A survey of wild plant species for food use in Sicily (Italy) – results of a 3-year study in four Regional Parks

Licata, Mario; Tuttolomondo, Teresa; Leto, Claudio; Virga, Giuseppe; Bonsangue, Giuseppe; Cammalleri, Ignazio; Gennaro, Maria Cristina; La Bella, Salvatore

doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0074-7

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 3 List of the wild plant species used for food purposes in the study area

From: A survey of wild plant species for food use in Sicily (Italy) – results of a 3-year study in four Regional Parks

Family, scientific name, voucher specimen code	Vernacular name (in Sicilian dialect)	Part(s) of plant used	Food uses in the study area	Presence of the species in the study area	Use reports	Current use in the study area	Cultural importance index	Level of perceived usefulness of species	Species recorded for food purpose also in other Italian regions	Species recorded for food purposes also in other Mediterranean countries	Species previously cited for food purposes in Sicily	Medicinal uses in the study area
Amaryllidaceae
Allium ampeloprasum L. (CORISSIA - S/0392)	porracciu	Bulb	Flavouring, raw in salad	M	20	P	0.13	H	X	Y	Z
Allium subhirsutum L. (CORISSIA - S/0017)	agghiu sarvaggiu	Aerial part, bulb	Flavouring, raw in salad	N	14	P	0.06	H	X
Apiaceae
Anthriscus nemorosa (M. Bieb.) Spreng. (CORISSIA - S/0089)	coscia di cunigghiu	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E	1		0.005	L	X
Ammi majus L. (CORISSIA - S/0204)	ennera	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	N	1		0.004	H	X	Y
Apium nodiflorum (L.) Lag. (CORISSIA - S/0090)	scavuni, sedanu	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	M	24	P	0.16	H	X	Y	Z	Diuretic (M)
Foeniculum vulgare Miller (CORISSIA - S/0038)	finucchieddu, finucchieddu rizzu	Aerial part, seed	Boiled vegetables, raw in salad, sauce for pasta	E, M, N, S	248	P	0.31	H	X	Y	Z	Digestive, gastrointestinal disorders (E, M, N, S)
Oenanthe pimpinelloides L. (CORISSIA - S/0293)	finocchiu acquaticu	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	M	5		0.03	H	X
Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia sempervirens L. (CORISSIA - S/0230)	cannatedda	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	E	50		0.25	H		Y
Asparagaceae
Asparagus albus L. (CORISSIA - S/0228)	sparacio bianco, sparaciu biancu spinosu	Turion	Boiled vegetables, omelettes, sauce for pasta	E, M, S	54	P	0.09	H, L	X	Y	Z	Diuretic (E, M, S)
Asparagus aphillus L. (CORISSIA - S/0043)	aparaggiu servaggiu, sparaci di bruscu	Aerial part, turion	Boiled vegetables	E, N	8		0.02	H	X	Y
Asparagus acutifolius L. (CORISSIA - S/0202)	sparaciu nivuru, sparaciu servaggiu	Turion	Boiled vegetables, omelettes, sauce for pasta	E, M, N, S	167	P	0.21	H	X	Y	Z	Diuretic (E, M, N, S)
Asparagus horridus L. (CORISSIA -S/0249)	sparacogni	Turion	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs	N	32	P	0.14	H	X
Leopoldia comosa (L.) Parl. (CORISSIA - S/0368)	cipuddazzu, giacintu sarvaggiu	Aerial part, bulb	Boiled bulbs, fried bulbs with eggs, onion balls	N	8		0.03	L	X	Y	Z
Muscari botryoides (L.) Mill. (CORISSIA - S/0385)	capudazza	Bulb	Flavouring, seasoning	E	2		0.01	L	X
Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. (CORISSIA - S/0393)	sparaci i curma	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs	N	3		0.01	L
