostrils with dried and ground rat snake [horse] [19]

Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae)

leaf [16]

 

“szénamurha”

by itself1,5,12 or poured with urine7 [horse]

Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae)

leaf [30]

Helleborus bocconei Ten. (Ranunculaceae)

petiole inserted into the ear or the neck for bronchitis [cattle] [13]

 

turpentine

[horse]1

Helleborus purpurascens Waldst. & Kit. (Ranunculaceae)

leaf soaked in whey [19], or pulled into the breast [horse, cow], and into the ears [pig] [20,48,50] for dry and purulent cough [34]

Helleborus foetidus L. (Ranunculaceae) [cattle][12]

leaf inserted into the ears for bronchitis and pneumonia [cattle] [12]

   

Hordeum vulgare L., H. vulgare convar. vulgare (Poaceae)

steaming with warmed seed [27,31], flour with honey and water [29]

Juniperus phoenicea L. (Cupressaceae)

leaf [cattle, sheep, dog, horse] [8]

   

Juniperus communis

as a tea [horse] [25]

Mercurialis annua L. (Euphorbiaceae)

root as a tea [dog] [8]

   

Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch (Apiaceae)

aerial part as a tea [21,48]

Origanum heracleoticum L. (Lamiaceae)

aerial part [4]

   

Matricaria chamomilla

flower as a tea [pig] [47]

Sugar

on hot coal as a fumigant [4]

   

Malus sylvestris

vinegar of the fruit as an embrocation [47]

tin

melted and inserted into the nose [horse] [10]

   

Pulmonaria officinalis L. (Boraginaceae)

flower for pneumonia [pig] [19,20]

  
   

Secale cereale L. (Poaceae)

flour for “fojókehe” for steaming [28,29]

  
   

Triticum aestivum L. (Poaceae)

bran by itself [29]

  
   

bear, goose and pork fat

for “csikókehe, fojtókehe” [horse] [29]

  
   

salt

sprinkled onto the nose [33]

  
   

sulphur powder

for “csikókehe, fojtókehe” [horse] [29]

  
   

venesection

[33]

  

rumination

Achillea millefolium

herb as a tea [cattle]12

Allium sativum

bulb with bread [28,29], or with wine and egg [33]

Achillea millefolium

aerial part [cattle] [54,56]

 

Cucurbita pepo

ground seed and seed oil [cattle]2

Angelica sylvestris L. (Apiaceae)

leaf [21]

Artemisia absinthium

aerial part as a tea [10]

 

Petroselinum crispum

leaf [cattle]2

Armoracia rusticana

roasted fruit [29]

Pimpinella anisum L. (Apiaceae)

fruit as an elixir [10]

 

Salix alba

leaf, leafy branches and bark [cattle]3

Artemisia dracunculus

herb as a tea [29]

Ruta chalepensis L. (Rutaceae)

aerial part as a tea [16]

 

Symphytum officinale L.

root as fodder with bran [cattle]12

Avena sativa

roasted fruit [29]

Salix purpurea L., (Salicaceae)

branches [10]

 

bread

[cattle]3,4

Beta vulgaris L. convar. crassa (Amaranthaceae)

grated root [21]

Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz Bip. (Asteraceae)

aerial part as a tea [16]

 

Toast

[cattle] 7

Cannabis sativa L. (Cannabaceae)

seed in oil [29]

Beer

[cattle] [10]

 

Oil

[cattle] 7

Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae)

fruit [21]

Buttermilk

[cattle] [10]

   

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne (Cucurbitaceae)

seed with bran [22]

soda (sodium bicarbonate)

[cattle] [10]

   

Cucurbita pepo

ground seed with milk [28,30]

whey

[cattle] [10]

   

Daucus carota ssp. sativus Hoffm.

root [21,47]

  
   

Euonymus europaeus L. (Celastraceae)

fruit [21]

  
   

Equisetum sylvaticum L. (Equisetaceae)

herb [27,31]

  
   

Fragaria vesca L. (Rosaceae)

fruit [30] or root as a tea [28]

  
   

Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae)

pressed seed coat [21,47]

  
   

Iris germanica L. (Iridaceae)

root [20]

  
   

Juniperus communis

pseudofruit with milk, roasted on bread [28], or woth the leaf of Salix alba, rusty fat, oil and bulb of Allium cepa [30,47]

  
   

Levisticum officinale W.D.J. Koch (Apiaceae)

herb [21]

  
   

Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae)

seed as a tea [21,24,31,34]

  
   

L. usitatissimum convar. Transitorium (Linaceae)

ground seed with the seed of Helianthus annuus [29]

