Table 5 Medicinal plants sold in 33 traditional markets at Loja province, Southern Ecuador

Acanthaceae

  Dicliptera sp.

Chinche maní, chinche manilla

US

Whole plant

Oral

Native

FT1020

  Justicia pectoralis Jacq.

Saucillo, tigresillo

CBS, DERS, GD, NS

Branch

Oral

Native

FT007

Amaranthaceae

  Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume

Escancel

CBS, DS, DERS, GD, GS, NS, US

Plant without root

Oral, douching, topical application, poultice

Introduced

FTMAL008

  Alternanthera porrigens (Jacq.) Kuntze

Moradilla

GS, GD

Branch, flower

Oral, bath

Native

FT0010

  Amaranthus caudatus L.

Ataco, sangorache

CS, GS, RS

Inflorescence

Oral, bath

Native

FT0278

  Amaranthus hybridus L.

Ataco, sangorache

CS, GD, GS, RS, US

Inflorescence

Oral

Native

FTMAL006

  Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin & Clemants

Paico

CBS, DS

Branch

Rubbing

Introduced

FT0282

  Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.

Escancel

DERS, DS, GS, US, NS, RS

Branch

Topical application, oral, poultice, wash

Native

FT0280

  Iresine herbstii Hook.

Escancel

CBS, DERS, DS, GD, GS NS, US, RS

Branch

Topical application, oral, poultice, wash

Native

FT0486

Anacardiaceae

  Schinus molle L.

Molle

MS

Branch

Cleaning wounds

Introduced

FT194SAR

Apiaceae

  Cyclospermum leptophyllum (Pers.) Sprague ex Britton & P. Wilson

Culantrillo, cominillo

DS

Branch

Oral

Introduced

FT1012

  Eryngium sp.

Pomas

DERS, GD

Flower

Cleaning wounds, oral

Native

FT0283

  Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

Hinojo

DS

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT0025t

  Niphogeton dissecta (Benth.) J.F. Macbr.

Culantrillo

DS

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT0024t

Apocynaceae

  Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. f

Condurango

GD, DS

Bark

Oral

Native

FT0196

Aquifoliaceae

  Ilex guayusa Loes.

Wayusa

MS

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT0285

Asclepiadaceae

  Orthosia ellemanniae (Morillo) Liede & Meve

Cola de caballo

US, GD

Branch

Oral

Endemic

FT037t

Asphodelaceae

  Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.

Sábila

DS, DERS, US

Leaf mesophyll

Oral, topical application, bath as gel

Introduced

FT0380

Asteraceae

  Achyrocline hallii Hieron.

Lechugilla

DS

Whole plant

Oral

Endemic

FT0320

  Ambrosia arborescens Mill.

Marco, altamiso

CBS, DERS

Branch

Topical application, rubbing

Native

FT045MCAT

  Aequatorium jamesonii (S.F. Blake) C. Jeffrey

Guangalo

CBS

Branch

Rubbing

Endemic

FT003ML

  Ageratum conyzoides L.

Pedorrera

DS

Branch

Oral

Introduced

FT0286

  Ambrosia peruviana Willd.

Marco, altamiso

CBS

Branch

Rubbing

Native

ML005

  Aristeguietia persicifolia (Kunth) R.M. King & H. Rob.

Ishpingo, monte de la culebra

CBS

Branch

Rubbing

Endemic

FTG164

  Artemisia sodiroi Hieron.

Ajenjo, alcanfor

CBS, RS

Branch

Gargles, rubbing

Native

FT002MZ

  Baccharis genistelloides (Lam.) Pers.

Tres filos

CS, HS

Branch

Oral

Native

FT1013

  Baccharis latifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.

Chilca larga

CBS

Branch

Rubbing

Native

FT0288

  Baccharis obtusifolia Kunth

Chilca redonda

CBS

Branch

Rubbing

Native

FT0208

  Bidens triplinervia Kunth

Ñachig

GS

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT1008

  Chuquiraga jussieui J.F. Gmel.