Ruscus aculeatus L. (CORISSIA - S/0363)	asparagi, spinapulici, pungitopo, sparaciu di tronu	Turion	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs	E, M, N, S	97	P	0.12	H, L	X	Y	Z	Diuretic (E, S)
Asteraceae
Artemisia alba Turra (CORISSIA - S/0215)	canforedda	Leaf, flower	Flavouring	E	1		0.005	L	X			Mineralizing (E)
Calendula arvensis (Vaill.) L. (CORISSIA - S/0184)	calennula	Flower	Boiled vegetables	N	1		0.004	L	X	Y
Carduus argyroa Biv. (CORISSIA - S/0189)	napodi d'acqua, napordio	Flower	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs	S	9		0.04	H	X	Y	Z
Carduus corymbosus Ten. (CORISSIA - S/0394)	carvi	Flower, seed	Omelettes	E	1		0.005	H	X
Carlina corymbosa L. (CORISSIA - S/0395)	mazzacani	Flower	Boiled vegetables	E	2		0.01	L	X
Carlina gummifera L. (Less.) (CORISSIA - S/0316)	masticogna	Inflorescence, root	Boiled vegetables, raw in salad	M, N, S	22		0.04	H, L	X
Carlina sicula Ten. (CORISSIA -S/0284)	pani cauru	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs	M, N	17		0.04	H, L			Z
Carthamus pinnatus Desf. (CORISSIA - S/0396)	cardunceddu	Aerial part	Boiled and fried vegetables, raw in salad	M	3		0.02	L	X
Centaurea solstitialis L. subsp. schouwii (DC.) Gugler (CORISSIA - S/0078)	aprocchio, apuarchiu, procchia	Leaf, whole plant	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs	E, M, N, S	85	P	0.11	H, L	X	Y	Z	Diuretic (M), stomach pains (N)
Chondrilla juncea L. (CORISSIA - S/0389)	cutulidda	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E	5		0.02	H	X	Y	Z
Cichorium intybus L. (CORISSIA - S/0026)	ciconia, cicoria, cicuaria	Aerial part, leaf	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs, sauce for pasta	E, M, N, S	295	P	0.37	H	X	Y	Z	Diuretic (E, M, N, S), laxative (M, N)
Crepis vesicaria L. (CORISSIA - S/0036)	cicuriuni	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	S	7		0.03	L	X	Y	Z
Helianthus tuberosus L. (CORISSIA - S/0240)	cazzatummula	Tuber	Cooked with sweet potatoes	N	3		0.01	L	X	Y
Helminthotheca echioides (L.) Holub (CORISSIA - S/0397)	aspragini vulgari	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables, omelettes, sauce for pasta	M	7		0.05	L
Hyoseris radiata L. (CORISSIA - S/0070)	cicoria sarvaggia	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	S	3		0.01	L	X		Z	Diuretic (S)
Hypochoeris radicata L. (CORISSIA - S/0283)	coscivecchi, costi i vecchia, costolina	Inflorescence, leaf	Boiled vegetables	E, M, N	103	P	0.18	H, L	X	Y	Z	Kidney stones, renal colics (E)
Lactuca viminea (L.) J. & C. Presl (CORISSIA - S/0290)	cacciacunigghiu, pedi di nigghiu	Aerial part, leaf	Raw in salad	E, N	8		0.02	H	X	Y	Z
Notobasis syriaca (L.) Cass. (CORISSIA - S/0007)	piscialasinu, spina ianca	Inflorescence	Boiled and gratin vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs, omelettes	N, S	8		0.01	L	X		Z
Onopordum illyricum L. (CORISSIA -S/0197)	minapurdi,munaceddi, napordi, onopordo	Aerial part, leaf, stem	Boiled vegetables, dipped in flour and eggs	M, N, S	95		0.16	H	X	Y	Z
Reichardia picroides (L.) Roth (CORISSIA - S/0192)	caccialebra, grattalingua comune	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E, M	50	P	0.14	H	X	Y	Z	Headache (E)
Scolymus grandiflorus Desf. (CORISSIA - S/0160)	cardagna maggiore	Aerial part, stem	Boiled vegetables, raw in salad	E, M	51		0.14	H	X		Z
Scolymus hispanicus L. (CORISSIA - S/0398)	scoddi	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	N	3		0.01	L	X	Y	Z
