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Table 1 Names, Life forms, Growth habit, Edible parts, Mode of utilization, Availability period and Availability status

From: Assessment of wild leafy vegetables traditionally consumed by the ethnic communities of Manipur, northeast India

Local names

(Voucher no.)

Scientific names

Family

Life forms

Growth habit

Edible part(s)

Mode of utilization or preparation

Local availability period

Local availability status (in its season)

Chuchurangmei IBSD/WEP 001

Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr

Leguminosae

Annual

Shrub

Fruit, leaf

Raw leaves added to singju, fruit cooked eaten as eromba

August-September

Common

Kolamni IBSD/WEP 002

Ipomoea aquatica Forssk

Convolvulaceae

Perennial

Herb

Stem

Cooked eaten as vegetable

Year round

Common

Komprek IBSD/WEP 003

Oenanthe javanica (Blume) DC.

Apiaceae

Perennial

Herb

Leaf, stem

Eaten raw in singju or cooked as mixed vegetable

Year round

Common

Sinjupaal IBSD/WEP 004

Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don

Araceae

Perennial

Herb

Corm

Eaten raw as singju or cooked with potato and dry fish

Year round

Common

YelangIBSD/WEP 005

Polygonum barbatum L.

Polygonaceae

Annual

Herb

Leaf

Cooked eaten as vegetable

January-March

Common

Kakthum IBSD/WEP 006

Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch

Cyperaceae

Perennial

Herb

Root

Eaten raw or steam as snack, also cooked eaten as eromba

November-December

Common

Ching yensil IBSD/WEP 007

Antidesma diandrum (Roxb.) B.Heyne. ex Roth

Euphorbiaceae

Perennial

Small tree

Leaf

Cooked eaten as eromba or with potato and dry fish

April -July

Common

KengoiIBSD/WEP 008

Lysimachia ovovata Buch.-Ham. ex Wall

Primulaceae

Perennial

Herb

Whole part

Cooked eaten as eromba, or with potatoes and dry fish

Winter

Common

PerukIBSD/WEP 009

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

Apiaceae

Perennial

Creeper

Whole plant

Boil eaten (champhut), or with potato and smashed with chilli, fermented fish (kangsu)

Year round

Common

Thamou IBSD/WEP 010

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.

Nelumbonaceae

Perennial

Rooted hydrophyte

Leaf, root

Eaten raw snack or singju; cooked with honey

June- October

Common

TharoIBSD/WEP 011

Nymphaea nouchali Burm.f.

Nymphaeaceae

Perennial

Rooted hydrophyte

Stem, tuber

Eaten raw - singju; boiled tuber eaten as snack

July- October

Common

Thangjing IBSD/WEP 012

Euryale ferox Salisb.

Nymphaeaceae

Annual

Rooted herb

Seed, stem

Eaten raw mixing with chilli and fermented fish or singju, added to cooked dish

June-September

Common

Esing ekaithabi IBSD/WEP 013

Neptunia oleracea Lour.

Leguminosae

Annual

Herb

Shoot

Raw as singju, cooked with other vegetables

Rainy season

Common

Koukha IBSD/WEP 014

Sagittaria sagittifolia L.

Alismataceae

Perennial

Herb

Tuber

Cooked eaten as eromba or fried with gram flour

November-January

Common

Yendang IBSD/WEP 015

Cycas pectinata Buch.-Ham

Cycadaceae

Perennial

Shrub

Leaf, shoot

Raw as singju or cooked eaten as eromba

June-September

Uncommon

Monsaobi IBSD/WEP 016

Chenopodium album L.

Amaranthaceae

Annual

Herb

Leaf

Cooked eaten with other vegetables

June-September

Common

Kanghumaan IBSD/WEP 017

Meriandra bengalensis (Roxb.) Benth.

Lamiaceae

Perennial

Shrub

Inflorescence, leaf

Added raw as dressing in eromba or singju

November- March

Common

Tekta IBSD/WEP 018

Pogostemon purpurascens Dalzell

Lamiaceae

Annual

Shrub

Leaf

Added as spices

September-October

Uncommon

Yerum keirum BSD/WEP 019

Stellaria media (L.) Vill.

Caryophyllaceae

Annual

Herb

Whole plant

Cooked as vegetable

Winter season

Common

Toninkhok IBSD/WEP 020

Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

Saururaceae

Perennial

Herb

Whole plant

Use as spice or accessory additives

Year round

Common

Loklei IBSD/WEP 021

Hedychium coronarium J. Koenig

Zingiberaceae

Perennial

Herb

Rhizome

Boiled eaten as eromba

April-May

Common

Pullei IBSD/WEP 022

Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt

Zingiberaceae

Perennial

Herb

Rhizome

Boiled eaten as eromba

April- July

Common

Namra

IBSD/WEP 023

Amomum aromaticum Roxb.