  
   

Malus domestica Borkh.

vinegar with yeast and Artemisia dracunculus [29]

  
   

Matricaria chamomilla

flower as a tea [20]

  
   

Petroselinum crispum

leaf with bran and oil [22]

  
   

Peucedanum oreoselinum Moench (Apiaceae)

herb [21]

  
   

Prunus domestica L. ssp. Rotunda (Rosaceae)

leafy branches [28]

  
   

Raphanus sativus L. cv. niger f. subglobosa (Brassicaceae)

tuber [21,24,31,34], or with cooking soda [22]

  
   

Rumex stenophyllus Ledeb.(Polygonaceae)

herb [31]

  
   

Rubus idaeus L. convar. hortensis provar. inermis (Rosaceae)

fruit as a syrup [29]

  
   

Sambucus nigra

lower layer of the bark [30]

  
   

Salix alba

leafy branches [28,30]

  
   

Salix spp.

leafy branches [31]

  
   

Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae)

herb [28]

  
   

Sisymbrium strictissimum L. (Brassicaceae)

root [28]

  
   

Triticum aestivum

fruit [29]

  
   

Zea mays

stem [29]

  
   

copper sulphate

[34]

  
   

white wine

with egg [sheep] [33]

  

wounds, skin injuries

Aristolochia clematitis

leaf as an embrocation [cattle, horse, pig, sheep]1,2,4,6–11

Achillea millefolium

herb cut and mixed with rancid fat [25]

Acer pseudoplatanus L. (Sapindaceae)

decoction of the bark as a wash [9]

 

Eryngium planum

herb as a tea [cattle, horse]2

Aristolochia clematitis

decoction of the stem and leaf as a wash, or the leaf as an embrocation [21,28,30]

Althaea officinalis L. (Malvaceae)

root [9]

 

Euphorbia amygdaloides

herb as a tea [horse, pig]12

Betula pendula Roth. (Betulaceae)

leaf for bruised skin (“pecsendzsia, pokolszökés”) as a tea [50]

Agave americana L. (Asparagaceae)

leaf [9]

 

Polygonum minus

as a washing [cattle, horse]10

Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae)

leaf sap [47]

Artemisia absinthium

aerial part with honey [horse] [10]

 

cobweb

as an embrocation [horse]5

Crataegus monogyna Jacq. (Rosaceae)

fruit or leafy branches as a decoction [ox] [25]

Bovista dermoxantha Pers. (Lycoperdaceae)

old fruiting body [horse] [10]

   

Daphne mezereum L. (Thymelaeaceae)

bark [sheep] [20], flower as an infusion [horse] [Papp, unpublished data, Uz-valley]

Cardopatum corymbosum (L.) Pers. (Asteraceae)

leaf [sheep,cattle, dog] [8]

   

Euphorbia amygdaloides (Euphorbiaceae)

ground herb ss an embrocation [26], or as a wash ([28,30,47] Papp, unpublished data, Uz-valley)

Carpinus orientalis Mill. (Betulaceaeae)

bark as a decoction [3]

   

Euphorbia cyparissias (Euphorbiaceae)

herb as a wash [28,30]

Centaurea alba L. ssp. tartesiana Talavera (Asteraceae)

leaf [horse] [8]

   

Euphorbia palustris L. (Euphorbiaceae)

herb as a wash [28,30]

Daphne gnidium L. (Thymelaeaceae)

stem as a liniment [9]

   

Polygonum lapathifolium L. (Polygonaceae)

leaf as an embrocation [26]

Ecballium elaterium (L.) A. Rich. (Cucurbitaceae)

fruit [4]

   

Symphytum officinale

root [20]

Euphorbia hirsuta L. (Euphorbiaceae)

[sheep, cattle, horse, dog] [51]

   

Veronica beccabunga L. (Plantaginaceae)

herb as a wash [19]

Gentiana lutea L. (Gentianaceae)

root as a bath [9]

   

cobweb

[19]

Geranium rotundifolium L. (Geraniaceae)

aerial part [9]

   

hot fat

[19]

Hypericum perforatum

aerial part [3,8,51]

   

lime

[19]

Juniperus oxycedrus L. (Cupressaceae)

pseudofruit as an ointment [9]

   

urine

[19]

Lilium pyrenaicum Gouan (Liliaceae)

bulb as a liniment and a poultice [9]

     

Malva neglecta Wallr. (Malvaceae)

aerial part [3], leaf [51]

     

Marrubium vulgare L. (Lamiaceae)

aerial part [sheep, cattle] [8]

