Table 2 List of wild edible plants reported by the Río Negro inhabitants and associated characteristics

Aguacate de mono

Roj’koy

Lauraceae

Persea donnell-smithii Mez.

Tree

Fruit*

Raw

Not cultivated, but a domesticated relative

4

36

Amaranto/Bledo

Labises

Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus cf. hybridus L.

Herb

Leaves and stem/Seed

Broth; Fried; Toast seeds (poporopo) to make a beverage (atol) or use them as cereals

Cultivated

Memory

Leaves

Include it in diet

24

43

Anona de montaña

Pak K’ewex

Annonaceae

Annona reticulata L.

Tree

Fruit

Raw

Cultivated

21

N/A

Apazote

Zikij

Amaranthaceae

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants.

Herb

Leaves and stem

Boil it in fish broth or with tomato; cook it with maize to make tortillas

Cultivated

Against amoeba and pinworms

Leaves

Grind and put it over the stomach with a cloth

16

46

Bejuco del cerro

Ukush Qachuu/Ixim

-

-

Vine

Root*

Grind and mix with maize (if any) to make tortillas; or peel it, chop it and boil it with the grinded maize and make pixtones (thick and smaller tortillas)

Not cultivated

7

N/A

Cabeza de viejo

Mam/K’mam

Cactaceae

Cephalocereus maxonii Rose (unresolved name)

Cacti

Fruit

Raw

Not cultivated

1

N/A

Capulín

Chapúl

Simaroubaceae

Simarouba amara Aubl.

Tree

Fruit*

Raw

Not cultivated

2

N/A

Caulote silvestre

Xuyuy

Malvaceae

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam.

Tree

Fruit*

Raw (now they do not eat it, it is mainly used to feed animals)

Cultivated

Infections

Leaves

Boiled

3

13

Chico zapote

Mu’y

Sapotaceae

Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen

Tree

Fruit

Raw

Not cultivated

29

57

Chilpepe

Rachaj’chó

Solanaceae

Capsicum annuum L.

Herb

Fruit

Raw

Cultivated

Gastritis

Fruit

Eat 7 of them every morning for 2 days, raw

2

N/A

Chipilín colorado

Muuch’

Leguminosae

Crotalaria sagittalis L.

Shrub

Leaves and stem

In broth or in tamal

Cultivated

Low pressure

Leaves and tender stem

Include it in diet

19

45

Cilantro silvestre

Culantó

Apiaceae

Eryngium foetidum L.

Herb

Leaves

Used as a condiment for broths, chicken and tomato sauce

Cultivated

Headache

Leaves

Include it in diet

4

52

Coyol

Map

Arecaceae

Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lodd. ex Mart.

Palm

Fruit

Peel fruit and suck. The seeds are also edible. Boiled with panela (sugar); or raw

Not cultivated

13

12

Guayaba de montaña

Cham Kaq’

Myrtaceae

Psidium guajava L.

Tree

Fruit

Raw

Cultivated

Diarrhoea and stomach ache

Young leaves

Tea and bath infusion

18

7

Huilihuiste

Huilihuiste

Rhamnaceae

Karwinskia calderonii Standl.

Tree

Fruit

Raw

Not cultivated

4

N/A

Izote

Pal’ki

Asparagaceae

Yucca elephantipes Regel

Tree

Flower

Boil first and then eat it in tamal; with egg as torta (omelette), or with chicken/hen

Cultivated

7

58

Jocote silvestre

Q’enum

Anacardiaceae

Spondias purpurea L.

Tree

Fruit and root*

Fruit eaten raw; root eaten raw (sweet)

Cultivated

Fever

Leaves

Drink it in tea together with guayaba and lemon leaves

35

61

Lechuga de Monte/Lechuguilla/Hierba de gallo

Rojob’ak

Apiaceae

Eryngium ghiesbreghtii Decne.

Herb

Leaves

Raw

Not cultivated

11

N/A

Loroco

Doroco

Apocynaceae

Fernaldia pandurata (A.DC.) Woodson

Vine

Flower

In tamal or with chicken

Cultivated

5

N/A

Macuy

Imu’t

Solanaceae

Solanum americanum Mill.

Herb

Leaves and stem

Broth; raw; with fish

Cultivated

Lung pain

Leaves

Grind and put in a cloth, leave it overnight to oxygenate and then put cloth on the back

29

38

Madre cacao

Reti cacó

Leguminosae

Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Walp.