Scolymus maculatus L. (CORISSIA - S/0399)	cacalasagni	Stem	Raw in salad, omelettes,sauce for pasta	S	16		0.07	H, L	X	Y	Z
Scorzonera hispanica L. (CORISSIA - S/0049)	scussunara	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E	12		0.06	H		Y
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner (CORISSIA - S/0212)	buanazzi, cardu	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables, raw in salad	M, N	17		0.04	L	X	Y	Z	Liver disorders, stomach pains (N)
Sonchus asper (L.) Hill (CORISSIA - S/0077)	cardedda spinosa, cardedda sarvaggia, crispinu spinosu	Aerial part, leaf	Boiled vegetables, sauce for pasta	E, M, S	58		0.10	H	X	Y	Z	Digestive (S)
Sonchus bulbosus (L.) Kilian & Greuter (CORISSIA - S/0400)	latte d'aceddu	Leaf	Mixed vegetables	E	1		0.01	L	X
Sonchus oleraceus (L.) L. (CORISSIA - S/0364)	cardera duci, cardedda, crespino comune	Aerial part, whole plant	Boiled vegetables, flavouring, omelettes, sauce for pasta	E, M, N, S	154	P	0.19	H, L	X	Y	Z	Digestive, refreshing (M, N, S)
Sonchus tenerrimus L. (CORISSIA - S/0010)	crespino	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables, sauce for pasta	M	9		0.06	L	X	Y	Z
Taraxacum campylodes G.E. Haglund (CORISSIA - S/0032)	denti di liuni	Inflorescence	Boiled vegetables, sautéed vegetables wit batter	N	13		0.05	H, L	X	Y
Taraxacum minimum (Briganti ex Guss.) N. Terracc. (CORISSIA - S/0069)	cicoria sarvaggia, pedi d'aceddu	Inflorescence	Boiled vegetables, raw in salad	N	3		0.01	L	X
Tragopogon porrifolius L. (CORISSIA -S/0052)	nzitarola, perciacannedda	Inflorescence, leaf, root	Boiled vegetables, raw in salad	N	3		0.01	L	X	Y	Z
Urospermum picroides (L.) F. W. Schmidt (CORISSIA - S/0087)	coccialebbra, coccidilepre	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	S	2		0.008	L	X	Y	Z
Boraginaceae
Borago officinalis L. (CORISSIA - S/0268)	burrania, borragine, vurrania	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables, sauce for pasta, sautéed vegetables with batter	E, M, N, S	185		0.23	H	X	Y	Z	Diuretic, laxative (E, M, N, S), digestive (N)
Echium vulgare L. (CORISSIA - S/0106)	viperina	Aerial part, inflorescence	Boiled vegetables	N	1		0	L	X	Y
Heliotropium europaeum L. (CORISSIA - S/0313)	erba i nasu	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E	1		0.01	L
Brassicaceae
Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. (CORISSIA - S/0051)	razzi	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E	29		0.15	H	X
Barbarea vulgaris R. Br. (CORISSIA - S/0220)	mazzarelli	Young shoots	Boiled vegetables	E	2		0.01	L	X
Brassica fruticulosa Cirillo (CORISSIA - S/0093)	caliceddi, caluceddi, calicelli	Aerial part, leaf	Boiled vegetables, sautéed vegetables with batter	E	98	P	0.50	H	X	Y	Z
Brassica rupestris Raf. (CORISSIA - S/0101)	caliceddi i muru, cavulazzu	Leaf	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs	E, N	8		0.02	H, L	X
Bunias erucago L. (CORISSIA - S/0381)	cicoria selvaggia	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E	62		0.32	H	X		Z	Digestive, diuretic (E)
Diplotaxis erucoides (L.) Dc. (CORISSIA - S/0286)	arsaneddi d'aglia, caluzzi di vigna, lassaneddi d'aglia, lassanu d'aglia, pissineddi, sinacciola	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs and lemons	S	37		0.16	H	X	Y
Diplotaxis harra (Forssk.) Boiss. (CORISSIA - S/0345)	cavuliceddi	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	S	3		0.01	L		Y	Z