     

Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae)

leaf [sheep] [9]

     

Peucedanum ostruthium (L.) W.D.J.Koch (Apiaceae)

root as an ointment and bath [51]

     

Prunus domestica

fruit by itself [8], or in fermented and distilled form [7]

     

Pulicaria odora Rchb. (Asteraceae)

flowering top in alcohol or as a decoction [cattle, sheep, dog, horse] [8]

     

Quercus ilex L. ssp. ilex, Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl. (Fagaceae)

bark as a bath [9]

     

Ruta chalepensis

aerial part as an embrocation and liniment [9]

     

Sambucus nigra

leaf as a decoction [14]

     

Symphytum officinale

root as an ointment and bath [51]

     

Valeriana officinalis L. (Caprifoliaceae)

root or leaf in mules [14]

     

fat

fox fat for pimples [horse], hen fat for sores [oxen] [2]

     

Sulphur

in water for burns [10]

     

Cobweb

[7]

anthelmintics

Allium sativum

bulb of by itself1,3–6,8–12 or soaked in milk [pig]2,12

Allium sativum

bulb by itself [28,30,34] or in milk [34]

Allium sativum

bulb mixed with oil [dog] [8,14], or in water [3]

 

Cucurbita pepo

seed [pig]3,12

Armoracia rusticana

root with the pseudofruit of Juniperus communis [30]

Artemisia absinthum

leaf as a decoction [dog] [8]

 

Daucus carota ssp. sativus

root [horse]7

Avena sativa

roated fruit [28]

Artemisia herba-alba Asso (Asteraceae)

aerial part [sheep] [8]

 

Quercus petraea, Q. robur

nut [pig, cattle]3

Cannabis sativa

seed with lime-water, or with Allium cepa, goose fat and milk [28]

Chelidonium majus L. (Papaveraceae)

leaf in water [3]

 

Secale cereale

fruit as fodder [horse]7

Cucurbita pepo

seed with the seed of Ricinus communis L., (Euphorbiaceae)

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. (Amaranthaceae)

aerial part [3,16]

 

whey powder

[pig]2

Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) Schott, (Dryopteridaceae)

dried rhizome [poultry] [29,41]

Daphne gnidium

bark [swine, cattle, sheep, dog, horse] [8]

   

Hordeum vulgare

roasted seed [27,29,31]

Hypericum maculatum Crantz (Hypericaceae)

aerial part as a tea [7]

   

Phaseolus vulgaris L. Fabaceae

fruit as a decoction without salt [29]

Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.(Lamiaceae)

aerial part as a tea [16]

   

Quercus petraea, Q. robur

ground nut or bark as a tea [28]

Ruta chalepensis

aerial part [3,16]

   

Sambucus nigra

bar kin milk [25,30]

Scabiosa columbaria L. (Caprifoliaceae)

aerial part as a tea [16]

   

Secale cereale

fruit or flour [30]

Simethis mattiazzi (Vand.) Sacc. (Xanthorrhoeaceae)

root as a decoction [3]

   

Triticum aestivum

bran with butter, fat, salt and soap as a decoction [29]

Teucrium scorodonia L. (Lamiaceae)

aerial part [3,16]

   

bran

with ash [33]

  
   

dove dung

dried dung mixed into the fodder [34]

  
   

petroleum

[33]

  

diarrhea

Artemisia absinthium

herb as a tea [cattle, horse]3

Achillea collina (Becker ex Rchb. f.) Heimerl, A. millefolium (Asteraceae)

aerial part as a tea [22,26]

Achillea millefolium

aerial part [calf] [10]

 

Potentilla anserina

leaf as a tea [cattle, horse, pig, sheep]1,2,4–6,9–12

Alchemilla vulgaris L. (Rosaceae)

aerial part as a tea [41]

Achillea ptarmica L. ssp. pyrenaica (Sibth. ex Godr.)

flower with the flower of Sambucus nigra as a tea [16]

 

Rumex acetosella, R. obtusifolius, Rumex spp.

fruit as a tea [cattle, horse, pig, sheep]1–12

Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (Betulaceae)

bark as a decoction [48]

Agrimonia eupatoria L. (Rosaceae)

aerial part as a tea [16]

 

Quercus petraea, Q. robur

bark as tea [pig]3

Artemisia absinthium

aerial part as a tea [28]

Brassica oleracea ssp. oleracea

aerial part [16]

 

“hótszén”

as fodder [pig]2

Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Sapindaceae)

seed [cattle, pig] [28,29,34]

Ceratonia siliqua L. (Fabaceae)

grain [51]