Chuquiragua

CS, MS

Inflorescence

Oral

Native

FT0318

  Cynara cardunculus L.

Alcachofa

HS

Fruit

Oral

Introduced

FT0289

  Matricaria recutita L.

Manzanilla

DERS, DS, GD, MS, RS

Plant without root

Cleaning wounds, gargles

Introduced

FT0014t

  Tagetes erecta L.

Arrayosa

CBS

Branch, flower

Rubbing

Introduced

FT043MCAT

  Tagetes filifolia Lag.

Anís

DS

Whole plant

Oral

Native

FT0987

  Tagetes sp.

Chil chil

CBS

Branch

Rubbing

Native

FT0092Q

  Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Sch. Bip.

Santa María

CBS

Branch

Rubbing, warm bath

Introduced

FT1195

  Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.

Diente de león

DS, US

Whole plant

Oral

Introduced

FT0029t

Boraginaceae

  Borago officinalis L.

Borraja

RS

Flower, leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT011MAL

  Symphytum officinale L.

Consuelda, suelda suelda

MS

Leaf

Hot bath, oral, poultice

Introduced

FT1248

Brassicaceae

  Cardamine bonariensis Pers.

Berro

CS

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT0003N

  Lepidium thurberi Wooton

Chichira

GS

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT1249

  Matthiola incana (L.) W.T. Aiton

Alelí

NS

Flower

Oral

Introduced and cultivated

FT1250

  Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum (L.) Hayek

Berro

CS

Plant without root

Oral

Introduced

FT22t9

Bromeliaceae

  Guzmania sp.

Clavelito de aire

NS

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT001MALA

  Tillandsia straminea Kunth.

Flor de Cristo

NS

Flower

Oral

Native

FT1066

Burseraceae

  Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch.

Palo santo

DERS, MS, GS

Wood

Bath, incense

Native

FT961

Cactaceae

  Trichocereus macrogonus (Salm-Dyck) Riccob.

San Pedrillo

CBS

Vascular tissue

Topical application, Oral

Native

FT984

Campanulaceae

  Lobelia cf. decurrens Cav.

Cholo valiente

CBS

Branch

Topical application

Introduced and cultivated

FT1186

Cannaceae

  Canna indica L.

Achira

DG, NS, RS

Leaf

Topical application

Native

FT1251

Caprifoliaceae

  Sambucus nigra L.

Tilo

NS, RS

Flower

Oral

Introduced

FT1252

Caryophyllaceae

  Dianthus caryophyllus L.

Clavel

GS, NS

Flower

Oral

Introduced

FT1253

Chenopodiaceae

  Chenopodium album L.

Palitaria

MS

Leaf

Rubbing

Introduced

FT1254

Commelinaceae

  Callisia gracilis (Kunth) D.R. Hunt

Cachorillo

GD

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT1255

  Callisia repens (Jacq.) L.

Calcha

CS, RS

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT51MPAT

  Tradescantia zebrina Heynh. ex Bosse

Calcha

CS, NS, RS

Leaf

Topical application, oral

Introduced

FT30t

Crassulaceae

  Kalanchoe gastonis-bonnieri Raym.-Hamet & H. Perrier.

Dulcamara, mala madre

DS, GD

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT1024

Cucurbitaceae

  Cucurbita pepo L.

Sambo

DERS

Latex

Topical application

Introduced

FT1256

Cyperaceae

  Cyperus sp.

Díctamo real

CS, MS

Root

Oral

Native

FT1062

Equisetaceae

  Equisetum bogotense Kunth

Cola de caballo, caballo chupa

DS, GD, US

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT031t

  Equisetum giganteum L.

Cola de caballo, caballo chupa

US

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT1009

Ericaceae

  Bejaria aestuans Mutis ex L.

Payama

GD

Flower

Oral

Native

FT1257

  Bejaria resinosa Mutis ex L. f.

Payama

GD

Flower

Oral

Native

FTE012

Euphorbiaceae

  Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (Mill.) I.M. Johnst.

