Table 1 NTFPs used by the local people of the Kangchenjunga Landscape, Eastern Himalaya

Angiosperms

1

Justicia adhatoda L.

Shrub

Acanthaceae

Asuro (Np); Bashakha (Dz); Jantrashi (Me); Khateermu (Sh); Vasakdog (S)

500-1600

Roots: Extract taken to cure cholera and epilepsy (KL Nepal: [53]). Roots, bark and leaves: Used as insecticide, expectorant, and antispasmodic. Used as remedy for asthma, cough, fever, gonorrhea leprosy, and phthisis (Sikkim: Database)^ǂ. Tender shoots: Used to treat asthma (Jhapa: [66]; Panchthar: [67]). Leaves: Extract given orally to cure wheezing in children (Jhapa: [68]). Decoction used in bronchitis, cold, and veneral diseases (Jhapa: [66]). Paste applied on abdomen and vagina just minutes before childbirth for easy delivery (Sikkim: [69]). Leaves and shoots: Taken orally against fever, headache and bodyache (Darjeeling: [52]). Flowers: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]) and also used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

2

Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) Kuntze

Herb

Acanthaceae

Leaves: Use to extract dye (KL Bhutan: [70]).

3

Viburnum erubescens Wall.

Shrub

Adoxaceae

Asaray (Np)

2000-3500

Seeds: Edible (Darjeeling: [72]).

4

Trianthema portulacastrum L.

Herb

Aizoaceae

Seto Punarnava (Np)

150-300

Young shoots: Used as vegetable (Jhapa: [92]).

5

Alangium salvifolium (L.f.) Wangerin

Tree

Alanginaceae

Dhela (S); Asare (Np)

150-350

Bark: Paste used for abortion and antifertility (Jhapa: [66]). Fruit: Edible (Jhapa: [92]).

6

Achyranthes aspera L.

Herb

Amaranthaceae

Apamarga, Ulte kuro (Np)

800-2300

Whole plant: Juice taken in cough (Panchthar: [67]; Ilam: [73]), dropsy, piles, stomachache (Ilam: [73]) and diarrhoea (Panchthar: [67]).

7

Achyranthes bidentata Blume

Herb

Amaranthaceae

Ankhlay Jhar, Datiwan (Np)

200-2100

Roots and stem: Juice used as diuretic and also given in rheumatism (Darjeeling: [74]; Sikkim: [75]; Ilam: [73, 76, 77]) and hypertention (Ilam: [73, 76, 77]).

8

Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC.

Herb

Amaranthaceae

Saranchi Saag (Np); Garundi (S)

200-2000

Roots: Pounded with seeds of Foeniculum vulgare and taken orally to cure piles (Jhapa: [66]). Leaves and twigs: Decoction taken to cure fever (Darjeeling: [78]).

9

Amaranthus spinosus L.,

Herb

Amaranthaceae

Janum arak (S); Lude (Np)

150-1200

Roots: Extract used as diuretic (KL Nepal: [53]). Decoction taken with warm water to check excessive bleeding at post delivery stage (Jhapa: [66]). Leaves: Used as vegetable (Jhapa: [92]). Eaten as curry to treat burns, boils and as laxative (Darjeeling: [74]).

10

Amaranthus spp.

Herb

Amaranthaceae

Zimtsi (Dz); Naam (Sh)

Whole plant: Used as spices (KL Bhutan: [70]).

11

Amaranthus tricolor L.

Herb

Amaranthaceae

200

Leaves: Used to stop diarrhea (Sikkim: [11]). Seeds: Taken to cure gastric problems, fried beaten seeds with butter are given to pregnant women to lessen pregnancy pains (Sikkim: [11]).

12

Amaranthus viridis L.

Herb

Amaranthaceae

Gandhari (S); Lude (Np)

150-1200

Young shoots and leaves: Used as vegetable (Jhapa: [92]). Juice with sugar taken to cure colic and as laxative (Darjeeling: [74]).

13

Celosia argentea L.

Herb

Amaranthaceae

Bhale Phul, Sahastrajadi (Li)

500-1600

Leaves: Juice administered orally in diarrhoea and dysentery (Sikkim: [79]).

14

Allium sp.

Herb

Amaryllidaceae

Lagok (Dz/Sh)

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

15

Allium wallichii Kunth

Herb

Amaryllidaceae

Wild Garlic (Eg); Palengu (Gr); Gokpa, Koje, Ri Gokpa (Km, Sh); Ban Lasun, Ban Pyaj, Jimbu, Jimbujhar (Np); Bathatuva (Ri)

2300-4800

Plant: Used in digestion (Sikkim: [69]). Bulbs and aerial parts: Used as spice (Sikkim: [10, 80], Database; Taplejung: [81, 82]; Sikkim: Database). Bulbs: Boiled, fried in clarified butter and taken in cholera and diarrhea; chewed to treat cough, colds, and altitude sickness (Taplejung: [83]). Bulbs and flowers: Use to treat gastric disorders (Sikkim: [75]).

16

Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B. L. Burtt & A. W. Hill

Tree

Anacardiaceae

Nepali Hug Plum (Eg); Phindruwa (Li); Lapsi (Np); Amali (Nw); Pindumsi, Pintupsi (Ri); Nying Sho Sha (Tb)

1200-1900

Fruits: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]). Edible and also used to make pickle (Darjeeling: [80], Sikkim: [10, 47, 72, 95]; Ilam: [94]; Taplejung: [88]). Used to treat cough, cold, tonsillitis, diabetes, worm infestation, and heart ailment [87].

17

Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr.

Tree

Anacardiaceae

Doka (S)

100-1400

Bark: Paste applied around bone fracture to set bone (Jhapa: [66]).

18

Mangifera indica L.

Tree

Anacardiaceae

Thaijau (Me); Ul (Np)

300-700

Plant: Effective for jaundice patient (Darjeeling: [105]). Fruits: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]). Green unripe fruit skin crushed and drunk to get relief from stomachache (Jhapa: [68]). Bark: Given with bark of Anthocephalus chinensis, Madhuca longifolia and Gmelina arborea in diarrhea and dysentery (Jhapa: [66]). Leaves: Young leaves chewed during cough and sore throat (Sikkim: [79]).

19

Mangifera sylvatica Roxb.

Tree

Anacardiaceae

Chuchiam, Kathorkung (Lp)

Fruits: Used as laxative (Sikkim: [85]).Used to make sour pickle (Ilam: [94]).

20

Rhus chinensis Mill.

Tree

Anacardiaceae

Bhakimlo (Np); Chokashing (Dz); Roptangshing (Sh);

Fruits: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]). Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Flowers and fruits: Use to extract dye (KL Bhutan: [70]).

21

Rhus javanica Miller

Tree

Anacardiaceae

Tibru, Tsakshing (Gr); Rushi (Km, Sh); Yaseba, Isewa (Li); Bhaki Amilo, Bhakimlo, Dudhe Bhalayo (Np); Mahada, Oksarempo, Osreksi (Ri); Bokumba, Thaksing (Sh); Tibi Sing (Tm); Da Trig (Tb)

1000-2700

Fruits: Edible and also used in the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery (Taplejung: [88]; Panchthar: [67]; Ilam: [73]) and stomach problems (Taplejung: [88]; Ilam: [73]). Dried and extract used in diarrhea, swellings and wounds (Sikkim: Database). Juice used as food preservative; juice boiled with water and mixed with raw egg and the mixture given to treat diarrhea (Sikkim: [11]) and dysentery (Darjeeling: [80]; Sikkim: [11]). Juice administered orally during blood dysentery (Sikkim: [79]). Boiled and isolated vinegar used to make pickles (Ilam: [94]).

22

Semecarpus anacardium L.f.

Tree

Anacardiaceae

Soso (S); Rani bhalayo (Np); Bhalau (Me)

150-1200

Roots: Used to treat skin infection (Sikkim: [11, 75]). Bark: Decoction given to animals to remove worms (Sikkim: [11]). Latex: Used as antitetanus (Jhapa: [66]). Fruits: Edible (Jhapa: [92]). Also used to treat headache (Jhapa: [68]). Seeds: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Seed oil taken in cough and colds (Jhapa: [66]).

23

Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz

Tree

Anacardiaceae

Amaro (Np)

300-1400

Flowers: Used to make curry and for flavoring (Ilam: [94]).

24

Toxicodendron hookeri (K.C. Sahni & Bahadur) C.Y. Wu & T.L. Ming

Tree

Anacardiaceae

Tarsishing (Sh)

Fruits: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]).

25

Annona squamata L.

Tree

Annonaceae

Saripha (Np); Mandargom (S)

500-900

Bark: Juice drunk to control fever (Jhapa: [68]). Leaves and seeds: Used to kill lice (Panchthar: [67]). Thalamus is used as antifertility (Jhapa: [66]). Seeds: Useful in abortion and menstrual disorders (Jhapa: [66]). Roots and seeds: Paste applied on forehead during headache (Sikkim: [79]).

26

Angelica cyclocarpa (C.Norman) M.Hiroe

Herb

Apiaceae

Roots: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

27

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels

Herb

Apiaceae

Roots: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

28

Carum carvi L.

Herb

Apiaceae

Caraway (Eg); Chir (Gr-Mn); Ban Jeera (Np); Sushavi (Sn); Chhonyo, Khoda (Sh,Wi)

2500-5100

Fruits: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Leaves: Used as vegetable (Taplejung: [87]).

29

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

Herb

Apiaceae

Ghortaapre, Gol patta, Gora taprey, Goltaprey (Np); Dalka chatumana (S)

500-2100

Plant: Used to cure heating and tenderness of limb skin (Jhapa: [68]). Juice taken orally to get rid of pneumonia, fever (Sikkim: [75]), asthma (Jhapa: [68]; Ilam: [76, 77]; Sikkim: Database, [69]), mental tension, urinary problems, and stomachache (Ilam: [76, 77]; Jhapa: [68]; Sikkim: [75]). Infusion massaged on the forehead to relieve from headache (Jhapa: [66]). Leaves: Used for skin disease and improving memory (Sikkim: Database). Leaves and young shoots taken to cure tonsil (Darjeeling: [52]). Aerial parts mixed with young shoots of Justicia adhatoda and taken against diarrhoea (Darjeeling: [86]).

30

Coriandrum sativum L.

Herb

Apiaceae

Dhaniya (Np)

1000-2500

Seeds: Used as spice (Ilam: [76]) and in flatulence (Darjeeling: [91]). Leaves: Used in flatulence (Darjeeling: [91]). Green leaves used to enhance aroma on food (Ilam: [76]). Plant: Used in cough, bronchitis, reheumatism and urinary problem (Ilam: [76]).

31

Cortia depressa (D.Don) C. Norman

Herb

Apiaceae

Nigale Sag (Np); Gholo, Ghundu, Kholo, Nhopchhema (Sh); Tangkyun (Sh, Tb); Ghundu (Wl)

3600-5100

Leaves: Tender leaves used as vegetable (Taplejung: [88]). Seeds: Used as spice (Taplejung: [81]).

32

Heracleum nepalense D. Don

Herb

Apiaceae

Sunaga, Habluwa (Km); Samben (Lp); Chimphing (Np); Bhote-Jeera, Nafo (Np-Dl); Chimping (Np-Tb); Phaki, Thar (Sh); Chimbing, Chimping (Sh, Wl); Chapho Karpo, Zira Goepa (Tb)

1800-3700

Plant: Used as good winter fodder (Taplejung: [81, 87]). Roots: Given to cattle as tonic; juice and roasted seeds taken in cough and diarrhoea (Panchthar: [67]; Ilam: [73, 77]). Flowers and fruit: Suggested to cure influenza and body ache (Sikkim: [75]). Fruit: Used as pickle and also in typhoid, nausea, and vomiting (Darjeeling: [78]). Seeds: Used in case of bodyache, headache, and faint (Panchthar: [67]; Ilam: [73]).

33

Heracleum wallichii DC.

Herb

Apiaceae

Chimphing (Np)

3600-4100

Roots: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).Used as tonic and aphrodisiac (Darjeeling: [78]). Juice taken to cure diarrhea (Sikkim: [11]). Seeds: Taken in diarrhea and gastric disorders (Sikkim: [75]), used as chatni (Sikkim: [11]). Decoction of dried seeds taken in influenza (Darjeeling: [78]; Sikkim: [11]).

34

Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC.

Herb

Apiaceae

Whole plant: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

35

Heracleum dissectifolium K.T. Fu

Herb

Apiaceae

Roots: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

36

Hydrocotyle himalaica P. K. Mukh.

Herb

Apiaceae

Golpata (Np)

1500-2500

Plant: Extract taken to cure pneumonia and throat infection (Sikkim: [75]).

37

Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.

Herb

Apiaceae

Golpatta (Np)

Plant: Taken to cure throat problem (Sikkim: [75]).

38

Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.

Herb

Apiaceae

Tike Ghor Tapre (Np)

600-2500

Plant: Useful in treatment of migrant and to improve memory (Panchthar: [67]).

39

Selinum wallichianum (DC.) Raizada & Saxena

Herb

Apiaceae

Sunaga (Km); Bhutkesh (Np); Bhatauri, Dhaneli, Kalo Chhetaro (Np-Dl); Tunak (Tb); Chyadukpa (Sh, Wl)

2700-4800

Roots and fruits: Used for cuts, wounds, colic, gastritis, and intestinal pain (KL Nepal: [83]). Roots: Smoke inhaled in case of faint, fever, and headche. Also used as fodder (Taplejung: [81]). Decoction taken to get relief from pain and fever (Ilam: [76]). Flowers and leaves: Smooked to treat headache (KL Nepal: [53]). Leaves: Leaves, aromatic, carminative. Fruits: Used in skin diseases and scabies (Sikkim: Database).

40

Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.