   

Chelidonium majus

aerial part as a tea [26]

Chelidonium majus

leaf as a tea [3]

   

Equisetum arvense L. (Equisetaceae)

aerial part as a tea [48]

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. (Rutaceae)

epicarp of the fruit with the seed of Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae) as a soup [51]

   

Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae)

bark as a decoction [cattle] [34,47]

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. (Rosaceae)

leaf as a tea [16]

   

Hordeum vulgare

roasted seed [pig, horse] [22,33], or with salty flour with the seed of Secale cereale [29]

Daphne gnidium

stem [16]

   

Juniperus communis

pseudofruit as a tea [cattle] [25]

Foeniculum vulgare Miller (Apiaceae)

aerial part [16]

   

Quercus cerris L.

ground bark as a tea [47]

Hypericum maculatum

aerial part as a tea [7]

   

Quercus petraea

ground bark in fodder [22]

Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae)

aerial part [16]

   

Rumex acetosa L., R. confertus Willd., R. crispus

seed as a decoction [19,20,22,28,30,48]

Phlomis purpurea L. (Lamiaceae)

aerial part [sheep, horse, dog] [8]

   

Rumex acetosella

seed as a decoction [47]

Quercus rubra L. (Fagaceae)

branch [rabbit] [8]

   

Rumex patientia L., R. stenophyllus Ledeb.

[cattle, horse, pig] [31]

Polygonum aviculare L. (Polygonaceae)

aerial part as a tea [8]

   

Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae)

aerial part as a tea [cattle] [29]

Potentilla reptans L. (Rosaceae)

aerial part as a tea [rabbit] [8]

   

Sambucus racemosa L. (Adoxaceae)

fruit as a tea [48]

Rosmarinus officinalis L.

aerial part as a tea [16]

   

Sisymbrium strictissimum L. (Brassicaceae)

root as a decoction [cattle] [30]

Rumex acetosella

aerial part [cattle] [5]

   

Solanum tuberosum L. (Solanaceae)

tuber with the leaf of Robinia pseudoacacia L. (Fabacaeae) [48]

Rumex sp.

boiled seeds in water [pig] [64]

   

Sorbus domestica L. (Rosaceae)

bark as a decoction [20]

Thymus serpyllum L. ssp. nervosus (Willk.) Nyman (Lamiaceae)

aerial part as a tea [16]

   

Triticum aestivum

bran by itself [calf] [21]

Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae)

raw or dried fruit [51]

   

ash

[horse] [33]

Verbascum sinuatum L. (Scrophulariaceae)

flower as a tea [16]

   

salt

[sheep] [48]

  
   

vinegar

[sheep] [48]

  

diuretics

Petroselinum crispum

leaf [horse]3

Allium cepa

bulb as a decoction [cattle, horse] [34], or into the urethra [horse] [19-21]

Daphne laureola L.

aerial part [3]

 

ammonia

to smell in the stable [horse]5,6

Capsicum annuum convar. longum, (Solanaceae)

fruit [29]

Herniaria hirsuta L. ssp. cinerea (DC.) Coutinho (Caryophyllaceae)

aerial part [16]

 

lice

put into the urethra [horse]5

Fragaria vesca L. (Rosaceae)

root as a tea [20]

Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek, (Brassicaceae)

as a decoction [pig] [8]

 

water

poured beside the animals [horse]7, or put into the shed to vaporize and induce urination [sheep]7; animals guided to the edge of rivers to hear the sound of water [horse]5

Narcissus stellaris Haw. (Amaryllidaceae)

flower [cattle] [30]

Simethis mattiazzi (Vand.) Sacc. (Xanthorrhoeaceae)

root [3]

   

Petroselinum crispum

leaf or root with saltpeter as a decoction [cattle, horse] [19-21,34]

Zea mays

stigma as a decoction [3]

   

Peucedanum sp. (Apiaceae)

boiled herb as fodder [sheep] [48]

  
   

Polygonum bistorta L. (Polygonacaeae)

rhizome [26]

  
   

Sambucus nigra

flower as a decoction [cattle] [33]

  
   

Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae)

root as a tea [19]

  

cataract

powdered sugar

blown into the eyes [cattle]1–12

Anagallis arvensis L. ssp. phoenicea Vollmann (Primulaceae)

dried and ground petals mixed with powdered sugar [22]

  
 

powdered glass

blown into the eyes [cattle]1–12

Capsicum annuum

dried and ground pungent fruit [cattle] [21,48]

  
   

Malus sylvestris

vinegar of the fruit as an embrocation [47]