Isatis tinctoria L. (CORISSIA - S/0372)	cavolu carrammu	Flower	Boiled vegetables	E	2		0.01	L	X
Nasturtium officinale R. Br. (CORISSIA - S/0140)	crescione, crisciuni,	Aerial part, leaf	Boiled vegetables, raw in salad	E, M, N, S	45	P	0.05	H, L	X	Y	Z	Diuretic (E, S, N), renal pains (N)
Raphanus raphanistrum L. (CORISSIA - S/0258)	mazzaredda, ravaneddu, razzi	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	M, N, S	33		0.05	H	X	Y	Z
Sinapis alba L. (CORISSIA - S/0168)	azzareddi, mazzarello bianco	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E, S	20	P	0.04	H	X	Y	Z
Sinapis arvensis L. (CORISSIA - S/0057)	cavulazzu, pisciacunigghiu	Aerial part, seed	Boiled vegetables, sautéed vegetables with batter	E, M, N, S	64	P	0.08	H	X	Y	Z	Bronchitis, cough (N)
Sinapis pubescens L. (CORISSIA - S/0042)	sinapi	Aerial part	Sautéed vegetables with batter	M	5		0.03	H	X
Sisymbrium irio L. (CORISSIA - S/0375)	pisciacani, assini	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs	N	13		0.05	L	X	Y	Z
Cactaceae
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller (CORISSIA -S/0046)	ficu d'innia, ficudinia	Fruit	Fresh fruit, marmalade	E, M, N, S	157	P	0.19	H	X	Y	Z	Digestive (E, M, N, S), diuretic (E, M, N, S)
Capparaceae
Capparis spinosa L. (CORISSIA - S/0037)	chiapparu, chiapperi, chiapparedda	Flower bud	Raw in salad, sauce for pasta, fish and meet	E, M, N, S	33	P	0.04	H	X	Y	Z
Caprifoliaceae
Fedia cornucopiae (L.) Gaertn. (CORISSIA - S/0014)	spezzacannati	Aerial part, young shoot	Raw in salad	M, N	10		0.03	L	X		Z
Scabiosa columbaria L. (CORISSIA - S/0044)	erva di cavaleri	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	E	1		0.01	L	X
Caryophillaceae
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke (CORISSIA - S/0080)	aricchi i lepri, erva privicatura	Leaf, young shoot	Omelettes, raw in salad	E, N	27		0.06	H	X	Y	Z
Convolvulaceae
Calystegia sepium (L.) R. Br. (CORISSIA - S/0401)	campaneddu	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	E	10		0.05	H	X
Dioscoreaceae
Dioscorea communis L. Caddick & Wilkin (CORISSIA - S/0003)	sparaci i curriola, sparaci ri serpa, viddicedda, vitarra	Aerial part, young shoot	Fried as vegetables with eggs	M, N, S	52		0.08	H	X			Digestive (N, S), laxative (M, N),
Equisetaceae
Equisetum arvense L. (CORISSIA - S/0349)	cuda i cavaddu	Aerial part, leaf	Boiled vegetables	E, N	6		0.01	H	X	Y		Diuretic (N)
Geraniaceae
Erodium moschatum (L.) L'Hér. (CORISSIA - S/0185)	panizzi da bedda matri	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	N	1		0.004	L	X	Y
Iridaceae
Crocus biflorus Mill. (CORISSIA - S/0341)	ciuri pi fari u zafferanu	Flower	Flavouring	E	1		0.01	L	X	Y
Gladiolus italicus Mill. (CORISSIA - S/0321)	cutiddi	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E	1		0.01	L	X
Lamiaceae
Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (CORISSIA - S/0149)	niputedda, nitedda, nepotella	Leaf	Flavouring	E, M, N, S	127	P	0.16	H, L	X	Y	Z	Heamorroids (E)
Marrubium vulgare L. (CORISSIA - S/0307)	marrobbiu	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	S	1		0	L	X	Y		Bronchitis, cough (S)
Mentha pulegium L. (CORISSIA - S/0229)	iuri di menta	Leaf	Flavouring, liqueurs, seasoning	E, N	17	P	0.02	H	X	Y	Z	Digestive (N)
Mentha spicata L. (CORISSIA - 0198)	menta	Leaf	Flavouring, liqueurs, seasoning	E	4	P	0.02	L	X	Y	Z