Zingiberaceae

Perennial

Herb

Stem

Boiled eaten as eromba

April- September

Common

Yaipal IBSD/WEP 024

Curcuma angustifolia

Roxb.

Zingiberaceae

Perennial

Herb

Inflorescence

Boiled eaten as eromba, cooked, as well as fry eaten

April- May

Common

Sarei mapan IBSD/WEP 025

Amomum sp.

Zingiberaceae

Perennial

Herb

Inflorescence

Cooked eaten as eromba and as mixed vegetable fry

February-May

Uncommon

Esing kambong IBSD/WEP 026

Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf

Poaceae

Perennial

Herb

Culms

Raw-snack, roast, cook as vegetables, cook with milk honey and black rice

September- November

Uncommon

Chantruk mana IBSD/WEP 027

Cardamine hirsuta L.

Brassicaceae

Annual

Herb

Leaf

Added raw in singju, additives in cooked curry

November-February

Common

*Huikhong/mansam IBSD/WEP 028

Viola pilosa Blume

Violaceae

Perennial

Creeper

Whole plant

Added raw in singju, cooked eaten as eromba and kangsu

Year round; except winter

Uncommon

Phunil IBSD/WEP 029

Gnaphalium indicum L.

Asteraceae

Annual

Herb

Whole part

Eaten raw as dressing, cooked eaten as vegetable

October-December

Common

Kongouyen IBSD/WEP 030

Cissus javanica DC

Vitaceae

Perennial

Climber

Leaf, stem

Cooked by boiling with potatoes and dry fish

Rainy season

Common

Heibi mana IBSD/WEP 031

Vangueria spinosa (Roxb. ex Link) Roxb.

Rubiaceae

Perennial

Tree

Leaf

Added raw in singju

Year round

Common

Lam khamen IBSD/WEP 032

Solanum torvum Sw.

Solanaceae

Perennial

Shrub

Fruit

Cooked eaten as vegetable

July-September

Common

Nongmangkha IBSD/WEP 033

Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis (Roxb. ex Hardw.) Mabb

Acanthaceae

Perennial

Shrub

Inflorescence

Eaten raw with chutney, cooked with other vegetable

December-March

Common

Oosingsha mapaan IBSD/WEP 034

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.

Lauraceae

Perennial

Tree

Inflorescence, fruit

Eaten raw with chutney, cooked as eromba,

November-April

Common

Chigonglei angouba IBSD/WEP 035

Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit

Leguminosae

Perennial

Tree

Fruit

Eaten raw as singju, cooked as eromba

October- December

Common

Oothum IBSD/WEP 036

Wendlandia paniculata (Roxb.) DC

Rubiaceae

Perennial

Tree

Tender leaf

Cooked eaten as eromba with black pea or making chutney

March-April

Common

Mukthrubi IBSD/WEP 037

Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.

Rutaceae

Perennial

Tree

Leaf, inflorescence

Eaten raw with chili and fermented fish chutney or additives in snail curry

Year Round

Common

Naoseknambi IBSD/WEP 038

Zanthoxylum sp.

Rutaceae

Perennial

Tree

Leaf

Raw-singju, added in meat curry, cooked eaten as kangsoi

April-June

Common

Awaphadigom IBSD/WEP 039

Eryngium foetidum L.

Apiaceae

Perennial

Herb

Leaf

Added as spice in all cooked dish; especially in meat curry

Year round

Common

Heiba mana IBSD/WEP 040

Exbucklandia populnea (R.Br.ex Griff.)R.W.Br.

Hamamelidaceae

Perennial

Tree

Leaf, tender shoot

Eaten raw in singju, cooked eaten as vegetables or making chutney

October-April

Uncommon

Sita phal IBSD/WEP 041

Passiflora edulis Sims

Passifloraceae

Perennial

Climber

Leaf

Cooked eaten as vegetable; added to meat curry

Year round

Common

Torong khongnang IBSD/WEP 042

Ficus benghalensis L.

Moraceae

Perennial

Tree

Bud

Cooked eaten by boiling with chilli, dry fish, peas and potato

February-March

Common

Pheija maton IBSD/WEP 043

Wendlandia glabrata DC.

Rubiaceae

Perennial

Tree

Inflorescence

Eaten raw as singju or with chutney and also cooked eaten as eromba

December-January

Common

Lamthabi IBSD/WEP 044

Zehneria scabra Sond.