Tree

Apocynaceae

Chhatiwan (Np); Chhatni (S)

100-1400

Bark: Used in malarian fever and also given to lactating mothers for increasing milk (Jhapa: [66]). Extract used to treat piles (KL Nepal: [53]). Filtered bark juice used to cure leanness in man (Jhapa: [68]). Powder mixed with common salt and given to cattle to cure fever (Sikkim: [97]). Bark, latex and flowers: Used as tonic and in fever and leucoderma (Sikkim: [97]).

41

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don

Shrub

Apocynaceae

Barhamase Phool, Sadabahar (Np); Gofatbhiwar (Me)

150-1500

Plant: Anti cancer and antitumour (Sikkim: Database). Leaves: Used as diuretic (Sikkim: Database). Flowers: Eaten to maintain sugar level for diabetic patients (Jhapa: [68]).

42

Holarrhena pubescens (Buch.-Ham.) Wall. ex G. Don

Shrub

Apocynaceae

Ban Khirro, Khuria, Anley Khirrn, Madhese Khirro (Np); Hat (S)

100-1500

Plant: Powder or decoction taken to treat acute diarrhea and dysentery (Darjeeling: [86]; Sikkim: [11, 85]). Bark: Powdered with black pepper and taken to cure cough, cold, fever, diarrhea, and dysentery (Jhapa: [66]). Juice taken in amoebic dysentery (Sikkim: [11, 85]). Bark and seeds: Useful to treat gastric troubles and have anthelmintic property (Panchthar: [67]). Fruit: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Stem: Bark powder or decoction given to livestock to treat constipation, problems during stool passing and dysentery (Sikkim: [84]).

43

Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br.

Climber

Apocynaceae

Dudilata (S); Dudelaharo (Np)

150-900

Leaves: Extraction used in stomach pain (Jhapa: [66]). Stem: Extraction used in toothache and gum swelling (Jhapa: [66]).

44

*Rauvolfia serpentina (L.) Benth. Ex Kurz.

Herb

Apocynaceae

Kharokha (Me); God (S)

100-900

Young shoots: Extract given to cure pneumonia (Jhapa: [68]). Roots, stems and leaves: Used to treat fever (Panchthar: [67]). Roots: Extract used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Useful in insomnia (Sikkim: Database), high blood pressure, and snake bite (Jhapa: [66]; Sikkim: Database). Extract taken in stomach pain and intestinal worms (Jhapa: [66]). Powder administered orally as antidote to snake-bite (Sikkim: [84]).

45

Vincetoxicum hirundinaria Medik.

Herb

Apocynaceae

Fruits: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

46

*Acorus calamus L.

Herb

Araceae

Sweet Flag (Eg); Sadakppa (Li); Ruklop (Lp); Bojho (Np); Chhowas (Ri); Vacha (Sn); Chota, Jota (Gr-Mn); Suda, Syueda (Sh); Shete (Tm); Tshedak (Sh); Shudag (Tb)

1700-2300

Rhizomes: Used in treatment of epilepsy and other mental ailments, chronic diarrhoea (Darjeeling: [86]; Sikkim: [69]), colic pains and as a brain tonic (Sikkim: [69]). Used to cure cold, cough (Jhapa: [68]; Sikkim: [11, 79]; Ilam: [73]), sore throat, bronchitis, tonsil, toothache, headache (Jhapa: [68]; Ilam: [73]), bodypain (Jhapa: [66]), scabies, sinusitis (Panchthar: [67]) and also as vermifuge and antispasmodic (Sikkim: [75]). Used in skin disease (Darjeeling: [80]; Sikkim: [11, 79, 89]), malaria and asthma (Darjeeling: [80, 89]). Juice used as insecticide (Panchthar: [67]; Sikkim: [75]). Decoction taken as antipyretic (Sikkim: [11, 69]; Darjeeling: [78]) and also to treat rheumatism (Darjeeling: [78]). Pounded with the rhizome of Curcuma zedoaria and given in ulcers and abdominal pains (Jhapa: [66]). Extract taken to cure measles (Sikkim: [79]). Crushed and boiled with salt and decoction used to massage for fortnight (Darjeeling: [74]). Paste applied as ointment on wounds in cattle, also administered in indigestion in cattle (Sikkim: [84]).

47

Acorus gramineus Aiton

Herb

Araceae

Silijam (Dz), Bortsl (Sh)

Rhizomes: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

48

Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don

Herb

Araceae

Man kachui (S); Karkalo (Np).

100-800

Petioles and tuber: Edible as vegetable (Jhapa: [92]). Young petioles: Cooked with Colocasia esculenta and taken orally in cold and cough (Jhapa: [66]).

49

Alocasia spp.

Herb

Araceae

Tubers: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]).

50

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius C. Y. Wu ex H. Li, Y. Shiao & S. L. Tseng

Herb

Araceae

Pindo (S); Ol (Np)

100-800

Tubers and petioles: Used as vegetable (Jhapa: [92]).

51

Arisaema costatum (Wall.) Mart. ex Schott

Herb

Araceae

Glatli (Gr); Asek kaki (Li); Dhakayo, Jangali Makai (Np); Thwa (Sh)

1900-2800

Leaves: Dried leaves boiled and cooked as vegetable (Taplejung: [87]). Young shoots used to make curry and corn eaten after repeated boiling (Ilam: [94]).

52

Arisaema griffithii Schott

Herb

Araceae

Asek Makai, Yakla Khomba (Li); Dhokayo (Np); Doka Banko (Np-Dl); Thwa (Sh); Thwa (WI)

2400-3500

Leaves: Sundried, stored and consumed as vegetable in winter; dried leaves are also used to make Sinki (dried fermented leaves) (Sikkim: [98]; Taplejung: [81, 88]).

53

Arisaema intermedium Blume

Herb

Araceae

Sarpa Makai (Np)

2600-3400

Roots: Juice or paste taken in ulcer and fever (Ilam: [73, 77]).

54

Arisaema jacquemontii Blume

Herb

Araceae

Banko (Np)

2700-4700

Roots: Juice taken orally to treat menstrual disorders, toothache, and pain (Ilam: [73, 77]).

55

Arisaema sp.

Herb

Araceae

Dowo (Dz), Rungenengsae (Sh)

Bulbs: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

56

Caladium bicolor (Ait.) Vent.

Herb

Araceae

Dungasaru (S)

Rhizomes: Pounded and applied on body to relieve from bodyache (Jhapa: [66]).

57

Scindapsus officinalis (Roxb.) Schott

Climber

Araceae

Kammare lahara (Np); Dari jappa (S)

200-300

Fruit: Pounded and applied on rheumatism and bodyache (Jhapa: [66]).

58

Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott

Herb

Araceae

Nirbish (S)

450

Rhizome: Paste applied externally to cure rheumatism (Jhapa: [66]).

59

Aralia cachemirica Decne.

Shrub

Araliaceae

Dal kabro (Np); Dumbak (Wl)

2400-4200

Plant: Powder contains high nutrient and generates heat in the body of animal (Taplejung: [81]). Roots: Used to treat cuts and contraction of muscles (Panchthar: [67]).

60

Brassaiopsis hainla (Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don) Seem.

Tree

Araliaceae

Chuletro (Np, Li)

1000-1900

Roots: Administered orally in case of dysentery (Sikkim: [79]).

61

Hedera nepalensis K. Koch

Shrub

Araliaceae

Ivy (Eg); Dudela (Np)

2000-3200

Plant: Juice taken orally as antispasmodic (Sikkim: [85]).

62

Helwingia himalaica Hook. f. & Thomson ex C. B. Clarke

Shrub

Araliaceae

2100-2700

Fruits: Enhance fertility (Sikkim: [75]).

63

Macropanax undulatus (Wallich ex G. Don) Seemann

Tree

Araliaceae

Chenday (Np)

400-2200

Bark: Administered against diabetes (Darjeeling: [52]).

64

Merrilliopanax alpinus (C. B. Clarke) C. B. Shang

Tree

Araliaceae

Young shoots: Useful in gastric disorders (Sikkim: [75]).

65

Panax pseudo-ginseng subsp. himalaicus H. Hara

Herb

Araliaceae

Mangan, Panchpattery (Np)

Roots: Taken to reduce fever, indigestion, and vomiting; also used as tonic (Sikkim: [75], Database).

66

Panax pseudo-ginseng Wall.

Herb

Araliaceae

Panchapattey (Np)

Roots: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Used as stimulant, combating general debility, headache, vomiting, expectorant, carminative, tonic, in blood pressure (Sikkim: [69]) and weakness (Ilam: [76]; Sikkim: [69]). Juice given to cure liver disorders, colic, fever and menstrual disorders (Darjeeling: [74]).

67

Pentapanax leschenaultii (DC.) Seem.

Tree

Araliaceae

Chinde (Np)

1600-3700

Leaves:Tender leaves after boiling used as curry (Ilam: [94]).

68

Areca catechu L.

Tree

Arecaceae

Fruit/seed: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

69

Borassus flabellifer L.

Herb

Arecaceae

Tari (S)

Flowers: Juice taken to quench the thurst (Jhapa: [66]).

70

Calamus acanthospathus Griff.

Climber

Arecaceae

Cane (Eng)

Shoots: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]). Edible and also used as a substitute for rope, as cable for suspension bridges, for wickerwork, baskets, and containers. Thicker cane used for makingfurniture frames, walking sticks and umbrella handles (KL Bhutan: [100]).

71

Calamus erectus Roxburgh

Climber

Arecaceae

Shoots: Edible (Bhutan: [99]).

72

Calamus latifolius Roxb.

Climber

Arecaceae

600

Shoots: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]). Leaves: Juice used to cures eye diseases (Sikkim: [11]).

73

Calamus tenuis Roxb.

Climber

Arecaceae

Cane (Eng)

Shoot: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]). Used to make household items, such as mats, screens and furnitures (KL Bhutan: [100]).

74

Caryota urens L.

Tree

Arecaceae

Rangbhang (Np)

Stem and buds: Inner core pith and terminal bud consumed as vegetable (Ilam: [94]).

75

Phoenix acaulis Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.

Tree

Arecaceae

Betgera (Np)

1400

Fruits: Raw fruits used to make vegetable curry (Ilam: [94]).

76

Phoenix sylvestris Roxb.

Tree

Arecaceae

Thakal (Np)

150-1500

Stem: Soft pith eaten raw (Ilam: [94]).

77

Plectocomia himalayana Griffith

Herb

Arecaceae

Patsha (Bhut)

1500-2500

Young shoots: Taken as vegetable (Bhutan: [99, 102])

78

Aristolochia griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson ex Duch.

Climber

Aristolochiaceae

Flowers: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

79

Aristolochia indica L.

Climber

Aristolochiaceae

Godh (S)

Roots and leaves: Paste applied in stomachache and as an antidote in snake bite and scorpion sting (Jhapa: [66]).

80

Asclepias curassavica L.

Herb

Asclepiadaceae

Khorsani Kose Phul (Np)

700-1500

Roots: Used to treat cancer, warts, and snake bite (Panchthar: [67]).

81

Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand.

Shrub

Asclepiadaceae

Ankh (Np); Gogando-bimtang (Me); Akona (S)

100-1000

Latex and Leaves: Used in sprain and swelling (Jhapa: [66]; Panchthar: [67]; Sikkim: Database). Roots: Extraction given in fever and applied on chest and abdomin to relieve pains (Jhapa: [66]). Latex: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Applied on burns (Jhapa: [66]) and for ring worm (Jhapa: [68]).

82

Hoya longifolia Wall. ex Wight

Shrub

Asclepiadaceae

Wax Plant (Eg)

1400-2300

Leaves: Applied on burns (Panchthar: [67]).

83

Marsdenia roylei Wight,

Climber

Asclepiadaceae

Baahuni Lahara (Np)

1400-2400

Plant: Used for cooling and alternative effect in gonorrhea (Sikkim: Database). Roots, leaves and fruit: Decoction used to relieve burning sensation of the genitals (Sikkim: [11]).

84

Marsdenia tenacissima Weight & Arn.

Climber

Asclepiadaceae

Bahuni Lahara, Sunamari (Np), Kamtiongrik (Lp)

Roots: Juice taken daily as purgative (Sikkim: [85]).

85

Marsdenia tinctoria R. Br.

Climber

Asclepiadaceae

Kali Lahara, Ryom (Np)

Leaves: Juice taken for stomachache (Sikkim: [85]).

86

Campylandra aurantiaca Baker

Herb

Asparagaceae

Nakima (Np)

1900-2900

Roots: Stocks given orally in case of food poisoning (Darjeeling: [52]). Inflorescence: Powdered and taken with water to relieve body pain (Sikkim: [11]). Given in food poisoning (Darjeeling: [74]). Flowers: Used as appetizer and taken in diabetes (Sikkim: [69, 79], Database). Taken as curry (Sikkim: [89]).

87

Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker

Herb

Asparagaceae

Turam (S)

500-1200

Roots: Powder taken to relieve from body weakness (Jhapa: [66]).

88

Eucomis regia (L.) Aiton

Herb

Asparagaceae

Lily (C)

Bulb: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

89

Tupistra nutans Wall. ex Lindl.

Herb

Asparagaceae

Nakima (Np)

Flower: Taken as appetizer and in diabetes (Sikkim: Database). Inflorescence: Powdered and taken to relieve from body pain (Sikkim: [11]).

90

Acmella calva (Candolle) R. K. Jansen

Herb

Asteraceae

Mareti (Np)

1000-1900

Fruit: Juice taken orally for headache and stomachache [66, 77], toothache (Darjeeling: [74]; Ilam: [73, 77]) and sore mouth (Darjeeling: [74]).

91

Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R.M. King & H. Rob.

Herb

Asteraceae

Banmara (Np)

850-2500

Plant: Juice applied on fresh cut (Darjeeling: [74]; Ilam: [73]; Sikkim: [11, 75]) and also taken orally in fever (Ilam: [73]). Leaves: Taken orally in dysentery (Darjeeling: [52]).

