Table 1 The list of fungi and plants used for food in Zhagana valley
Latin name checked in the Plant List | IPA pronunciation of local name [etymology given in square brackets], pronunciations without clear sound recordings in () brackets | Part used | Preparation | No. of interviews where mentioned | Specimen Number for fungi it begins with WA 00000517; for plants begins with WUK Kang |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fungi | |||||
Agaricus campestris L. (Agaricaceae) | po χá χa mbi | m | boiled / fried | 13 | 14 |
Gomphus clavatus (Pers.) Gray (Gomphaceae) | tɕu tsə́ χɔ̃ [square mushroom] | m | boiled / fried | 10 | 24 |
Carathelasma imperiale (Quél.) Singer (Tricholomataceae) | χɔ̃ bo du | m | boiled / fried | 11 | 37 |
Lactarius deliciosus (L.) Gray var. deterrimus (Russulaceae) | χɔ̃ má, χɔ̃ má má [red mushroom] | m | boiled / fried, dried for winter, highly valued | 23 | 25, 32 |
Leucopaxillus giganteus (Sowerby) Singer (Tricholomataceae) | χɔ̃ kǎː [white mushroom] | m | boiled / fried | 11 | 13, 15 |
Clitocybe fragrans (With.) P. Kumm. (Tricholomataceae) Russula aurea Pers., Russula formula Jul. Schäff. Russula sp. (at least 3 species of Russula are used) (Russulaceae) | si di χõ [bird mushroom] | m | boiled / fried, Russula is eaten raw | 3 | C. fragrans – 26, R. formula – 19, 35, R, aurea – 33, R. sp. – 27, 38 |
an edible lichen | wɔ tsə́ lɯɣ | m | 1 | – | |
Morchella elata Fr. (Morchellaceae) | kú ku χɔ̃ [cuckoo mushroom] | m | boiled / fried, dried for winter, mainly for sale, highly valued | 11 | 10 |
Auricularia auricula judae (Bull.) Quél. (Auriculariaceae) | duː na ʑʉ (na ju) [du = tree, naju = ear] | m | boiled / fried, dried for winter | 10 | 17 |
Ramaria spp. (Gomphaceae) | sa sə́ si sʉ [sasa are white forms, sisi – yellow and mama – red ones, red is best, white the worst] | m | boiled / fried, highly valued | 16 | 12, 16, 18, 31, 36 |
Sarcodon sp. (S. cf scabripes (Peck) Banker?) (Bankeraceae) | lá χɔ̃ [eagle mushroom] | m | boiled / fried | 15 | 32 |
unidentified fugus | ta pu ta χṍ | m | boiled / fried | 9 | – |
unidentified fugus | (po dzɨ h χõ) | m | boiled / fried | 3 | – |
unidentified fugus | si χõ | m | boiled / fried | 3 | – |
unidentified fugus | (χõ dõ ʐu) | m | boiled / fried | 10 | – |
unidentified fungus | ɕa χõ | m | boiled / fried | 2 | – |
unidentified fungus | ni mbi χõ | m | boiled / fried | 3 | – |
unidentified fungus | tɕo χõ | m | boiled / fried | 1 | – |
unidentified fungus | dʐa si χõ | m | boiled / fried | 4 | – |
unidentified fungus | (χõ tuo ʑaoʑa) | m | boiled / fried | 1 | – |
Vascular plants | |||||
Allium chrysanthum Regel (Alliaceae) | ndzy ri, gu sɪ | fl, l | spice, dried for winter, highly valued | 22 | 32 |
Allium cyaneum Regel (Alliaceae) | dzǎː | fl, l | spice, dried for winter, highly valued | 18 | 37 |
Allium sp. (Alliaceae) | fl, l | spice | 1 | – | |
Allium sp. (white flowers) (Alliaceae) | tɕʰa lá gu du | fl, l | spice, dried for winter, highly valued | 15 | 45 |
Angelica cf laxifoliata Diels (Apiaceae) | ŋo tɕo lá | l | boiled / fried | 4 | 38 |
Aralia chinensis L. (Araliaceae) | ka mó li ta | l (buds) | boiled / fried | 1 | 26 |
Artemisia sp. (Compositae) | mo ta χa | l | boiled / fried | – | |
Berberis circumserrata (C.K.Schneid.) C.K.Schneid. (Berberidaceae) | tsʰa ma si tsʰən, si tɕʰã́ | l, fl | raw snack | 1 | 18 |
Berberis potaninii Maxim. (Berberidaceae) | tsʰa ma si tsʰən, si tɕʰã́ | l, fl | raw snack | 1 | 21 |
Berberis sp. (Berberidaceae) | tsʰa ma si tsʰən, si tɕʰã́ | l, fl | raw snack | 1 | 36 |
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae) | sʰo ká | L | boiled / fried | 1 | 40 |
Carum buriaticum Turcz. (Apiaceae) | dəm b gu ɲi | F | powdered, used as sausage spice | 11 | 24 |