Tree

Flower

Prepare it with pepita (ground pumpkin seeds)

Cultivated

2

N/A

Manzanita de montaña

Manzan de jullú

Rosaceae

Malus pumila Mill.

Tree

Fruit

Raw

Not cultivated

24

N/A

Mango

Mang

Anacardiaceae

Mangifera indica L.

Tree

Fruit

Raw

Cultivated

11

N/A

Miltomate

Po’a pix

Solanaceae

Physalis philadelphica Lam.

Herb

Fruit

Raw

Cultivated

9

53

Mora

Tukaan

Rosaceae

Rubus adenotrichos Schltdl.

Shrub

Fruit

Raw

Not cultivated

6

N/A

Nance

Tapa’l

Malpighiaceae

Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth

Tree

Fruit

Raw

Not cultivated

29

49

Nopal/Tuna

Ch’uuj

Cactaceae

Opuntia spp.

Cacti

Fruit

Raw

Cultivated

Gastritis, wounds

Leaves

Eat flesh of leaves; or apply flesh on wounds

3

37

Oreja de burro

Jotzotz

Amaranthaceae

Iresine calea (Ibafiez) Standl.

Herb

Leaves and stem

Prepare with pepita or slightly boiled

Not cultivated

2

N/A

Palma blanca

Pa’l

Arecaceae

Brahea calcarea Liebm.

Palm

Fruit and heart*

Cut the head of the palm, and take out the tender part (heart). Boiled; roasted; raw. Sour taste. Fruit eaten raw

Not cultivated

18

62

Palma suyate/Palma colorada

Suyate

Arecaceae

Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart.

Palm

Fruit and heart*

Cut the head of the palm, and take out the tender part (heart). Boiled; roasted; raw. Sour taste. Fruit eaten raw

Not cultivated

10

N/A

Palo de moco

Moco

Actinidiaceae

Saurauia kegeliana Schltdl.

Tree

Fruit

Raw

Not cultivated

4

N/A

Palo de pito

Pipí

Leguminosae

Erythrina berteroana Urb.

Tree

Flower and young leaves

Prepare the flowers with pepita; the leaves boiled (to avoid somnolence it has to be boiled three times)

Cultivated

Insomnia

Flower and young leaves

Prepare the flowers with pepita; the leaves boiled

5

57

Palo ramón/Ujushte

Ash

Moraceae

Brosimum alicastrum Sw.

Tree

Seed

Boil and mix with maize to make tortillas; with egg to make a torta (omelette); or make a beverage (atol)

Not cultivated

11

3

Papaya de montaña

Papaisis

Caricaceae

Vasconcellea cauliflora (Jacq.) A.DC.

Tree

Fruit

Raw

Cultivated

6

N/A

Pata paloma

Rej’tzi

Phytolaccaceae

Phytolacca icosandra L.

Shrub

Leaves and stem

Raw or in pepita

Not cultivated

3

N/A

Piñuela

Ratí chumil

Bromeliaceae

Bromelia alsodes H. St. John

Epiphytic

Heart*

Raw

Not cultivated

1

N/A

Piñuela roja

Tz’op

Bromeliaceae

Bromelia pinguin L.

Epiphytic

Fruit

Raw

Not cultivated

1

N/A

Pitaya o Pitahaya

Pitahay

Cactaceae

Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose

Cacti

Fruit

Raw

Cultivated

11

44

Quequesque

Tup

Araceae

Xanthosoma robustum Schott.

Herb

Young leaves

Broth or in tamal

Cultivated

5

42

Quixtán

Quixtan

Solanaceae

Solanum wendlandii Hook.

Vine

Leaves

Boiled

Cultivated

1

N/A

Tomatillo

Iximpix

Solanaceae

-

Herb

Fruit

Raw

Cultivated

Skin swelling

Leaves

Grind and put it on the skin with a cloth

0

N/A

-

Tzimajuy

-

-

Herb

Leaves and stem

Boiled

Not cultivated

9

N/A

Tushiboy/Hierba de iboy

Tushiboy

Lamiaceae

-

Shrub

Leaves and stem

Prepare it with pepita; or together with maize in tortillas; or in broth

Not cultivated

3

N/A

Verdolaga

Paxlaq

Portulacaceae

Portulaca oleracea L.

Herb

Leaves and stem

Boiled

Not cultivated

Memory, sight, anaemia

Leaves and tender stem

Boiled and eaten with tortillas

15

50