92

Ageratum conyzoides L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Ilamejhar (Np)

200-2000

Whole plant: Used as antidote (KL Nepal: [53]). Leaves: Juice applied on wound (Sikkim: [11]; Panchthar: [67]) and also used as anthelmintic (Panchthar: [67]). Decoction used as antipyretic (Darjeeling: [78]), and also in diarrhea, dysentery, colic, and flatulence (Sikkim: [11]).Tenders chewed to cure diarrhoea and dysentery. Flowers: chewed to treat throat pain (Sikkim: [79]).

93

Ajania tibetica (Hook.f. & Thomson) Tzvelev

Shrub

Asteraceae

Used as incense (KL Bhutan: [70]).

94

Anaphalis adnata Wall. ex DC.

Herb

Asteraceae

Buki phul (Np)

800-3200

Leaves: Juice applied on fresh cuts and wounds (Ilam: [73, 77]).

95

Anaphalis triplinervis (Sims) C. B. Clarke

Herb

Asteraceae

Bhukiphul (Np)

100-2300

Flower: Paste applied regularly to cure skin problems (KL Nepal: [53]).

96

Artemisia dubia Wall. ex Besser

Herb

Asteraceae

Pati, Titepati, Titaypati (Np); Sibuma, Sungmara (Ri); Chhaphung (Sh); Khenpa (Tb); Sangsin Khemba (Wl)

1200-3400

Whole plant: Used in ritual ceremony (Sikkim: [11]).

Leaves: Used to treat pains and possess anthelmintic properties (Panchthar: [67]).Crushed fresh leaves uesd to open decongestant sinuses and to stop nasal bleeding (Taplejung: [81]; Sikkim: [11], Database). Extract used on cuts and bruises (Sikkim: [11], Database). Supposed to possess detergent effect and used as cleansing agent (Sikkim: Database). Taking bath of leaves juice cures skin allergies and leaves chewed to treat mouth ulcer (Sikkim: [11]). Used as deobstruent, antispasmodic, obstructed menses and hysteria (Darjeeling: [80]).

97

Artemisia indica Willd.

Herb

Asteraceae

Namyohoba (Li); Tuknil (Lp); Titepati (Np); Tompe (Sh)

300-2400

Tender shoots and leaves: Used to treat inflammation (Taplejung: [87]). Leaves and flowers: Juice used to treat injuries (Sikkim: [75]). Juice taken in asthma, gastritis and skin disease (Ilam: [76, 77]).

98

Artemisia nilagirica (C.B. Clarke) Pamp.

Herb

Asteraceae

Titepati (Np)

Shoots and leaves: Used to cure mouth ulcer; paste applied externally on forehead during dizziness and headache (Darjeeling: [52]).

99

Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh.ex Willd.

Shrub

Asteraceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

100

Artemisia vulgaris L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Titepati (Np); Titeypati (Li)

1500-3800

Leaves: Used to treat nose bleeding (Sikkim: [69, 79, 91]) nervous and spasmodic affections, asthma and the disease of the brain (Sikkim: [69]). Tender leaves chewed cures mouth ulcers; crushed leaves mixed with water and taken bath cures skin allergy. Juice used as anti-leech, besides its religious values (Sikkim: [79]). Used as deobstruent, antispasmodic, obstructed menses and hysteria (Sikkim: [89]). Crushed and extract applied externally on skin to treat itching in cattle; fresh leaves grounded, sap extracted and used as nasal drop to stop nose bleeding in cattle (Sikkim: [84]).

101

Aster neo-elegans Grierson

Shrub

Asteraceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

102

Aucklandia costus Falconer

Herb

Asteraceae

Kapisful, Kuth (Np)

Plant: Believed to cure bronchitis, vomiting, epilepsy, headache, and hysteria (Sikkim: Database).

103

Bidens pilosa L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Kuro (Li)

500-2500

Leaves: Juice applied to eyes and ears to reduce pain (Sikkim: [79]). Leaves and roots: Extract used in cut and jaundice (KL Nepal: [53]).

104

Bidens spp.

Herb

Asteraceae

Zumphirobu (Sh)

Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]).

105

Blumea hieraciifolia (D. Don) DC.

Herb

Asteraceae

Sahasrabooti (Np)

900-1800

Leaves: Dried and taken smell to treat asthma (Darjeeling: [74]).

106

Blumea lacera (Burf. f.) DC.

Herb

Asteraceae

Gangansu (Me); Rando, Ghar nagharni (S)

150-350

Roots: Paste sticked on and around swelling region to prevent cutaneous infection (Jhapa: [68]). Decoction given in urinary infections, and also with decoction of Plumeria acuta given in gonorrhoea and spermatorrhoea (Jhapa: [66]).

107

Calendula officinalis L.

Herb

Asteraceae

2600-4400

Leaves and flowers: Used as antiseptic, antifungal, diaphoretic, stimulant, antispasmodic and in small pox; also used in healing wounds, ulcers, and burns (Sikkim: Database).

108

Chrysanthemum indicum L.

Asteraceae

Godawari (Li)

100-2900

Flowers: Dried flowers chewed during stomachache (Sikkim: [79]).

109

Cirsium sp.

Herb

Asteraceae

Whole plant/flowers: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

110

Cremanthodium humile Maxim.

Herb

Asteraceae

Whole plant/flowers: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

111

Eclipta prostrata (L.) L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Bhringaraj (Np); Khetkeshari (S)

200-1200

Roots: Used in treatment of snake and scorpion bite (Jhapa: [66]). Leaves and tender shoots: Used to treat cut and wounds and jaundice (Panchthar: [67]). Leaves: Infusion used in catarrhal (Jhapa: [66]).

112

Elephantopus scaber L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Sahsra Jari (Np); Dadari (Me)

200-1500

Roots: Paste applied on the muscular pain (Jhapa: [68]). Fruits: Used as tonic (Jhapa: [66]).

113

Erigeron multiradiatus (Lindl. ex DC.) Benth. ex C.B. Clarke

Herb

Asteraceae

Flowers: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

114

Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.

Herb

Asteraceae

Banmara (Np)

850-2500

Plant: Juice applied on fresh cut (Sikkim: [75]; Ilam: [73]) and also taken in fever (Ilam: [73]).

115

Eupatorium cannabinum L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Banmara (Np)

1000-2000

Stem and Leaves: Extract used on cut and bruises to stop bleeding and infection (Darjeeling: [80]; Sikkim: [11], Database).

116

Eupatorium odoratum L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Aule banmara (Np); Daubanthu (Me)

400-1500

Leaves: Juice applied on cut and injury as haemostatic and to check nasal bleeding, extract dropped in nose to cure severe headache (Jhapa: [68]). Extract also used in cuts and wounds (Sikkim: Database).

117

Gnaphalium affine D. Don

Herb

Asteraceae

Pahelo Bukey (Np)

600-3700

Plant: Whole plant crushed and given orally to infants suffering from diarrhoea (Darjeeling: [52]).

118

Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir.

Herb

Asteraceae

Chot Bhidimyan (S)

150

Aerial parts: Pounded together with Sphaeranthus indicus and taken orally as well as inhaled a few drops to restore consciousness during epileptic fit (Jhapa: [66]).

119

Inula cappa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) DC.

Shrub

Asteraceae

Golden Samphire, Sheep's Year (Eg); Bakhrikane, Gaitihare, Kanpate, Tihare- Phul (Np); Basita, Machram (Ri).

1000-2500

Roots: Juice used in fever, indigestion, and other stomach disorders (Taplejung: [81]).

120

Inula helenium L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Roots: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

121

Ixeridium gracile (DC.) Pak & Kawano

Herb

Asteraceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

122

Leontopodium jacotianum Beauverd

Herb

Asteraceae

Bhuke Phul, Jhulo (Np-Dl); Tawa Thokar, Tawa Thokar Yungpa (Tb)

2700-4900

Plant: Used as incense (Taplejung: [81]).

123

Leontopodium monocephalum Edgew.

Herb

Asteraceae

Bhuke Phul, Jhulo (Np-Dl); Tawa Thokar goepa (Tb).

4600-5600

Plant: Used as incense (Taplejung: [81]).

124

Leontopodium sp.

Herb

Asteraceae

Rhizomes: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

125

Lorentea sp.

Herb

Asteraceae

Khainingroo or Rumplung (Sh)

Leaves: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]).

126

Pulicaria insignis Drumm. ex Dunn

Herb

Asteraceae

Whole plant/flowers:Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

127

Pulicaria sp.

Herb

Asteraceae

Flowers: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

128

Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.

Herb

Asteraceae

Roots: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

129

Saussurea gossypiphora D.Don

Herb

Asteraceae

Bhutkesh, Kapase Phool (Np-Tp); Yazembawa (Wl)

3500-5700

Whole plant: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]). Fibres: Used for various purposes (Taplejung: [81]).

130

Senecio cappa Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Herb

Asteraceae

Bakhrakane (Np)

Roots and leaves: Infusion used in fever and boils (Ilam: [73, 76]).

131

Senecio chrysanthemoides DC.

Herb

Asteraceae

Whole plant: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

132

Sonchus arvensis L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Ban-rayo (Np)

Roots: Paste applied to reliefe from toothache (Darjeeling: [74]).

133

Sonchus wightianus DC.

Herb

Asteraceae

Roots: Taken in jaundice (Sikkim: [75]).

134

Soroseris hookeriana (C.B.Clarke) Stebbins

Herb

Asteraceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

135

Sphaeranthus indicus L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Bad Bhidimyan (S)

200-800

Shoots: Paste applied on breast of women to cure swelling and wounds (Jhapa: [66]).

136

Tagetes erecta L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Demal-bhiwar (Me)

1800-2000

Leaves: Juice drunk to cure pneumania and chest pain (Jhapa: [68]). Flowers: Useful in pneumonia, piles, and jaundice (Panchthar: [67]).

137

Tagetes patula L.

Herb

Asteraceae

Sayapatri (Np)

900-2000

Flowers: Chewed to cure sore throat, cough and mouth ulcer (Sikkim: [79]).

138

Tanacetu matkinsonii (C.B.Clarke) Kitam.

Herb

Asteraceae

Whole plant: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

139

Tanacetum tatsienense (Bureau & Franch.) K. Bremer & Humphries

Herb

Asteraceae

Whole plant/flowers:Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

140

Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.

Herb

Asteraceae

Whole plant: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

141

Taraxacum sikkimense Hand.- Mazz.

Herb

Asteraceae

Wakhur (Sh); Tuki Phool (Np); Khurmang, Wakhur (Tb)

3600-4700

Plant: Used as vegetable. Flowers and leaves: Used as galactagogue for human and cattle (Taplejung: [87]).

142

Taraxacum tibetanum Hand.-Mazz.

Herb

Asteraceae

Khenpa-karpo (Dz/Sh/B)

Whole plant: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

143

Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd.

Herb

Asteraceae

Sauraj (S)

1200-2000

Fruits: Pounded and taken to remove intestinal worms and to cure stomachache (Jhapa: [66]).

144

Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less.

Herb

Asteraceae

Jurishuri (S)

100-2300

Leaves: Decoction given in fever (Jhapa: [66]).

145

Waldheimia glabra (Decne.) Regel

Herb

Asteraceae

Gang Poe (Tb), Ghanga-Setik (Wl).

4100-5400

Plant: Used as incense (Taplejung: [87]).

146

Impatiens balsamina L.

Herb

Balsaminaceae

Tiuri (Np)

1200-1900

Plant: Decoction used to cure burns and urinary problems (Ilam: [73, 76]).

147

Basella alba L.

Climber

Basellaceae

Purne arak (S); Poi sag (Np)

200

Young shoots: Used as vegetable (Jhapa: [92]).

148

Begonia picta Sm.

Herb

Begoniaceae

Begonia (Eg); Magar Kanche (Np); Shovaparnee (Sn)

600-2800

Plant: Juice taken in headache and conjunctivitis (Ilam: [73, 76]). Stalks: Extracts from stalks used for venereal disease (Sikkim: Database). Fruit: Juice applied as an anti-leech agent (Taplejung: [88]). Shoots and leaves: Used to make pickle and jam (Ilam: [94]).

149

Berberis angulosa Wall. ex Hook. f. & Thomson

Shrub

Berberidaceae

Chutro (Np)

3400-4500

Stem: Decoction taken orally in blood dysentery and jaundice (Darjeeling: [52]).

150

Berberis aristata DC.

Shrub

Berberidaceae

Berberry (Eg); Karya (Gr-Mn); Kyarbukung (Lp); Chutro, Musa Lede (Np); Chotto (Np-Dl); Kyerwa, Kyerkar (Km, Tb); Chompairaim (Ri); Daruharidra, Rasanjan (Sn); Kerpatsang (Dz)

1800-3500

Roots and bark: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).Used in jaundice, malaria, fever, and diarrhea; also used externally to cure eye disease (Sikkim: Database). Leaves, flowers and bark: Used in eye disease, bile disorders, lympy disorder, jaundice, malarian fever, swelling, and dysentery (Ilam: [73]; Panchthar: [67]). Stem: Extract used for hypoglycemic activities (Sikkim: [96]). Fruit: Eaten raw (Ilam: [73]; Panchthar: [67]), also used to cure rabies (Sikkim: [75]).

151

Berberis asiatica Roxb. ex DC

Shrub

Berberidaceae

Berberry (Eg); Toksong, Pirima (Li); Chutro, Musa Lede (Np); Chotto (Np-Dl); Daruharidra, Thakti-Layem (Ri)

1200-2500

Bark: Decoction used to treat conjunctivitis, eye inflammation, and also used as laxative and tonic (KL Nepal: [83]). Roots: Source of dye (KL Nepal: [83]).Bark and root decoction administered orally in jaundice and fever (Sikkim: [79]). Fruit: Eaten raw (Taplejung: [82, 87]). Fruit and leaves: Juice taken in diarrhoea and dysentery (Sikkim: [79]).