  
   

Matricaria chamomilla

tea of the flower as a wash [22]

  
   

Nicotiana tabacum

ground leaf spit with saliva into the eyes [47]

  
   

Tilia cordata Mill. (Malvaceae)

yellow part under the bark with milk as an embrocation [47]

  
   

“szentgyörgybéka” (Bombina variegata L., Bombinatoridae)

put into the eyes [19,49]

  
   

ash

blown into the eyes [cattle] [49]

  
   

salt

blown into the eyes [horse] [19,33]

  
   

sugar

blown into the eyes [cattle] [19,33,49]

  
   

powdered glass

blown into the eyes [horse] [19,33]

  
   

powdered porcelain

blown into the eyes [33]

  

after delivery

Petroselinum crispum

leaf to promote expulsion of the placenta as fodder [cattle]3

Hordeum vulgare convar. vulgare

roasted seed as fodder [cattle] [29]

  

antiparasitic, repellent, and insecticide effect; for scab

Juglans regia

leaf against flies as a rub [horse]6

Aconitum moldavicum Hacq. (Ranunculaceae)

root against lice and ticks [26]

Capsicum annuum

fruit in oil [16]

 

Veratrum album

ground root as a rub against lice, flies and mosquitos [horse]6

Artemisia absinthium

aerial part strewed against lice, spray with lime in the chicken pen [33]

Cestrum parqui L 'Hér. (Solanceae)

herb [52]

   

Ballota nigra L. (Lamiaceae)

aerial part put under hen against lice [31]

Juglans regia

leaf against flies as a decoction [horse] [16]

   

Brassica oleracea, B. oleracea var. capitata

sour sap of the leaf against scab [sheep] [19,20], salty leaf sap against ox warble fly [28] and lice [29]

Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae)

fruits in olive oil [52]

   

Cucurbita pepo

runner against flies as a rub [29]

Matricaria chamomilla

flowering top against fleas [cattle, sheep, dog] [8]

   

Dryopteris filix-mas

leaf as bed of straw [pig] [25]

Olea europaea var. europaea

seed oil as a repellent poultice [16]

   

Euonymus europaeus L. (Celastraceae)

dried and ground fruit against lice [cattle, hen, pig] [28,29]

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn (Dennstaedtiaceae)

leaf against fleas [16]

   

Helianthus annuus

seed oil smeared onto the animals against lice [cattle, hen, pig] [28,29]

Ruta chalepensis

aerial part against flies as a rub [horse] [8], and against fleas [16]

   

Helleborus purpurascens

root as a decoction against scab [30]

Sonchus oleraceus

aerial part in oil and as a poultice against flies [horse, cattle] [14], leaf and root as a decoction against lices, and as a bath against scabs [17], root as a decoction and wash against lice and scabs [sheep] [9]

   

Juglans regia

leaf against flies as a rub [29]

Urginea maritima (L.) Baker (Asparagaceae)

bulb in oil [16], or placed in shed as a repellent [cattle] [13]

   

Nicotiana tabacum

leaf as a wash against lice, scabs and moths [20,33]

Veratrum album

aerial part as a tea [sheep] [16], root [calves] [55]

   

Persica vulgaris Mill. (Rosaceae)

sap of the ground leaf smeared onto the body against flies [pig] [33]

  
   

Polygonum lapathifolium

leaf as a wash against lice, scabs and moths [26,30]

  
   

Rumex crispus

root against scab as a decoction [26]

  
   

Tussilago farfara L. (Asteraceae)

leaf against scab as a decoction [26]

  
   

Veratrum album

root dried and smeared onto the hair [19,20,22,25,33,41,48], or boiled with the leaf sap of Brassica oleracea against lice [sheep, cattle], or with goose fat [hen] [30]

  
   

cart-grease

as a rub against lice [34]

  
   

copper sulphate

in water with vinegar as a wash [sheep] [34]

  
   

fat

rancid fat against lice [hen], or with mercury [34]

  
   

lye-ashes

smeared onto the body [pig, sheep] [33]

  
   

petroleum

smeared onto the body [pig, sheep] [33]

  
   

potash-lye

in water as a bath [poultry] [33]

  
  1. *Number superscipts refere to the specific villages studied in Covasna: Biborţeni1, Bodoş 2 , Filia3, Racoşul de Sus4, Băţanii Mici5, Băţanii Mari6, Herculian7, Tălişoara8, Aita Seacă9, Ozunca-Băi10, Vârghiş11, Valea Zălanului12. Full botanical citations for plants documented in this study are provided in Table 2.