Chenopodium album L. (Amaranthaceea) | ni lɔ́ | L | boiled / fried | 15 | 10 |
Cirsium sp. (Asteraceae) | tʰo xá | L | boiled / fried | 2 | 39 |
Elaeagnus rhamnoides (L.) A.Nelson (Eleagnaceae) | la tá | F | raw snack | 10 | 11 |
Epilobium angustifolium L. (Onagraceae) | ŋo tɕo la | Sh | boiled / fried, only famine food | 1 | 33 |
Equisetum sp.? (Equisetaceae) | na dza ko rẽ | Sh | boiled / fried | 3 | – |
Fragaria orientalis Losinsk. (Rosaceae) | a ji sa | F | raw snack | 21 | 27 |
a Gentianaceae species | a nə́ ne, me tu pa pa | N | raw snack | 5 | – |
Lonicera sp. (Caprofoliaceae) | ra nə́ | F | raw snack | 12 | – |
Ixeris chinensis (Thunb. ex Thunb.) Nakai (Asteraceae) | pʰa ki | L | boiled / fried | 7 | 30 |
Mentha canadensis L. (Lamiaceae) | (dəm b ja na) | L | boiled / fried | 1 | 25 |
Notopterygium incisum K.C.Ting ex H.T.Chang (Apiaceae) | ŋɔ́ tɔ | L | boiled / fried, dried for winter, highly valued | 23 | 35 |
Oxytropis sp. (Fabaceae) | rə ŋge ɕe li | F | famine food | 1 | 41 |
Persicaria vivipara (L.) Ronse Decr. (Polygonaceae) | ræ mbə́ | F | seeds soaked overnight to remove bitterness | 20 | 12 |
Picea asperata Mast. (Pinaceae) | tɔ tɕʰə́ | Ss | raw snack | 44 | |
Picea wilsonii Mast. (Pinaceae) | tɔ tɕʰə́ | Ss | raw snack | 43 | |
Potentilla anserina L. (Rosaceae) | tsɔ̃̌ | R | boiled with butter and sugar/rice to make a ceremonial dish, highly valued | 17 | 16 |
Prinsepia uniflora Batalin (Rosaceae) | ɔsʰi | F | raw snack | 2 | 42 |
Prunus salicifolia Kunth (Rosaceae) | tɕe lə́ | F | raw snack | 11 | 34 |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn var. latiusculum (Desv.) Underw. ex A. Heller. (Dennstaedtiaceae) | ɕá la | L | boiled / fried, dried for winter, highly valued | 30 | 6 |
Rheum officinale Baill. (Polygonaceae) | lají | St | raw snack on mountain treks | 14 | 29 |
Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae) | tɕĩ́, zɔ zẽ́ | St | raw snack on mountain treks | 13 | 19 |
Ribes alpestre Wall. ex Decne. (Grossulariaceae) | sʰe ró | F | raw snack | 17 | 9 |
Ribes vilmorinii Jancz. (Grossulariaceae) | sʰi nã́ | F | raw snack | 13 | 7 |
Rosa omeiensis Rolfe (Rosaceae) | sa ka də la zə́ | Sh | raw snack | 8 | 28 |
Rubus amabilis Focke (Rosaceae) | sʰi mã́ | F | raw snack | 18 | 8 |
Rubus pileatus Focke (Rosaceae) | sʰi mã́ | F | raw snack | x | 2 |
Rubus pungens Cambess (Rosaceae). | sʰi mã́ | F | raw snack | x | 3 |
Rubus xanthocarpus Bureau & Franch. (Rosaceae) | sʰĩ | F | raw snack | 15 | 4 |
Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonaceae) | a rá sa mbu | L | raw snack | 13 | 14 |
Salix spp. (Salicaceae) | tɕã́ lǎ | Fl | ? | 3 | – |
Salvia przewalskii Maxim. (Lamiaceae) | də mbə ra ́nə, a ne nə nə [goat nipples] | N | raw snack | 12 | 17 |
Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) T.S.Ying (Berberidaceae) | a mɛ̃ pʰa [toy pig] | F | raw snack | 11 | 22 |
Sonchus arvensis L. (Asteraceae) | pʰa ki [pig grass] | L | boiled / fried | 7 | 46 |
Sorbus koehneana C.K.Schneid (Rosaceae) | dʐə mə ga ɕí | F | raw snack | 11 | 20 |
Sorbus tianschanica Rupr. (Rosaceae) | dʐə mə ga ɕí | F | raw snack | 11 | 1 |
Stachys affinis Bunge. (Lamiaceae) | kʰa tə ́tsɔːwá | R | tubers boiled in the past | 2 | 15 |
Stellera chamaejasme L. (Lamiaceae) | ra rə tɕá | R | famine food in the past | 1 | 31 |
Thlaspi arvense L. (Brassicaceae) | dəmbə tʂǎ | L | seeds pressed for temple oil | 14 | 5 |
Triosteum pinnatifidum Maxim. (Caprifoliaceae) | rə gu ɲi dɔ | F | raw snack | 4 | 23 |
Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) | sá tsə | L | boiled / fried, also for dumpling filling and as cure for swollen legs | 15 | 13 |
unidentified plant from grasslands | ŋo rə ba | L | boiled / fried | 5 | – |
unidentified plant from grasslands | a ló ji lo | L | boiled / fried | 4 | – |