152

Berberis nepalensis Spreng.

Shrub

Berberidaceae

Bark: Use to extract dye (KL Bhutan: [70]).

153

Mahonia acanthifolia D.Don

Shrub

Berberidaceae

Chutro (Np)

Stem: Decoction taken to treat blood dysentery, diarrhoea and jaundice (Darjeeling: [52]).

154

Mahonia napaulensis DC.

Shrub

Berberidaceae

Mahonia (Eg); Samlikhe, Samjikhe (Li); Chutro, Jamane Mandro (Np); Khlusa (Ri); Daruharidra, Kanchan (Sn); Kerbe (Tm); Kerpa (WI)

1400-2900

Plant: Used for fencing (Taplejung: [81, 82]). Fruit: Used in the treament of urinary disorders (Taplejung: [81, 82]). Ripe berries eaten raw (Taplejung: [81]). Bark: Juice applied in eyes (Sikkim: [79]). Fruit and bark: Decoction taken to treat dysentery, diarrhoea (Ilam: [73, 76]; Sikkim: [86]), and urinary disorders (Ilam: [73, 76]).

155

*Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying

Herb

Berberidaceae

Himalayan May Apple (Eg); Balulu, Balugu (Km); Laghu Patgra (Np); Meme Gudruk (Np-DI); Upala, Bamasisi, Ramasisi (Sh, WI); Wolmose (Tb); Goegabetapi (Sh)

2400-4500

Plant: Useful for typhoid fever, mental disorder, and plague (Sikkim: Database). Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Roots: Used as purgative, hepatic stimulant, bile expellant, bitter tonic and in skin diseses (Sikkim: [69]). Decoction used in ulcer and liver troubles (Taplejung: [81]). Crushed and applied externally on hoof to treat infection; decoction used for cattle to treat indigestion (Sikkim: [84]). Roots and fruit: Used as anticancer remedy (Sikkim: [75]), taken in fever and diarrhea (Taplejung: [81]; Sikkim: [75], Database). Fruit: Ripe fruits eaten raw; used in gynecological diseases, menstrual disorders, kidney disease, skin disease, and cough (Taplejung: [81]).

156

Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Tree

Betulaceae

Saur (Np)

1200-2600

Bark: Paste applied on snake bite (Sikkim: [75]). Chewed as a substitute of betel nut (Ilam: [94]).

157

Betula cylindrostachya Lindley

Tree

Betulaceae

Saru (Np); Taghyam (Bh)

1400-2800

Leaves: Buds used as substitute for tea leaves (Sikkim: [72]).

158

Betula utilis D. Don

Tree

Betulaceae

Himalayan Silver Birch (Eg); Bhojpatra, Bhujpata, Bhojpatra (Np); Bhuj, Bhujpat (Np-Dl); Tag-Pa Tak-Pa (Km, Sh, Tb, Wl); Bhurjha, Bhurjapatra (Sn).

2700-4300

Branch: Used during marriage ceremony (Taplejung: [81]). Bark: Crushed and applied on injuries of cattle (Sikkim: [97]). Boiled and used for cleaning wounds as antiseptic (Sikkim: [79]).

159

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz

Tree

Bignoniaceae

Totala, Tatelo (Np); Totalabimfang (Me)

400-1400

Plant useful in jaundice (Darjeeling: [105]). Roots, bark and fruit: Used in fever, bronchitis, dysentery, and asthma (Sikkim: [85]). Root bark: Improves appetite, taken in vomiting, asthma, and bronchitis (Darjeeling: [80, 89]). Bark and seeds: Powder used to treat dropsy, sprains, asthma, urinary disorders (Ilam: [73, 76, 77]), high fever and pneumonia (Sikkim: [11]). Seeds: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]). Endosperms eaten to cure pneumonia (Jhapa: [68]). Bark: Powder applied on chronic wounds (Jhapa: [68]) and also used to treat burns, boils (Panchthar: [67]), and diarrhea (Darjeeling: [86]; Panchthar: [67]). Flowers:Usedas medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]). Edible (Darjeeling: [80]). Flowers: Edible (Darjeeling: [80]; Ilam: [94]; Sikkim: [89]).

160

Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC.

Tree

Bignoniaceae

Pader (S)

150-250

Fruit: Tied as an amulet to cure migrain (Jhapa: [66]).

161

Bombax ceiba L.

Tree

Bombacaceae

Edel (S); Simal (Np); Pemgeyser (Sh)

500-1500

Roots and bark: Used as emetic (Panchthar: [67]) and also used to treat diarrhea and dysentery (Darjeeling: [86]; Panchthar: [67]; Sikkim: Database). Roots: Decoction given in urinary infection, also with decoction of Plumaria acuta given in gonorrhoea and spermatorrhoea (Jhapa: [66]). Flowers: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Buds cooked as vegetable (Jhapa: [92]). Pickled and eaten twice daily to get relief from diarrhea and dysentery (Jhapa: [68]). Paste applied externally on small pox in children (Sikkim: [79]). Exude used as gum (KL Bhutan: [70]).

162

Heliotropium indicum L.

Herb

Boraginaceae

Hatisude (S)

100

Young stem: Used with bulb of onion to cure rabies (Jhapa: [66]).

163

Onosma hookeri C. B. Clarke

Herb

Boraginaceae

Laljari (Np); Bemu (Bhu); Muktsi (Sh)

3000-4700

Roots: Oil used externally as hair tonic (Sikkim: [49]). Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

164

Brassica campestris L. var cumifolia Roxb.

Herb

Brassicaceae

Rayo (Np)

2500

Whole plant: Used to make fermented material called 'Gundruk' (Darjeeling: [108]; Sikkim: [101]). Used in fever, indigestion and irritation (Ilam: [76]).

165

Brassica sp.

Herb

Brassicaceae

Yoongkar (Dz)

Seed: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

166

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik.

Herb

Brassicaceae

Shepherd's Pursa (Eg); Chamsure Jhar, Tori Ghans, Tori Jhar (Np); Chhyamachhyaru (Sh, Wl)

1400-4500

Plant: Used as green vegetable (Taplejung: [87]). Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Leaves: Juice used in malarian fever (Darjeeling: [78]).

167

Cardamine hirsuta L.

Herb

Brassicaceae

Simrayo (Np)

500-3000

Shoot: Extract taken to low blood pressure and in cardiac problems (Darjeeling: [74]; Sikkim: [75]).

168

Cardamine macrophylla Willd.

Herb

Brassicaceae

Chhurukpa (Sh, Wl)

2500-4500

Plant: Used as vegetable (Sikkim: [98]; Taplejung: [87])and also made fermented vegetables (North-East India: [101]).

169

Erysimum hieraciifolium L. f.

Herb

Brassicaceae

Chhasey (Dz); Kharshing (Sh); Phaledo (Np)

Seed: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

170

Lepidium sativum L.

Herb

Brassicaceae

Chamsur (Np)

200-3000

Plant: Consumed as vegetable; useful in piles, asthma, cough, syphilis and bodyache (Ilam: [76]).

171

Malcolmia sp.

Herb

Brassicaceae

Whole plant:Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

172

Nasturtium officinale R. Brown

Herb

Brassicaceae

Aerial parts: Decoction given to relieve body pain; young shoots taken as salad (Ilam: [76, 94]; Sikkim: [11, 79]). Plant: Juice given in indigestion and urinary disorder (Ilam: [76]).

173

Raphanus sativus L.

Herb

Brassicaceae

Mula (Np)

Whole plant: Used to make fermented material called 'Sinki' and 'Gundruk' (Darjeeling: [101, 108]). Used in indigestion, liver and gall bladder troubles, urinary complaints and ear pain (Ilam: [73, 76]).

174

Thlaspi arvense L.

Herb

Brassicaceae

Jay-kha (Dz)

Whole plant: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

175

Canarium sikkimense King

Tree

Burseraceae

Poskar shing (Sh)

Exude or resin used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Used as incense (KL Bhutan: [70]).

176

Garuga pinnata Roxb.

Tree

Burseraceae

Aule Dabdabe, Dubdabey (Np)

300-1200

Bark: Root bark used for curing skin disease; juice applied to treat dislocated bones and to heal wounds (Sikkim: [85]). Fruit: Taken to improve digestion (Sikkim: [85])

177

Codonopsis foetens Hook.f. & Thomson

Climber

Campanulaceae

Gaytangru (Sh)

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

178

Lobelia angulata G. Forst.

Herb

Campanulaceae

Plant: Decoction given to treat throat pain and fever. Tender shoots: Juice applied externally to treat boils and inflammation (Sikkim: [11]).

179

Lobelia pyramidalis Wall.

Herb

Campanulaceae

Eklebir (Np)

Leaves and flowers: Used as antispasmodic (Sikkim: [75]).

180

Pratia nummularia (Lam.) A. Br. & Asch.

Herb

Campanulaceae

Lanka Sanay (Np)

1000-2400

Leaves: Juice taken orally in dysentery and tonsillitis (Darjeeling: [74]).

181

Cannabis sativa L.

Herb

Cannabaceae

Gaja (Np); Gaja (S)

Leaves: Infusion taken to cure stomach pain and flatulence (Jhapa: [66]). Stem: Cut into small pieces and fed to livestock to treat inflammation; small pieces mixed with fodder to feed cattle as a tonic (Sikkim: [84]). Decoction given orally to treat severe diarrhoea (Sikkim: [75, 79]). Flowers: Dried flower paste taken in empty stomach to treat diarrhoea (Darjeeling: [86]). Seeds: Pounded and taken to relieve body pain (Sikkim: [75, 79]).

182

Canna indica L.

Herb

Cannaceae

900

Rhizomes: Edible and taken to treat fever (Sikkim: [11]). Extraction given to cure urinary troubles (Jhapa: [66]).

183

Capparis zeylanica L.

Shrub

Capparaceae

Asaria (S)

150

Fruits: Edible (Jhapa: [92]).

184

Dipsacus atratus Hook.f. & Thomson ex C.B.Clarke

Herb

Caprifoliaceae

Yika (Dz), Pinsa (Sh),

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

185

Pterocephalus hookeri (C.B.Clarke) E.Pritz.

Herb

Caprifoliaceae

Flowers/whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

186

Viburnum cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Shrub

Caprifoliaceae

Arrow wood (Eg); Hanggase (Li); Gharaghuri, Ghar ghure, Ghode khari (Np)

1000-2500

Seeds: Oil used to treat burns (Panchthar: [67]) and also used for cooking purpose (Taplejung: [87]).

187

Carica papaya L.

Herb

Caricaceae

Mewa (Np)

100-1000

Latex: Mixed with salt and applied to cure ringworm (Jhapa: [66]). Fruits: Eaten raw and also eaten to cure jaundice (Sikkim: [79]).

188

Arenaria densissima Wall. ex Edgew. & Hook.f.

Herb

Caryophyllaceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

189

Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex. Roem. & Schult.

Herb

Caryophyllaceae

Abhijalo (Np); Hachiya-gara-gamso (Me)

2200-4300

Plant: Burned and inhaled for antipyretic effect (Darjeeling: [78]). Paste useful to treat fever, cold and cough (Darjeeling: [78]) also used for dog bites (Sikkim: Database), headache and sore throat (Sikkim: [11]). Paste applied externally on fractured bone and bandaged with the help of cotton cloth; decoction administered to animal to treat mouth ulcer (Sikkim: [84]). Above ground parts: Steamed and smelled during sinus trouble (Darjeeling: [52, 78, 80]; Sikkim: [11]; Panchthar: [67]). Leaves: Pasted with Urena lobata applied for cutaneous infections (Jhapa: [68]). Useful in diarrhea and dysentery (Panchthar: [67]).

190

Drymaria diandra Blume

Herb

Caryophyllaceae

Avijalo (Np)

700-2000

Plant: Juice useful in cough, cold and sinusitis (Ilam: [73, 76]) and peptic ulcer (Ilam: [76]).

191

Drymaria villosa Cham. & Schlecht.

Herb

Caryophyllaceae

Abijalo (Np)

Shoots: Given to treat pneumonia and sinusitis (Sikkim: [75]).

192

Celastrus paniculatus Willd.

Shrub

Celastraceae

Kujur (S)

150-300

Plant: Juice taken in fever (Darjeeling: [78]). Fresh juice cures sores of throat (Darjeeling: [80]; Sikkim: [11]) and lungs (Jhapa: [66]). Bark and oil: Applied externally to treat acute stomach pain (Jhapa: [66]). Shoots: Juice taken to treat gastritis and constipation (Jhapa: [66]). Leaves: Juice used as eye drops to cure eye infection. Paste reduces swelling and applied on wounds to heal (Jhapa: [66]). Given to cattle to treat loss of appetite (Sikkim: [84]). Seeds: Paste applied on the skin allergies and good for gout (Sikkim: [11]).

193

Chenopodium album L

Herb

Chenopodiaceae

Bethu Saag (Np)

Plant: Used as appetizer, laxative, and diuretic; also useful in treatment of eye diseases, throat troubles, piles, blood heart, and spleen diseases (Sikkim: Database). Cooked and eaten as vegetable to reduce bodypain especially back pain (Sikkim: [79]). Young shoots: Consumed as vegetable (Ilam: [94]).

194

Cleome gynandra L.

Herb

Cleomaceae

Junge Phool (Np); Seta kata arak (S)

300

Leaves: Eaten as vegetable (Jhapa: [92]).

195

Garcinia cowa Roxb.

Tree

Clusiaceae

Egg tree (Eg); Kaphal (Np)

100-1300

Fruit: Sun dried and taken to treat dysentery (Sikkim: [85])

196

Hypericum uralum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

Herb

Clusiaceae

Urillo (Np)

1200-3600

Bark: Juice applied on wound and bruises (Sikkim: [75]). Seeds: Aromatic and stimulant (Sikkim: Database).