Nepeta cataria L. (CORISSIA - S/0041)	citulella	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E	4		0.02	H	X			Sedative (E)
Origanum vulgare L. (CORISSIA - S/0398)	arianu, rianu	Flower, leaf	Flavouring, seasoning	E, N, S	110	P	0.17	H	X	Y	Z	Digestive (N)
Phlomis fruticosa L. (CORISSIA - S/0287)	sarvia sarvaggia	Leaf	Flavouring	S	2		0.01	L	X	Y	Z
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (CORISSIA - S/0357)	rosmarinu	Aerial part, leaf	Flavouring, seasoning	E, N, S	109	P	0.16	H	X	Y	Z	Asthma (N, S), digestive, stomach pains (N)
Teucrium fruticans L. (CORISSIA - S/0231)	caccazzina, ricuttedda	Aerial part	Sautéed vegetables with eggs and batter	E, N	16		0.04	H	X	Y	Z	Heamorroids (E)
Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav. (CORISSIA - S/0391)	sataredda	Flower, leaf	Flavouring, seasoning	E, M, N, S	38	P	0.04	H	X	Y	Z	Sedative (S), throat and mouth inflammations (N)
Lauraceae
Laurus nobilis L. (CORISSIA - S/0218)	dauru, davuru	Leaf	Flavouring	E, M, N, S	75	P	0.09	H	X	Y	Z	Airways inflammation, cold, cough (M, N), digestive (E, M, N, S)
Leguminosae
Anagyris foetida L. (CORISSIA - S/0068)	fasolu taddi	Shoot	Fried as vegetables with eggs	N	6		0.03	L	X
Glycirrhiza glabra L. (CORISSIA - S/0354)	niculizia	Root	Raw in salad	N, S	15	P	0.03	H	X	Y	Z	Cold, cough (N, S)
Lathyrus clymenum L. (CORISSIA - S/0402)	fasolu taddi	Shoot	Fried as vegetables with eggs	N	6		0.03	H	X	Y	Z
Lathyrus sativus L. (CORISSIA -S/0132)	chiecchiera	Fruit	Raw in salad	N	2		0.009	H	X	Y
Trifolium phleoides Willd. (CORISSIA - S/0223)	cuda di surciu, curi ri succi	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs	E, N	17		0.04	H, L	X	Y		Diuretic (E)
Wisteria sinensis (Sims) Sweet (CORISSIA - S/0187)	glicine	Aerial part , inflorescence	Sautéed vegetables with batter	N	2		0.009	L
Malvaceae
Malva sylvestris L. (CORISSIA - S/0227)	marva	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	E	16		0.08	H	X	Y	Z	Anti-inflammatory, digestive, diuretic, haemorroids, renal colics (E)
Oxalidaceae
Oxalis pes-caprae L. (CORISSIA - S/0244)	acetosella, castanziculli, castagnola	Leaf, bulb, root	Side dish, roast like chestnuts	E, M, N	12		0.02	H, L	X	Y	Z	Digestive (N)
Orobanchaceae
Orobanche crenata Forssk (CORISSIA - S/0209)	lupa	Aerial part, stem	Raw in salad	N, S	5		0.01	L	X			Cough (N)
Plantaginaceae
Globularia alypum L. (CORISSIA - S/0334)	erva bianca	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	E	15		0.08	H	X			Renal stones (E)
Plantago lagopus L. (CORISSIA - S/0165)	coda di gatto	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables	E	16		0.08	H	X	Y	Z
Plantago coronopus L. (CORISSIA - S/0278)	erva stidda	Aerial part, leaf	Boiled vegetables	N	2		0.009	L	X	Y		Astringent (N)
Poaceae
Elymus repens (L.) Gould. (CORISSIA - S/0028)	gramigna	Whole plant	Boiled vegetables	E	51		0.26	H	X			Diuretic, hypertension, renal colics, stomach pains (E)
Polypodiaceae
Polypodium vulgare L. (CORISSIA - S/0327)	filici	Leaf, root	Boiled vegetables	E	3		0.01	L	X			Depurative, digestive, laxative (E)
Portulacaceae
Portulaca oleracea L. (CORISSIA - S/0369)	purciddana	Aerial part	Raw in salad	E, M, N, S	64	P	0.08	H, L	X	Y	Z	Depurative (E)
Ranunculaceae
Clematis cirrhosa L. (CORISSIA - S/0335)	viterbi	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	E	1		0.01	L
Clematis vitalba L. (CORISSIA - S/0328)	aliferi, clematidi	Turion	Mixed vegetables, omelettes, raw in salad	M	20		0.13	L	X	Y	Z