Cucurbitaceae

Annual

Climber

Leaf, fruit

Eaten by simply boiling in water with pinch of salt called champhut

July- November

Common

Lamthabi IBSD/WEP 045

Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad

Cucurbitaceae

Annual

Climber

Fruit

Eaten raw as snack, cooked eaten as vegetable

November-December

Uncommon

Singjwal IBSD/WEP 046

Zanthoxylum budrunga DC

Rutaceae

Perennial

Tree

Leaf

Eaten raw as singju, cooked as vegetable

Year round

Common

Sijou mana IBSD/WEP 047

Eurya acuminata DC.

Pentaphylacaceae

Perennial

Tree

Leaf

Cooked eaten in various forms as ooti, chagempomba and eromba

Year round

Common

Ansingteh IBSD/WEP 048

Lycianthes laevis (Dunal) Bitter

Solanaceae

Perennial

Herb

Leaf, soft stem

Cooked with meat or boil with rice

October-January

Common

*Anjouteh /Morok maan IBSD/WEP 049

Solanum nigrum L.

Solanaceae

Annual

Herb

Leaf

Boil and taken as such; boiled and cooked with rice or meat

November-March

Common

Ookhamen IBSD/WEP 050

Solanum betaceum Cav.

Solanaceae

Perennial

Shrub

Fruit

Cooked as vegetable or make Chutney

November-January

Common

*Solunche/Jyan/ Gariyangei IBSD/WEP 051

Elatostema lineolatum Wight

Urticaceae

Perennial

Herb

Leaf, tender stem

Cooked eaten by simply boiling or with rice and other vegetables

Year round

Common

*Anpui /BP mana IBSD/WEP 052

Clerodendrum colebrookianum Walp

Lamiaceae

Perennial

Shrub

Leaf

Taken by boiling with salt or cooked with other vegetables

Year round

Common

*Tharei sapou/Teravu IBSD/WEP 053

Piper pedicellatum DC.

Piperaceae

Perennial

Climber

Leaf

Taken by boiling with pinch of salt; cooked as eromba or with meat

April- May

Common

Pfuchowbu IBSD/WEP 054

Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.

Athyriaceae

Perennial

herb

Leaf

Cooked with daal

November- February

Uncommon

Cholang IBSD/WEP 055

Allium chinense G. Don

Amaryllidaceae

1–2 months

Herb

Whole part

Added as spice to dish, eaten raw with chutney

December- February

Common

Huihu IBSD/WEP 056

Derris wallichii Prain

Leguminosae

Perennial

Tree

New leaf

Strain boiled water and cooked with potato or as eromba

March-April

Uncommon

*Sinthupi/Galwa IBSD/WEP 057

Dysoxylum gobara (Buch.-Ham) Merr.

Meliaceae

Perennial

Tree

Tender stem

Strain boil water and cooked as vegetable

March-May

Uncommon

Chonbe IBSD/WEP 058

Heteropanax sp.

Araliaceae

Perennial

Tree

Inflorescence

Cooked as vegetable with dry fish or meat; preparation of chutney

March

Uncommon

Ansah IBSD/WEP 059

Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC

Asteraceae

Perennial

Herb

Leaf, inflorescence

Cooked along with other Vegetables

Year round; except summer

Common

Wah-vu IBSD/WEP 060

Polygonum molle D. Don

Polygonaceae

Perennial

Herb

Leaf

Cooked eaten as vegetable

March-November

Common

*Pah-vu /Yempat IBSD/WEP 061

Plantago erosa Wall

Plantaginaceae

Annual

Herb

Leaf

Cooked as eromba or along with other vegetables

Year round

Common

Pullei manbi IBSD/WEP 062

Etlingera linguiformis (Roxb.)R.M.SM

Zingiberaceae

Perennial

Herb

Rhizome

Added as an item in various dish

Year round

Common

Laiwa IBSD/WEP063

Chimonobambusa callosa (Munro) Nakia

Poaceae

Perennial

Shrub

New shoot

Boiled and prepare along with chilli, fermented fish, potato and pea

September-December

Common

Naatwa IBSD/WEP 064

Schizostachyum munroi S. Kumar & P. Singh

Poaceae

Perennial

Shrub

New shoot

Cooked with other vegetables and meat

November- December

Common

Gangru IBSD/WEP 065

Phrynium placentarium (Lour.) Merr.

Marantaceae

Perennial

Herb

Rhizome

Boil and taken as such

October - November

Common

Anpuinu IBSD/WEP 066

Hiptage sp.

Malpighiaceae

Perennial

Climber

Leaf

Eaten both raw or steam along with chutney

January-June

Common

Moirang khanam IBSD/WEP 067

Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon

Lamiaceae

Perennial

Shrub

Leaf, inflorescence

Steamed and used for preparation of chutney

August- September

Common

Anthru IBSD/WEP 068

Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd

Cucurbitaceae

Perennial

Climber

Tender leaf

Cooked by boiling with rice as chagempomba

Year round

Common

  1. *some species have multiple names as they are known by different names in different communities