197

Mesua ferrea L., Tree

Clusiaceae

Nageeswari (Np)

400-950

Bark: Orally administered in various skin diseases (mostly poxes) and in menstrual disorder (Sikkim: Database). Bark or stem paste applied or taken orally in hydrocele and on wound (Sikkim: [53]).

198

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

Tree

Combretaceae

Bhaayure (Me); Barro (Np); Lopong (S); Baru (Dz/Sh/T/B)

300-1100

Fruit: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]) and incense (KL Bhutan: [70]). Powder drunk to treat constipation (Jhapa: [68]). Useful in bronchitis (Jhapa: [66]; Sikkim: Database), asthma and respiratory trouble.Decoctionadministered to livestock for treatment of diarrhea and dysentery (Sikkim: [84]). Bark: Used for anemia and leucoderma (Sikkim: Database).

199

Terminalia chebula Retz.

Tree

Combretaceae

Silikhaa (Me); Aaru (Dz/Sh)

150-1100

Fruits: Edible (Sikkim: [47]). Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]) and incense (KL Bhutan: [70]). Used as tonic and also to cure eye, heart and bladder diseases (Sikkim: Database). Powder taken to recover from gastric (Jhapa: [68]). Consumed during cough and sore throat and mouth ulcers (Sikkim: [79]). Powder of dried fruits and bark given in diarrhoea (Darjeeling: [86]). Fruit and/or bark decoction administered with small amounts of rock salt to cattle to treat diarrhea and dysentery (Sikkim: [84]).

200

Terminalia myriocarpa Van Heurck & Mull. Arg.

Tree

Combretaceae

Pani saaj (Np)

100-1000

Bark: Juice applied externally on cuts and wounds (Sikkim: [79]).

201

Terminalia tomentosa Wight & Arn.

Tree

Combretaceae

Bark: Use to extract dye (KL Bhutan: [70]).

202

Commelina benghalensis L.

Herb

Commelinaceae

Kane Jhar (Np)

900-1800

Leaves: Juice applied to treat conjunctivitis (Darjeeling: [74]).

203

Commelina paludosa Blume.

Herb

Commelinaceae

Bhaisen Jhar (Np)

300-3500

Root: Paste applied on boils (Darjeeling: [52]).

204

Streptolirion volubile Edgew.

Herb

Commelinaceae

1500-2400

Leaves: Crushed and applied on wounds of ear, nose and navel (Darjeeling: [52]).

205

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Climber

Convolvulaceae

Dodder (Eg); Akash Beli, Akashveli, Amarbel, Indrabeli (Np); Chamjakhikwa, Jalisang (Ri); Alakjadi (S)

200-3100

Plant: Decoction used to treat jaundice (Taplejung: [88]; Panchthar: [67]; Sikkim: [75]; Ilam: [73, 76]). Infusion taken in diarrhea, bronchitis (Panchthar: [67]; Ilam: [73, 76]), and also applied externally to treat body ache and skin infections (Jhapa: [66]). Shoots and seeds: Used to cure cough (Sikkim: [75]).

206

Cuscuta sinensis Lam.

Climber

Convolvulaceae

Bayding/dukpoo-ru (Sh)

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

207

Evolvulus alsinoides L.

Herb

Convolvulaceae

Sankha Pushpi (Np)

550-1100

Plant: Used as febrifuge and aphrodisiac (Panchthar: [67]).

208

Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L.

Herb

Convolvulaceae

Chhatbatiza (S)

150-910

Plant: Applied on scorpion sting, cut, wounds and burns (Jhapa: [66]).

209

Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.

Climber

Convolvulaceae

Karmi (S); Lahore pani sag (Np)

300-1500

Leaves and twigs: Eaten as vegetable (Jhapa: [92]). Stem: Necklace prepared and put round the neck of jaundice patient (Darjeeling: [105]).

210

Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) LaFrankie

Herb

Convolvulaceae

Khhiringlo, Khirro, Sikari-Sag (Np); Lekh Daro (Np-Dl)

2600-4300

Young leaves and tender shoots: Cooked as vegetables (Taplejung: [88]).

211

Merremia umbellata subsp. orientalis (Hallier f.) Ooststr.

Herb

Convolvulaceae

300-480

Stem: Extraction taken to enhance lactation (Jhapa: [66]).

212

Cornus capitata Wall.

Tree

Cornaceae

PhastiINamimpluse (Sh), Poitsi (Dz)

Fruits: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]).

213

Cornus macrophylla Wall.

Tree

Cornaceae

ChapoiIBaminpa (Sh), Boray poitsi (Sh), Poitsi (Dz)

Fruits: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]).

214

Griselinia lucida (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) G.Forst.

Shrub

Cornaceae

Fruits: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

215

Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken

Herb

Crassulaceae

Patharkuchi (Np)

Leaves: Paste applied on wound, bruises, swelling and insect bites (Sikkim: [69]).

216

Kalanchoe integra (Medikus) Kuntze

Herb

Crassulaceae

Hatnokane (Np)

Leaves: Juice taken orally as purgative (Sikkim: [85]).

217

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt

Climber

Cucurbitaceae

Gol Kankri (Np); Tilkocha (S)

200-900

Fruit: Unripe fruits used as vegetable (Jhapa: [92]).

218

Cucurbita pepo L.

Climber

Cucurbitaceae

Pharsi (Li)

Seeds: Powdered and taken orally for its vermifuge potency in children (Sikkim: [79]). Fruit: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

219

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey

Climber

Cucurbitaceae

Kabubotke (S)

200-1500

Leaves: Decoction used in eye infections (Jhapa: [66]).

220

Herpetospermum pedunculosum (Ser.) Baill.

Climber

Cucurbitaceae

Ban Karela (Np); Serkyi Metog (Tb); Mendok Sepu (Wi)

1500-3600

Fruit: Inner par used in stomachache and to treat bile diseases (Taplejung: [81]).

221

Momordica charantia L.

Climber

Cucurbitaceae

Tite Karela (Np, Li)

300-2100

Fruit: Juice taken as blood purifier and also helps to control diabetes (Ilam: [76]; Sikkim: [79, 96]) and treat opthalmia and bleeding (Ilam: [76]). Used as vegetable (Ilam: [76]). Leaves and fruit: Useful in gastric troubles (Darjeeling: [91]).

222

Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour.

Climber

Cucurbitaceae

Indreni (Np)

1200-2300

Roots and fruit: Extract used to treat gonorrhea, asthma, earache, and hemicrania (Ilam: [73, 76, 77]). Roots: Used in lung diseases of cattle. Fruit: Taken to cure asthma (Sikkim: Database). Leaves: Tender shoots used for vegetable (Ilam: [94]).

223

Daphniphyllum himalense (Benth.) Mull. Arg.

Tree

Daphniphyllaceae

Chandan (Np)

1200-2500

Plant: Plant has religious and aesthetic value (Sikkim: [72]).

224

Dillenia indica L.

Tree

Dilleniaceae

Ramphal (Np)

150-250

Fruit: Juice with sugar used as cooling beverage in fever and cough (Sikkim: [11], Database). Bark and leaves: Taken to cure diarrhea and dysentery (Sikkim: [11], Database).

225

Dillenia pentagyna Roxb.

Climber

Dilleniaceae

Sahad (S); Tatar (Np)

150-1500

Fruit: Edible (Jhapa: [92]).

226

Dioscorea alata L.

Climber

Dioscoreaceae

Ghartarul (Np)

600-1200

Roots: Used in fever, rash and itch, constipation, intestinal worms, leprosy, piles, and gonorrhoea. (Sikkim: Database). Eaten raw to treat throat pain (Sikkim: [11]).

227

Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Climber

Dioscoreaceae

Kaching (Lp); Ban tarul, Gittha, Kukurtarul (Np); Bengo nari (S); Tshemakewa(Dz), Borang-Joktang/Fantang (Sh)

150-2100

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Tubers: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]). Used as aphrodisiac, stomachic, appetizer (Sikkim: Database), tonic and to cure ulcer (Sikkim: [75]). Boiled and eaten after submerging them whole night in cold water (Jhapa: [92]; Darjeeling: [80]; Ilam: [94]; Sikkim: [89, 107], Database) and also used for washing clothes, to kill lice and fish and as contraceptive pills (Sikkim: Database).

228

*Dioscorea deltoidea Wall. ex Griseb.

Climber

Dioscoreaceae

Ban Tarul, Kukur Tarul (Np); Kamanduki Saplokha (Ri)

450-3100

Tubers: Cooked as vegetable; juice taken as oral contraceptives and also used in lice problems (Ilam: [76]; Taplejung: [82]).

229

Dioscorea pentaphylla L.

Climber

Dioscoreaceae

Kusok (Lp); Aser, Bantarul, Bhyakur (Np)

600-1500

Tubers: Boiled and eaten after submerging them whole night in cold water (Jhapa: [92]). Boiled and taken orally as anthelmintic and wormifuge especially against tapeworm (Darjeeling: [52]).Tubers and shoots: Used as tonic and can also cure swelling (Sikkim: [75]).

230

Shorea robusta Gaertn.

Tree

Dipterocarpaceae

Sal (Np); Sasing (Li)

150-1500

Used to extract oil (KL Bhutan: [91]). Exude used as incense (KL Bhutan: [70]). Bark: Paste applied on wound and bone fracture (KL Nepal: [53]).

231

Drosera peltata Thunb.

Herb

Droseraceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

232

Diospyros lotus L.

Tree

Ebenaceae

Gundum (Dz), Amdebu (Sh)

Fruit:Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

233

Diospyros montana Roxb.

Tree

Ebenaceae

Gada tarul (S)

500

Fruit: Pulp applied on cracks of feet (Jhapa: [66]).

234

Elaeagnus infundibularis Momiy.

Shrub

Elaeagnaceae

Bastard-Oleaster (Eg); Pirima (Li); Guenlo, Maldhendo, Madilo (Np); Tikun (Tm)

1500-2500

Fruit: Used to make alcohol (Taplejung: [81]).

235

Elaeagnus latifolia L.

Tree

Elaeagnaceae

700-2300

Fruit: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]; Sikkim: [47]).

236

Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A. Nelson

Tree

Elaeagnaceae

Fruit: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

237

Hippophae salicifolia D.Don

Shrub

Elaeagnaceae

Seabuckthorn (Eg), Achuk, Dale Chuk (Np)

2200-3500

Bark and fruit: Useful in lung dieases, skin eruptions, and irritations (Sikkim: Database). Fruit: Edible (Sikkim: [95]; KL Nepal: [83]) and also used to make vinegar (KL Nepal: [83]). Used in toothache, joint pain, liver, lungs, and phlegm diseases, menstrual disorders, dysentery, gum infection, blood disorders, diabetes and intestinal parasities (KL Nepal: [83]). Roots: Fresh root nodules chewed to stop vomitting and also to remove bad smell of mouth (Darjeeling: [49]).

238

Hippophae tibetana Schlecht.

Shrub

Elaeagnaceae

Seabuckthorn (Eg); Bhui Chuk (Np)

3800-4500

Fruit: Edible and also used to obtain yellow dye (KL Nepal: [83]).

239

Elaeocarpus sikkimensis Masters

Tree

Elaeocarpaceae

1500-2100

Fruit: Edible (Ilam: [92]; Sikkim: [95]).

240

Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K. Schum.

Tree

Elaeocarpaceae

Rudraksh (Np)

700-1700

Fruit: Used in vata and kapha disease of head and epileptic fits (Sikkim: Database). Edible (Sikkim: [89]). Seed: Paste administered to cure cough (Sikkim: [79]).

241

Elaeocarpus varunua Buch.-Ham. ex Mast.

Tree

Elaeocarpaceae

Gasha-thungsey (Sh)

Fruit: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]).

242

Agapetes serpens (Wight) Sleumer

Shrub

Ericaceae

Bandare Khorsani (Np)

1500-2600

Flowers: Edible (Sikkim: [80, 89]).

243

*Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.

Shrub

Ericaceae

Wintergreen (Eg); Singjang, Singjhangma (Li); Dhasingare, Patpate (Np); Limbuni Phool (Np-Tp); Lamchassi (Ri); Chhyaro (Sh,Wi)

1200-2600

Leaves: Used as antiseptic (Sikkim: [75]), fodder and in ritual ceremony; warm juice used to treat inflammation and swellings (Taplejung: [87]). Leaves and fruit: Decoction used to treat reheumatism (KL Nepal: [83]; Sikkim: [75]) and worms (KL Nepal: [83]; Ilam: [73]). Fruit: Ripe fruits are eaten raw (KL Nepal: [87]).

244

Gaultheria procumbens L.

Shrub

Ericaceae

Leaves: Used to extract oil (KL Bhutan: [93]).

245

Gaultheria sp.

Shrub

Ericaceae

Chanze kam (Dz); Shogshingma shing (Sh)

Whole plant: Used as incense (KL Bhutan: [70]).

246

Gaultheria trichophylla Royle

Shrub

Ericaceae

Ani Gnonzing (Sh, Wi), Sanchanchewa (Tm)

2700-4500

Fruit: Ripe fruits eaten raw (Taplejung: [81]; Darjeeling: [80]; Sikkim: [89]).

247

Lyonia ovalifolia (Wall.) Drude

Tree

Ericaceae

Lyonia (Eg); Tapeba (Li); Angeri (Np); Rangkhilayem (Ri) Dhobang (Sh); Sangemi Dongbu, Syanggomba (Wi).

1300-3300

Leaves: Dried and used as cigarette wrapper (Ilam: [81]). Infusion taken to treat scabies and dog bite (Ilam: [73, 76]).

248

Pieris formosa (Wall.) D.Don.

Tree

Ericaceae

Balu (Np); Kekphel (Li)

2000-3300

Roots: Dust applied to treat rheumatism (KL Nepal: [53]).