Rosaceae
Fragaria vesca L. (CORISSIA - S/0362)	fraula silvatica	Fruit, leaf	Fresh fruit, marmalade	E, M, N	23	P	0.04	H	X	Y		Diuretic (E)
Rosa canina L. (CORISSIA - S/0061)	rusera	Flower, fruit	Marmalade	M, N	17		0.04	L	X	Y	Z	Digestive (N)
Rubus ulmifolius Schott (CORISSIA - S/0261)	amuredda, rivetta, rovi, ruvetta	Fruit, flower, leaf	Cakes, marmalade	M, N, S	60	P	0.09	H, L	X	Y	Z	Haemorrhoids (S)
Rubiaceae
Asperula rupestris Tineo (CORISSIA - S/0193)	spuredda	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	N	2		0.009	L
Scrophulariaceae
Verbascum sinuatum L. (CORISSIA - S/0180)	erba de morroidi	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	E	2		0.01	L	X			Haemorroids (E)
Smilacaceae
Smilax aspera L. (CORISSIA - S/0073)	salsapariglia	Shoot	Boiled vegetables, sautéed vegetables with batter	M, N	40	P	0.11	H, L	X	Y	Z
Solanaceae
Lycium europaeum L. (CORISSIA - S/0166)	spina santa	Young shoot	Sautéed vegetables with batter	S	3		0.01	L	X	Y	Z	Digestive, refreshing (S)
Urticaceae
Parietaria officinalis L. (CORISSIA - S/0127)	erva i ventu	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	E, N	4		0.009	H	X			Cough, diuretic, headache, hypertension, stomach pains (E)
Urtica dioica L. (CORISSIA - S/0260)	lardica, ortica	Leaf	Mixed vegetables, omelettes, raw in salad	M, N	76	P	0.20	H, L	X	Y		Anti-dandruff, anaemia (M), abscess, digestive (N)
Urtica membranacea Poir. ex Savigny (CORISSIA - S/0392)	ferdica	Aerial part	Raw in salad	S	1		0	L	X	Y	Z	Anti-inflammatory, digestive, refreshing (S)
Urtica urens L. (CORISSIA - S/0017)	ardicula	Aerial part	Boiled vegetables, mixed vegetables with legumes	S	18		0.08	L	X	Y	Z	Digestive, refreshing (S)
Urtica rupestris Guss. (CORISSIA - S/0169)	ardica	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	E	24	P	0.12	H	X			Digestive, haemorroids, renal colics (E)
Xanthorrhoeaceae
Asphodeline lutea (L.) Rchb. (CORISSIA - S/0259)	asfodelo giallo, scannabecchi, scornabecchi	Aerial part, inflorescence	Boiled vegetables, fried as vegetables with eggs	E, M, N, S	55	P	0.07	H	X		Z	Diuretic (E)
Asphodelus ramosus L. (CORISSIA - S/0403)	erva di oliva	Leaf	Boiled vegetables	E	6		0.03	H	X		Z

Abbreviations
Symbols: H high level of perceived usefulness, L low level of perceived usefulness, P current use in the study area, X food use recorded also in other Italian regions, Y food use recorded also in other Mediterranean countries, Z species previously cited for food purposes in Sicily
Sicilian Regional Parks: E - Etna Regional Park; M - Madonie Regional Park; N - Nebrodi Regional Park; S - Monti Sicani Regional Park
References for Italian regions:
Atzei (1991); Ilardi and Raimondo [37]; Pieroni [104]; Lentini [40]; Pieroni [8]; Pieroni [72]; Guarrera [71]; Atzei [73]; Pieroni et al. [9]; Guarrera and Manzi [74]; Guarrera [108]; Guarrera et al. [12]; Lentini and Venza [14]; Pieroni (2011); Guarrera and Savo [82]; Ranfa et al. [28]; Sansanelli and Tassoni [7]
References for Mediterranean countries:
Jouad et al. [85]; Bonet and Vallès [81]; Ertuğ [99]; Dogan et al. [98]; Rivera et al. [10]; Tardío et al. [67]; Della et al. [11]; Ozbucak et al. [102]; Pardo-de-Santayana et al. [103]; Pardo-de-Santayana et al. (2007); Ali-Shtayeh et al. [68]; Leporatti and Ghedira [78]; Menendez-Baceta et al. [100]; Nassif and Tanji [101]; Powell et al. [105]

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