249

Rhododendron anthopogon D. Don

Shrub

Ericaceae

Fragrant Rhododendron (Eg); Sunpati (Np); Balu (Dz/B/Sh)

3500-5100

Aerial parts: Used as incense and snuffed to induce sneezing (Sikkim: Database). Leaves and flowers: Used for stomach, liver, and lung disorders, indigestion, sore throat, and as appetizer and in vomiting (Darjeeling: [98]; KL Nepal: [83]). Used as incense (Sikkim: Database). Flowers: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Used to cure blood dysentery (Sikkim: [75]). Whole plant: Used as incense (KL Bhutan: [70]).

250

Rhododendron arboreum Smith

Tree

Ericaceae

Porota (Gr); Tokphekalaphun, Thukphewa (Li); Gurans, Laliguras (Np); Dakbun, Tokse (Ri); Pullasa (Sn); Ladukpa, Sendok Dongbu (Wi).

1400-3600

Flowers and young leaves: Useful in dysentery (Darjeeling: [80]; Ilam: [76]; Sikkim: [11, 85]; KL Nepal: [83]), diarrhea and headache (Ilam: [76]; Sikkim: [85]). Flowers: Used to treat headache (Panchthar: [67]). Powder taken to stop bleeding in female. Flower petals clear throat choking due to fish or chicken bone (Darjeeling: [52]; Sikkim: [11]). Used to make alcohol; paste applied around eyes for good sight (Taplejung: [81]). Used to make local wine (Darjeeling: [108]; Ilam: [94]). Crushed with water and administered to livestock to treat diarrhea and dysentery (Sikkim: [97]).

251

Rhododendron campanulatum D. Don

Tree

Ericaceae

Syapu (Gr); Chimal, Nilo Chimal, Seti Chimal (Np); Kalma (Sh); Takma Singya (Tb); Khama, Saje Medok (Wl).

2800-4400

Wood: Dried and infusion taken in fever (Darjeeling: [78]). Leaves: Used to wrap tobacco (Taplejung: [81]). Flowers: Nectar edible (Taplejung: [81]).

252

Rhododendron lepidotum Wall. ex G. Don

Shrub

Ericaceae

Bhale sunpati (Np)

2100-4700

Leaves and flowers: Paste used for bile and lung disease, cold, and blood disorders (KL Nepal: [83]). Leaves: Used for incense (KL Nepal: [83]).

253

Rhododendron setosum D. Don

Shrub

Ericaceae

Sunpatay (Np); Sulo (Dz/Sh/B/T)

3700-5600

Flowers: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Leaves: Local Buddhist uses leaf as incense (Sikkim: [89]). Whole plant: Used as incense (KL Bhutan: [70]).

254

Vaccinium gaultheriifolium (Griff.) Hook. f. ex C. B. Clarke

Shrub

Ericaceae

Chyansi (Np-Tp); Khapusekma (Li)

1500-2300

Fruit: Eaten raw or pickled; juice used to treat diarrhea and dysentery (Taplejung: [81]).

255

Antidesma acidum Retz.

Shrub

Euphorbiaceae

Archal (Np)

150-1200

Bark and leaves: Used to treat cholera (Panchthar: [67]). Fruit: Consumed raw (Ilam: [94]).

256

Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.

Tree

Euphorbiaceae

250-1300

Fruits: Edible (Sikkim: [95]).

257

Baliospermum montanum (Willd.) Mull. Arg.

Shrub

Euphorbiaceae

Danti (S)

300-910

Seeds: Used in gastric disorders, gouts, and rheumatism (Jhapa: [66]).

258

Bischofia javanica Blume

Tree

Euphorbiaceae

Kainjal (Np)

150-1200

Leaves: Chewed to cure sore throat (Sikkim: [11]). Bark: Juice taken to cure diarrhea (Sikkim: [11]).

259

Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss.

Tree

Euphorbiaceae

Gayo (Li)

100-1400

Bark: Paste prepared from the bark of Bridelia retusa and Schima wallichiiapplied externally on cuts and wounds (Sikkim: [79]).

260

Croton roxburghii N. P. Balakr.

Tree

Euphorbiaceae

Guti (S)

300-750

Bark: Pounded and mixed with little amount of oil of Varanus sp. and massage on the body to relieve from measles, chicken pox, and boils (Jhapa: [66]). Roots and bark: Used as purgative (Jhapa: [66]).

261

Euphorbia griffithii Hook.f.

Herb

Euphorbiaceae

Roots: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

262

Euphorbia hirta L.

Herb

Euphorbiaceae

Aankle Jhar (Np); Gofatkhalakhachri (Me); Sangadare, pusitoa (S)

150-1500

Plant: Extraction given to lactating mother to increase the milk prodcution. Root: Given to stop vomitting (Jhapa: [66]). Young shoots: Used to treat excessive bleeding during menstruation and also in gonorrhea (Jhapa: [68]). Latex: Applied on pimples and old wounds (Jhapa: [68]) and also to treat warts and cuts (Darjeeling: [74]).

263

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch

Shrub

Euphorbiaceae

800-1200

Latex: Applied on toothache (Sikkim: [11]).

264

Euphorbia royleana Boissier

Shrub

Euphorbiaceae

Siundee (Np); Sijau (Me)

1100-1200

Latex: Applied to cure swelling of skin due to cutaneous and sub-cutaneous infection (Jhapa: [68]). Used to cure cuts and stop bleeding, to relieve from earache, cough, and asthma (Sikkim: Database).

265

Euphorbia sieboldiana C.Morren & Decne.

Herb

Euphorbiaceae

Tuber/roots: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

266

Euphorbia sikkimensis Boiss.

Herb

Euphorbiaceae

Tubers: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

267

Glochidion lanceolarium Voigt.

Shrub

Euphorbiaceae

Bangikath (Np)

Bark: Juice to taken in stomach complaints (Sikkim: [85]).

268

Homonoia riparia Lour.

Shrub

Euphorbiaceae

Khola ruis (Np); Mongthel-Kung (Lp)

Roots: Decoction taken as laxative (Sikkim: [85]).

269

Jatropha curcas L.

Shrub

Euphorbiaceae

Aanda (Me); Kaden, Hathi-kane, Sjaiwan (Np); Bhernada (S); Ngera-kharshing (Sh)

500-1200

Latex: Applied to treat toothache and swelling testicules (Jhapa: [68]). Used to stop bleeding from wounds; also applied to treat burns, eczema, ringworm (Sikkim: Database) and scabies (Jhapa: [66]). Bark: Chewed to cure mouth sores (Jhapa: [66]). Seeds: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

270

Mallotus philippinensis Muel. Arg.

Tree

Euphorbiaceae

Sindure (Np); Rora (S)

Seeds: Dried and powder applied on the wound of cattle (Sikkim: [97]). Given to pigs along-with food to kill intestinal worms, rushed and applied externally to cure wound, injuries and skin infection (Sikkim: [84]). Fruit: Powder of glandular hairs of fruits applied in sores and wounds (Jhapa: [66]). Bark: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Flowers and fruit: Use to extract dye (KL Bhutan: [70]).

271

Ricinus communis L.

Shrub

Euphorbiaceae

Aadi (Me); Iradam (S); Chamlingshing (Sh)

150-2400

Roots: Used for skin diseases. Tied as an amulet on neck of children to stop vomiting (Jhapa: [66]). Leaves: Juice used to cure headache, boils, and dysentery; paste used to cure jaundice (Sikkim: Database). Warmed with mustard oil and massaged on the body of post delivery women to cure body pain (Jhapa: [66]). Seeds: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Endosperm applied as cream on dryness of skin to cure cracking heels (Jhapa: [68]).

272

Tragia involucrata L.

Climber

Euphorbiaceae

Ban Sisnu (Np); Sangelsim (S)

400

Leaves: Paste applied on local swelling of hands and feet ([66]).

273

Abrus precatorius L.

Climber

Fabaceae

Lalgedi (Np); Karmet (S)

300-1100

Roots and fruits: Extract taken orally for abortion (KL Nepal: [53]) and also taken for tonsil and pneumonia (Sikkim: Database). Roots: Paste usedto treat urinary troubles and skin disease (Ilam: [76]) and also in cough, cold and menstrual troubles and also applied to cure wounds (Jhapa: [66]). Powder taken to treat urinary troubles and skin disease (Ilam: [76]). Leaves: Juice taken orally to relieve urinary complaints (Jhapa: [66]). Fruit: Chewed or fresh root juice administered orally during throat pain (Sikkim: [79]).

274

Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd.

Tree

Fabaceae

Toeja (Dz); Jasenshing (Sh)

Stem: Heartwood extract used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [70, 71]) and gum (KL Bhutan: [70]). Stem and roots: Use to extract dye (KL Bhutan: [70]).

275

Acacia intsia (L.) Willd.

Shrub

Fabaceae

Kondru (S)

900-1100

Root: Paste used in fever, cough and cold, and also applied against snake and scorpion sting (Jhapa: [66]). Stem: Paste with pepper taken orally to cure blood dysentery (Jhapa: [66]). Leaves: Paste applied on sores and itches (Jhapa: [66]).

276

Acacia pennata (L.) Willd.

Climber

Fabaceae

Arare (Li)

200-1100

Leaves: Chewed with sugar and cumin during bleeding gums; juice administered orally in indigestion in infants (Sikkim: [79]).

277

Aeschynomene indica L.

Herb

Fabaceae

Tal Khukuri (Np); Sola (S)

200-1300

Plant: Juice and cumin seeds used in reducing fever (Jhapa: [66]).

278

Albizia julibrissin Durazz.

Tree

Fabaceae

Padke Siris (Np)

1000-3000

Bark: Extract or paste used to treat dandruff (KL Nepal: [53]).

279

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.

Tree

Fabaceae

Harasiris (Np)

Leaves and flowers: Used to cure boils, piles, and diarrhea (Sikkim: [75]).

280

Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth.

Tree

Fabaceae

Seti Siris (Li)

300-1100

Bark: Crushed into paste and applied on forehead during fever (Sikkim: [79]).

281

Astragalus yunnanensis Franch.

Herb

Fabaceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

282

Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth.

Climber

Fabaceae

Jangali bhatmase jhar (Np); Birhorec (S)

400-1200

Plant: Paste orally administered to treat body swelling (Jhapa: [66]).

283

Bauhinia purpurea L.

Tree

Fabaceae

Tanki (Np)

300-1600

Plant used against animal bite;useful as maturant for boils and ebcesses (Sikkim: Database). Roots: Used as carminative (Sikkim: Database, [79]). Paste applied on boils (Sikkim: [79]). Bark: Used to control diarrhea (Sikkim: Database). Flowers: Used as laxative (Sikkim: Database). Leaves: Used as fodder (Ilam: [73]). Shoots: Used as vegetable (Ilam: [94])

284

Bauhinia semla Wunderlin

Tree

Fabaceae

Exude: Used as gum (KL Bhutan: [70]).

285

Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn.

Climber

Fabaceae

Makrik (Lp); Verla, Baro Lara, Bhorla (Np)

200-1300

Bark: Useful in skin disease (Sikkim: Database) and diarrhea (Sikkim: Database, [74]). Leaves: Used as demulcent (Sikkim: Database). Paste applied in factured bone (Sikkim: [97]). Seeds: Used as tonic and aphrodisiac, and also given to treat snake bite (Panchthar: [67]; Sikkim: Database). Roasted and consumed (Ilam: [92]). Seeds and leaves: Given in dysentery and used as laxative (Sikkim: [75]).

286

Bauhinia variegata L.

Tree

Fabaceae

Koiraalo, Koirala, Takki (Np)

150-1900

Root: Dried root and bark administered orally in diarrhea (Darjeeling: [86]). Decoction given to expel placenta of cattle (Sikkim: [97]). Bark: Juice taken as tonic in toothache (Sikkim: [11]). Paste taken to cure swelling, leprosy, cough, and menstrual disorder (Ilam: [73, 76]; Sikkim: [79]). Flower: Juice taken to cure dysentery, diarrhea, and stomach pain (Sikkim: Database). Buds taken for skin disease and ulcer, dried buds chewed to treat bleeding piles (Sikkim: [11]). Cooked as curry (Darjeeling: [80]; Ilam: [73, 76]; Sikkim: [89]). Fruit: Used for blood purification (Sikkim: Database).

287

Butea minor Buch.-Ham. ex Baker

Shrub

Fabaceae

Bhujetro (Np)

300-2000

Seeds: Used as anthelmintic (Panchthar: [67]).

288

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze

Shrub

Fabaceae

Palans (Np); Marup (S); Flamingo tree (Eng)

150-1200

Fruits: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Roots: Used in tuberculosis (Jhapa: [66]).

289

Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb.

Shrub

Fabaceae

Sugrong-bithai (Me)

400-500

Seeds: Fried to black with coconut oil, crushed and paste applied on scalp with the help of cock's feather for baldness (Jhapa: [68]).

290

Cassia fistula L.

Tree

Fabaceae

Raj Brichhya (Np); Mukhralaudhi (Me); Noormui Mirfu Baha (S); Dongkoshing (Sh)

150-1400

Leaves: Used for treating skin diseases, extraction taken orally taken to purify blood, and also used as laxative (Jhapa: [66]). Fruits: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Used as diuretic, purgative, and laxative (Panchthar: [67]). Used for asthma, diabetes, and eczema (Sikkim: Database). Paste used to treat the whopping cough (Jhapa: [68]).

291

Cassia occidentalis L.

Herb

Fabaceae

Thulo Tapre (Np)

200-1400

Flowers and seeds: Paste applied in minor skin infection and inflammation (Jhapa: [68]).

292

Cassia sophera L.

Shrub

Fabaceae

Tapre (Np); Chakora (S)

700-1000

Bark and seeds: Infusion given in diabetes (Jhapa: [66]).

293

Cassia tora L.

Herb

Fabaceae

Tapre (Np); Chakora, Bhede deren (S)

450-1300

Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Leaves: Extraction applied on ringworm and itch (Jhapa: [66]).

294

Crotalaria pallida Aiton

Herb

Fabaceae

Chhinchhinne (Np)

200-1750

Roots: Juice drunk to cure body-swelling problems (Jhapa: [68]).

295

Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC.

Shrub

Fabaceae

300-1000

Roots: Used in snake and scropion bite (Jhapa: [66]).

296

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC

Herb

Fabaceae

Sano Chameli (Np)

600-2300

Leaves: Juice consumed to treat diarrhoea and dysentery (Darjeeling: [74]).

297

Entada phaseoloides (L.) Merr.

Climber

Fabaceae

Pangra (Np), Kolokpu-sae (Sh)

350-1600

Seeds: Used as astringent and emetic (Panchthar: [67]; Sikkim: Database) and also useful to treat dandruff (Panchthar: [67]). Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

298

Entada pursaetha subsp. sinohimalensis Grierson & D. G. Long

Climber

Fabaceae

400-1500

Bark: Juice applied externally to cure skin disease (Sikkim: [11]). Seeds: Paste applied to treat mumps; powder acts as antidandruff agent (Sikkim: [11]).

299

Erythrina arborescens Roxb.

Tree

Fabaceae

Phaledo (Np); Gyesey Kung (L)

1500-3000

Leaves and bark: Curative efficacies for skin diseases (Sikkim: [75]). Seed: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

300

Erythrina stricta Roxb.

Tree

Fabaceae

Phaledo (Np); Chhasey (Dz); Kharshing (Sh)

1000-1600

Bark and leaves: Paste given in rheumatism, fever, asthma, and epilepsy (Ilam: [73]). Seed: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

304

Erythrina suberosa Roxb.

Tree

Fabaceae

Phaledo (Np); Buru marar (S)

900-1200

Bark: Grinded with bark of Oroxylum indicum and given as antidote (Jhapa: [66]).

302

Flemingia macrophylla (Willd.) Merr.

Shrub

Fabaceae

Barvasi (Np)

700-1700

Plant: Decoction given to cattle to cure blood dysentery (Sikkim: [97]).

303

Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

Herb

Fabaceae

Jethimadhu (Np)

Roots: Given in cough, fever, dysentery, and chronic hepatitis (Sikkim: Database).

304

Indigofera sp.

Tree

Fabaceae

Leaves: Use to extract dye (KL Bhutan: [70]).

305

Macrotyloma uniflorum (Lam.) Verdc.

Tree

Fabaceae

Gahat (Li)

450-2800

Seeds: Decoction used to remove stone developed in kidney (Sikkim: [79]).

306

Mimosa pudica L.

Herb

Fabaceae

Lazzawathi (Np); Jhapani (S)

200-1200

Plant: Juice given to relieve from diarrhoea (Ilam: [73]; Darjeeling: [86]), dysentery, and in treatment of hydrocele (Ilam: [73]). Roots and leaves: Paste used in case of piles (Darjeeling: [91]; Sikkim: [11], Database) and kidney problems (Sikkim: Database). Roots: Used in treating asthma, fever, cough, dysentery, vaginal and uterine complaint (Sikkim: Database). Paste applied externally to treat boils (Sikkim: [11]). Juice taken to cure epilepsy and sexual weakness also used to cure eye troubles (Jhapa: [66]). Powder used to clean tooth (Darjeeling: [74]).

307

Moghania strobilifera (L.) J. St.-Hil. ex Kuntze

Shrub

Fabaceae

Barakaulijhar (Np)

300-2300

Roots: Juice taken in indigestion, insomnia and epilepsy (Darjeeling: [74]).

308

Mucuna macrocarpa Wall.

Shrub

Fabaceae

Seeds: Powder taken as anthelmentic (Sikkim: [11]).

309

Mucuna monosperma Wall.

Shrub

Fabaceae

Baldengra (Np, Li)

Seeds: Act as expectorant in cough (Sikkim: [79]).

310

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC.

Herb

Fabaceae

Kauso (Np); Etka (S)

100-1700

Leaves: Paste used in boils, blisters, and ulcers (Jhapa: [66]). Roots and seeds: Used as antipyretic and aphrodisiac (Panchthar: [67]). Roots: Used in delirium (Jhapa: [66]). Seeds: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

311

Oxytropis japonica Maxim.

Herb

Fabaceae

Whole plant: Used as medicinal (KL Bhutan: [71]).

312

Tamarindus indica L.

Tree

Fabaceae

Jojo (S) Imli, Titri (Np), Titri (Me)

200-900

Bark: Decoction given in paralysis, ulcers, and inflammations. Infusion along with bark of Ziziphus mauritiana, Anthocephalus chinensis, Shorea robusta, Streblus asper and black salt given to cure flatulence in cattle (Jhapa: [66]). Fruit: Edible (Jhapa: [92]). Used for cough and blood disorders (Sikkim: Database). Seeds: Paste eaten to cure stomachache (Jhapa: [68]).

313

Vigna vexillata (L.) A. Rich.

Herb

Fabaceae

Bir ghangra (S)

Tubers and seeds: Eaten as vegetable (Jhapa: [68]).

314

Castanopsis hystrix Miq.

Tree

Fagaceae

Patle Katus (Np)

1800-2400

Fruit: Eaten raw (Darjeeling: [80]; Ilam: [94]; Sikkim: [72, 89]).

315

Castanopsis indica (Roxb.) Miq.

Tree

Fagaceae

Katoos (Np)

1200-2900

Fruit: Roasted and consumed (Ilam: [94]).

316

Castanopsis tribuloides (Sm.) A. DC.

Tree

Fagaceae

Musure Katus (Np)

450-2300

Fruit: Edible (Sikkim: [89]).

Leaves: Good ingredients for compost (Sikkim: [89]).

317

Quercus glauca Thunb.

Tree

Fagaceae

Phalat (Np); Yahi (Li)

Bark: Paste applied on bone fracture (KL Nepal: [53]).

318

Quercus griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq.

Tree

Fagaceae

Sisi (Dz); Benangshing (Sh)

Seeds: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

319

Gynocardia odorata Roxburgh

Tree

Flacourtiaceae

Gantay (Np)

800-1000

Fruit: Used to extract oil (KL Bhutan: [93]). Juice taken or eaten raw in fever (Darjeeling: [78]). Seeds: Seed oil applied on skin diseases and leprosy (Sikkim: [75]), also used for massage purpose for infants (Sikkim: [79]). Ripen seeds roasted and the oil extracted to use in various purposes (Ilam: [94]).

320

Gentiana grandiflora Laxm.

Herb

Gentianaceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

321

Gentiana stylophora C.B.Clarke

Herb

Gentianaceae

Floral parts: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

322

Gentiana urnula Harry Sm.

Herb

Gentianaceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

323

Gentiana veitchiorum Hemsl.

Herb

Gentianaceae

Gangi- Pangenmotok (Dz)

Whole plant/flowers: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

324

Halenia elliptica D.Don

Herb

Gentianaceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

325

Swertia angustifolia Buch. Ham. ex D. Don

Herb

Gentianaceae

Vaale Chirayito (Np)

600-3300

Plant: Extract used to treat fever, cough, and cold (Ilam: [73]).

326

Swertia bimaculata (Sieb. & Zucc) C. B. Clarke

Herb

Gentianaceae

Chiraito, Tite (Np)

900-3700

Plant: Used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, and fever (Taplejung: [81]).

327

*Swertia chirayita (Roxb. ex Fleming) Karsten

Herb

Gentianaceae

Tikta (Km, Sh, Wi); Sungkhinwa (Li); Chiraito, Chiraita, Tite (Np); Khalu (Nw); Kuple (Ri); Kirattikta (Sn); Timda (Tm); Gya-Tig, Tigta (Tb)

1200-3000

Plant and seeds: Plant infusion and crushed seeds considered most effective in treating fever (Taplejung: [81]; KL Nepal: [83, 103]; Ilam: [73, 76]), asthma, cold, and cough (Darjeeling: [80]; Taplejung: [81, 87]; KL Nepal: [83, 103]; Sikkim: [11]; Ilam: [73, 76]). Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Used to treat ulcer, asthma, inflammation, and piles (Darjeeling: [80]). Taken as tonic and also in leucoderma and skin diseases (Darjeeling: [69, 78, 80]). Decoction taken to cure cold, cough, diarrhea, and stomachache (Darjeeling: [69]; Sikkim: [11, 79]). Shoots: Taken in dyspepsia (Sikkim: [75]). Leaves: Mixed with young stem of Achyranthes aspera and stem bark of Phyllanthus emblica and decoction given to cure fever and cholera (Jhapa: [66]).

328

Swertia multicaulis D. Don

Herb

Gentianaceae

Sharma Guru (Np, Tm); Sepu Gundum (Sh, WI)

4000-4900

Roots: Decoction used to treat fever, cough, bodyache, and internal injuries; paste applied to prevent bleeding and infection from cuts and wounds (Taplejung: [81, 82, 87, 88]).

329

Swertia nervosa (G. Don) C. B. Clarke

Herb

Gentianaceae

Chiraito, Bhale Chiraito, God Tito (Np)

700-3000

Roots: Used to treat fever, cough, and cold (Taplejung: [82, 88]).

330

Geranium donianum Sweet

Herb

Geraniaceae

Ragatgeri (Np)

3200-4800

Plant:Juice consumed in renal complications and dysentery (Darjeeling: [74]).

331

Geranium lambertii Sweet

Herb

Geraniaceae

Roots:Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

332

Geranium nepalense Sweet

Herb

Geraniaceae

Bhanda (Np)

Whole plant: Used as astringent (Sikkim: [75]).

333

Aeschynanthus parviflorus (D.Don) Spreng.

Shrub

Gesneriaceae

Roots: Decoction used to treat fever (Darjeeling: [78]).

334

Didymocarpus villosus D.Don

Herb

Gesneriaceae

Kumkum (Np)

900-2400

Leaves: Smoked for its laxative action (KL Nepal: [53]).

335

Dichroa febrifuga Lour.

Shrub

Hydrangeaceae

Aseru, Basauli, Bhahak, Pahare Basak, Vasak (Np); Khasrte, Patre, Polokamji (Gr); Kiplisang (Ri), Dharmen (Tm); Borang-yangshabu (Sh)

900-2500

Roots: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Used as tonic (Sikkim: [75]). Decoction taken to treat malarial fever (Ilam: [76]; Taplejung: [87]; Sikkim: [91], Database). Roots and leaves: Decoction taken for cough and fever (Darjeeling: [78, 80]; Ilam: [76]; Sikkim: [11, 89]). Fruit: Used as febrifuge (Panchthar: [67]). Ink prepared from berries (Sikkim: [11]).

336

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn.

Herb

Hypoxiadaceae

Kalo musali, Musali Kanda (Np); Gahot (S)

500-1100

Roots/rhizomes: Taken in stomachache, physical weakness (Jhapa: [66]), jaundice, cholera, and diarrhea (Darjeeling: [49]; Panchthar: [67]). Rhizome paste used against skin complaints, stomach ulcer, white discharge in women and dyspepsia (Darjeeling: [49]). Infusion used in gastritis and piles (Darjeeling: [49]).

337

Belamcanda chinensis (L.) Redoute

Herb

Iridaceae

Tarware phool (Np)

100-2200

Rhizomes: Freshly collected and eaten in stomachache and also taken orally as antidote to food poisoining (Darjeeling: [52]).

338

Iris decora Wall.

Herb

Iridaceae

Fruits: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

339

Engelhardia spicata Lesch. ex Blume

Tree

Juglandaceae

Yakpohama (Li), Mauwa (Np), Bokto, Oksipou (Ri)

400-2500

Bark: Used in diarrhea and dysentery; paste used in bone fracture (Taplejung: [88]).

340

*Juglans regia L.

Tree

Juglandaceae

Okhar (Np)

1000-2000

Bark: Used for dye and acts as detergent (Darjeeling: [80]; Sikkim: [89]). Juice taken to get rid from intestinal worms (Darjeeling: [86]; Sikkim: [11, 79]). Stem bark: Decoction taken to cure arthritis, rheumatism, skin diseases and toothache (Sikkim: [79]). Bark and leaves: Juice used as fish poison (Sikkim: [11]). Leaves: Paste applied on the hoof diseases of cattle (Sikkim: [97]) Fruit: Oil used for headache (Darjeeling: [80]). Used in rheumatism (Darjeeling: [91]). Nuts: Edible (Darjeeling: [80]; Ilam: [94]; Sikkim: [89]). Shell crushed and obtained black color (Sikkim: [11]).

341

Juglans regia var kamaonia L.

Tree

Juglandaceae

Himalayan Walnut (Eg); Akhor (Gr); Katutung, Takshing, Koto (Gr-Mn); Khayusin, Khesik (Li); Okhar, Hande Okhar (Np); Khaisi (Ri); Akshotak (Sn)

1200-3000

Bark: Paste used for poisoning fish. Fruit: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]). Boiled in water to extract dye. Used to treat pneumonia and wounds (Panchthar: [67]). Seeds: Eaten as tonic or to treat throat pain; hard cover of the fruit applied on gout or to treat throat and chest pain (Taplejung: [87, 88]).

342

Juncus grisebachii Buchenau

Herb

Juncaceae

Juncus (C)

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

343

Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze

Herb

Lamiaceae

Nirepati, Jhusule, Rato Charpate, Rato Pat (Np); Jinting (Sh)

200-2400

Roots: Juice taken to cure fever, soar throat, diarrhea, and dysentery (Taplejung: [88]).

344

Clerodendrum infortunatum L.

Shrub

Lamiaceae

Chitu (Np)

Leaves: Used as anthelminthic, fresh juice used as tonic and febrifuge (Sikkim: Database).

345

Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Rajbeli (Np); Lakhanaat (Me); Varni (S)

100-1500

Plant: Infusion boiled in water along with the leaves of Azadirachta indica and bath to treat scabies and skin diseases (Jhapa: [66]). Roots: Paste used as anti-poison (Jhapa: [68]). Leaves: Paste used as hair tonic (Jhapa: [66]). Leaf juice consumed to treat leucoderma and hydrophobia (Darjeeling: [74]).

346

Clinopodium umbrosum (M.Bieb.) C. Koch

Climber

Lamiaceae

Suparnasa (Np)

180-3400

Leaves: Juice used to treat cuts and burns (Panchthar: [67]).Eaten as vegetable to maintain good health (Darjeeling: [74]).

347

Colebrookea oppositifolia Sm.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Dhursuli (Np); Dhusor (Me)

250-1700

Leaves: Paste applied in wounds and inflammation of skin (Jhapa: [68]). Juice used to treat cuts and bruises (Panchthar: [67]).Juice taken in dysentery (Sikkim: [79]). Bud extract applied in opthalmic problems (KL Nepal: [53]).

348

Elsholtzia blanda (Benth.) Benth.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Jungali Tulsi, Ban Silam (Np)

Roots: Powder paste with mustard oil applied on the scabies affected area of cattle (Sikkim: [84]). Leaves: Juice given in diarrhoea (Darjeeling: [74]). Shoots: Taken in gastritis (Sikkim: [75]).

349

Elsholtzia fruticosa (D.Don) Rehder

Shrub

Lamiaceae

Chhinik (Np); Aamgora, Kansata (Sh); Jirug Serpo (Km, Tb); Furmi (Wl)

1800-4200

Plant: Religious value (Taplejung: [81]). Leaves and spikes: Used as incense (Taplejung: [81]). Roots: Given against tonsilitis (Darjeeling: [52]).

350

Eriophyton wallichii Benth.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

351

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

Shrub

Lamiaceae

Arridari (S)

150-1000

Plant: Paste applied on skin infections (Jhapa: [66]). Leaves: Juice warmed and applied over lice and parasities infected area (Darjeeling: [74]).

352

Isodon coetsa (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don) Kudô

Herb

Lamiaceae

Mire (Np)

600-3400

Leaves and shoots: Used to treat cuts and wounds (Panchthar: [67]).

353

Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Drona puspi (Np); Gante Jhar (Np)

150-2400

Plant: Used to treat pneumonia and wounds (Panchthar: [67]) Leaves: Decoction given in menstrual disorders (KL Nepal: [53]).

354

Leucas indica (L.) R. Br. ex Vatke

Herb

Lamiaceae

Khaangkareh (Me); Gummi (Np); Durup (S)

70-1000

Leaves: Crushed with Euphorbia hirta and let to inhale for sinusites and nasal infection (Jhapa: [68]). Decoction massaged on forehead to relieve headache; drops poured in nostril to cure sinusitis and earache; juice taken in asthma, and also applied in geneital organs to cure venereal diseases (Jhapa: [66]).

355

Leucosceptrum canum Sm.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Cheeongkung (L)

1000-2600

Roots and leaves: Used for epilepsy and wound (Sikkim: [75]).

356

Melissa axillaris (Benth.) Bakh. f., Herb

Lamiaceae

Sugandhi (Np)

Leaves: Juice taken with honey to cure fever (Darjeeling: [78]).

357

Mentha arvensis L.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Padina (Np, Li)

1200-2000

Leaves: Juice given to treat rheumatism, fever, weakness, ulcer, wounds, jaundice, cough, asthma and cuts (Ilam: [76]). Fresh leaves chewed during gastritis and acidity (Sikkim: [79]).

358

Mentha piperita L.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Pudhina (Np)

Plant: Paste taken in bodyache (Darjeeling: [52]). Leaves: Juice, paste or oil taken in painful urination, stomach problems and indigestion (Ilam: [76]).

359

Mentha sp.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Leaves: Used as spices (KL Bhutan: [70]).

360

Ocimum tenuiflorum L.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Tulasipatta (S)

400-900

Leaves: Leaves are pounded and given with unboiled rice in cough and bronchitis (Jhapa: [66]). Chewed to cure mouth ulcers (Sikkim: [79]). Juice given in cardiopathy, asthma, bronchitis, snake bite, urinary disorders (Ilam: [76]).

361

Orthosiphon incurvus Benth.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Tite (Np)

Plant: Juice given to cure tooth decay, diarrhoea, wounds, and cuts (Ilam: [73, 76]).

362

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton

Herb

Lamiaceae

Silam (Np, Li)

600-2400

Seeds: Dried seeds chewed to cure cough and nausea (Sikkim: [79]).

363

Phlomoides rotata (Benth. ex Hook.f.) Mathiesen

Herb

Lamiaceae

Whole plant: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

364

Pogostemon amarantoides Benth.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Solomon, Namnam (Bhu)

900-2100

Young leaves: Used as vegetables (Bhutan: [102]).

365

Pogostemon benghalensis(Burm. f.) Kuntze

Shrub

Lamiaceae

Rudilo (Np)

150-1300

Young shoots: Grounded and given to treat sores of mouth and tounge (Jhapa: [66]).

366

Salvia campanulata Wall. ex Benth.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Flowers: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

367

Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth.

Herb

Lamiaceae

2000-3000

Whole plant: Given against diabetes (Darjeeling: [52]).

368

Salvia sp.

Herb

Lamiaceae

Flower: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

369

Siphocranion macranthum (J. D. Hooker) C. Y. Wu

Herb

Lamiaceae

1300-3200

Shoots: Taken in gastric (Sikkim: [75]).

370

Holboellia latifolia Wall.

Tree

Lardizabalaceae

Golfa (Np)

2400-3200

Roots: Effective for rheumatism (Sikkim: [75]). Fruit: Edible (Darjeeling: [72, 80]; Sikkim: [89]). Stem: Used to make bangles, which are believed to give from orthopedic problems (Darjeeling [80]).

371

Cinnamomum bejolghota (Buch.-Ham.) Sweet

Tree

Lauraceae

Bhalay Linkauli (Np)

600-1800

Bark: Used as condiment (Sikkim: [72]).

372

*Cinnamomum glaucescens (Nees) Hand.-Mazz.

Tree

Lauraceae

Phagpanengshing (Sh)

Wood: Used as incense (KL Bhutan: [70]).

373

Cinnamomum impressinervium Meisn.

Tree

Lauraceae

Sisi (Np)

1220-1830

Seeds: Edible (Darjeeling: [80]). Leaves: Used as a substitute of bay leaf (Sikkim: [72]).

374

*Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) Nees & Eberm.

Tree

Lauraceae

Sinkauli, Tejpat (Np); Pinge (Gur); Pataarangkhi (Rai); Shishi (She)

450-2000

Bark: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Given in gonorrhea (Sikkim: Database).Extract used in stomach disorders (Sikkim: [79]). Leaves: Used as stimulant in rheumatism, and also in colic and diarrhea (Sikkim: Database). Rubbed on the body to cure scabies (Sikkim: [11]), throat allergy and to increase appetite (Jhapa: [68]). Used as condiments (KL Bhutan: [70]). Ilam: [94]).

375

Cinnamomum verum J.Presl

Tree

Lauraceae

Leaves: Used as incense (KL Bhutan: [70]).

376

Lindera neesiana (Wall ex Nees) Kurz

Tree

Lauraceae

Gutum Phopri (Gr-Mn); Waregpa (Li); Sil Timmur, Phenlo Khapate (Np); Kongkochi (Ri); Kutumba (Tm)

1800-2700

Bark and fruit: Used as aromatic and carminative (Sikkim: [85]). Fruit: Used in cough, cold, fever, and cholera; fried in butter and used during gastritis; also used in pickle (Taplejung: [87, 88]). Given to treat headache (Panchthar: [67]). Seeds: Powder taken to stop vomiting (Sikkim: [11]).

377

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers.

Tree

Lauraceae

Siltimur (Np); Tanghaercherkerng (L)

Flowers: Used in stomach disorders (Sikkim: [11, 75], Database). Fruit: Taken orally as carminative (Sikkim: [85]). Used to make chutney (Darjeeling: [80]; Sikkim: [11]). Dried fruits used in nausea and giddiness (Darjeeling: [80]).

378

Litsea glutinosa Lour.

Tree

Lauraceae

Kawala, Suppatnyok (Np)

Leaves and bark: Decoction taken to treat dysentery (Sikkim: [79]).

379

Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers.

Tree

Lauraceae

Ratmanti, Sunyokkung (Np)

Bark: Decoction taken to treat diarrhea (Sikkim: [85]).

380

Machilus edulis King.

Tree

Lauraceae

Pumpsi, Lapche Kaulo, Lapchephal (Np)

Fruit: Edible (KL Bhutan: [70]; Ilam: [94]; Sikkim: [47, 89]). Leaves: Used as fodder (Sikkim: [89]).

381

Machilus sp.

Tree

Lauraceae

Bark: Used as incense (KL Bhutan: [70]).

382

Persea odoratissima (Nees) Kostermans

Tree

Lauraceae

Lalikaulo (Np)

1000-2000

Fruit: Edible (Sikkim: [89]). Leaves: Good fodder (Sikkim: [89]).

383

Careya arborea Roxb.

Tree

Lecythidaceae

Khumbhi (S)

200-600

Bark: Grounded with cumin seeds and given to treat indigestion and flatulence (Jhapa: [66]).

384

Leea macrophylla Roxb. ex Hornem.

Shrub

Leeaceae

Galeni, Galoni (Np)

1500-1700

Root: Used to cure snake bite (Panchthar: [67]). Seeds: Chewed to treat viral fever. Wrapped by cloths and tied around the neck of the children to cure stomach pain (Sikkim: [11]).

385

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.

Herb

Liliaceae

Ghiu kumari (Np)

1200-1400

Plant: Used for antihypergycemic effect (Sikkim: [96]). Purgative (Sikkim: Database) and used on burns and skin complaints (Jhapa: [66]; Panchthar: [67]; KL Nepal: [53]; Sikkim: Database, [79]). Leaves: Chewed to cure skin and uterine disorder and jaundice (Jhapa: [68]; Ilam: [73, 76]). Used as stomachic, tonic, purgative and anthelmintic. Juice put on head in high fever to reduce body temperature (Sikkim: [69]).

386

*Asparagus racemosus Willd.

Herb

Liliaceae

Kurilo (Np); Kedar nari (S); Ngalalkom (Sh); Ngakhacho (Dz)

300-2200

Roots: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]). Useful for diabetes, jaundice and urinary disorder (Sikkim: Database). Extract used in diabetes and tuberculosis (Darjeeling: [52]) and applied externally on bone fracture and joint dislocation (Darjeeling: [52]). Also used as diuretic, demulcent, aphrodisiac, refrigerant, tonic, expectorant, astringent, and appetizer (KL Nepal: [83]; Darjeeling: [52]; Panchthar: [67]). Powder taken to enhance lactation for mothers and also useful in anemia and diarrhoea (Ilam: [73, 76, 77]). Grounded with root of Musa paradisiaca and drunk to cure gonorrhea; decoction given in fever (Jhapa: [66]). Mixed with hay or grain to feed the cattle for fortnight to increase milk-yield (Sikkim: [84]). Paste administered orally in fever, cough and cold. Fruit: Eaten to treat pimples (Sikkim: [79]). Shoots: Cooked as vegetable (Taplejung: [82]; KL Nepal: [83]; Panchthar: [67]).

387

Disporum cantoniense (Lour.) Merr.

Herb

Liliaceae

Mhajari (Np)

700-3000

Roots: Used to treat sprains (Panchthar: [67]).

388

Fritillaria cirrhosa D. Don

Herb

Liliaceae

Snake's head fritillary (Eg); Ban lasun, Kakolee (Np)

3000-4600

Bulb: Boiled and eaten (KL Nepal: [83]). Used in tuberculosis (Sikkim: [75]) and to treat asthma (KL Nepal: [83]; Sikkim: [75]), bronchitis, and bleeding during cough (Sikkim: [75]).

389

Fritillaria delavayi Franch.

Herb

Liliaceae

Tsika (Dz)

Bulb: Used as medicine (KL Bhutan: [71]).

390

Gloriosa superba L.

Herb

Liliaceae

Langarey Tarul (Np)

400-2200

Roots and flowers: Useful in chronic ulcers, leprosy, piles, and abdominal pains (Sikkim: Database).

391

Lilium nepalense D. Don

Herb

Liliaceae

Ban Lasun (Np)

2300-3400

Plant: Powder used to flavouring dishes; juice taken as tonic (Ilam: [73]). Bulb: Used to treat scabies and boils (Panchthar: [67]).

392

Paris polyphylla Smith

Herb

Liliaceae

Love Apple (Eg); Satuwa (Gr); Tangma (Km); Satuwa, Tintale Banko (Np); Haimavati (Sn); Natar Dhap (Tm)

1800-3500

Roots: Used as antidotes (Sikkim: [75]) and in stomachache (Taplejung: [81, 82]) and fever (Taplejung: [81, 82]; Sikkim: [75]). Powder applied to heal wound (Darjeeling: [49]; Taplejung: [81]; KL Nepal: [83]). Infusion taken as tonic and also used in diarrhea, dysentery (KL Nepal: [83]; Ilam: [73]) and fever (Darjeeling: [78]). Infusion taken to treat respiratory disorders and worms (Ilam: [76]).

393

Polygonatum hookeri Baker

Herb

Liliaceae

Ranye (Km), Pangi Ranye (Tb)

2900-5000

Roots: Eaten raw (Taplejung: [87]).

394

Smilax bracteata C. Presl subsp. verruculosa (Merrill) T. Koyama

Climber

Liliaceae

Kukurdine (Np)

1900

Stem: Used for brushing teeth to cure pyorrhoea and gingivitis (Darjeeling: [52]).

395

Smilax ovalifolia Roxb. ex. D. Don

Climber

Liliaceae