Chaya

CS, DS, GD

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT221

 Fabaceae

  Amicia glandulosa Kunth

Nona, urusus

RS

Flower

Oral

Native

HUTPL1975

  Desmodium molliculum (Kunth) DC.

San Antonio

GS

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT38MPAT

  Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms

Chaquino

DS, GD

Bark

Oral

Native

FT998

  Otholobium mexicanum (L. f.) J.W. Grimes

Guallua

DS

Branch

Oral

Native

FT1022

Gentianaceae

  Centaurium erythraea Rafn

Canchalagua

CS

Whole plant

Oral

Introduced

FT1016

Geraniaceae

  Erodium cf. cicutarium (L.) L'Hér. ex Aiton

Agujilla, aujilla

CBS, GD

Branch

Oral

Introduced

FTE001MC

  Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér. ex. Aiton

Esencia de rosa

DS, GD, US

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT1258

  Pelargonium odoratissimum (L.) L´Hér.

Malva olorosa

DS, GD

Branch

Oral

Introduced

FT016t

Juglandaceae

  Juglans neotropica Diels

Nogal

CS, MS

Leaf

Hot bath, oral

Native

FT015MPA

 Lamiaceae

  Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze

Tipo de llano

DS, RS

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT1014

  Clinopodium taxifolium (Kunth) Govaerts

Tipo de cerro

DS, RS

Branch

Oral

Native

FT1259

  Hyptis purdiei Benth.

Poleo cerro, poleo negro

CBS

Branch

Rubbing

Native

FT048 MCAT

  Melissa officinalis L.

Toronjil

CBS, NS, RS

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT45MPAT

  Mentha spicata L.

Hierba buena, menta, menta negra

DS, RS

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT1260

  Mentha x piperita L.

Hierba buena, menta, menta negra

DS, RS

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT1261

  Minthostachys mollis (Kunth) Griseb.

Poleo blanco, poleo chiquito

CBS, RS

Branch

Inhalation, oral, rubbing

Native

HUTPL1076

  Ocimum basilicum L.

Albahaca, albahaca blanca

GS, US

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT46TMPA

  Ocimum campechianum Mill.

Albahaca, albahaca negra

GS, US

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT46aMPA

  Origanum × majoricum Camb.

Orégano, orégano de castilla

DS

Plant without root

Oral

Introduced

HUTPL5302

  Plectranthus unguentarius Codd

Oreganón, orégano grande

DS

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT0185

  Rosmarinus officinalis L.

Romero

DERS, MS, SS

Branch

Bath after childbirth, cleaning wounds, oral

Introduced

HUTPL3892

  Salvia scutellarioides Kunth

Matico

CBS

Branch

Rubbing

Native

HUTPL931

  Salvia tiliifolia Vahl

Santa María

CBS

Plant without root

Rubbing

Introduced

FT044MCAT

  Scutellaria sp.

Morado

NS

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT003

  Thymus vulgaris L.

Tomillo

DS

Plant without root

Oral

Introduced

FT1067

 Linaceae

  Linum usitatissimum L.

Linaza

DS, GD, US

Seed

Oral

Introduced

FT47TMPA

Loranthaceae

  Gaiadendron punctatum (Ruiz & Pav.) G. Don

Violeta de cerro, violeta de campo

RS

Flower

Oral

Native

FT0032

 Malvaceae

  Alcea rosea L.

Malva

GD

Flower

Oral

Introduced

HUTPL891

  Malva arborea (L.) Webb & Berthel.

Malva rosada, malva altea

GD, US

Branch

Oral

Introduced and cultivated

FT042MC

  Malva parviflora L.

Malva arbórea, malva blanca

GD, GS, US

Branch, flower

Oral, bath after childbirth, cleaning wounds

Introduced

FT015MCE

Moraceae

  Ficus carica L.

Higo

GS

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

HUTPL 1192

Myricaceae

  Morella parvifolia (Benth.) Parra-Os.

Laurel, laurel de cera

CBS, GS

Branch

Oral

Native

FT1207

  Morella pubescens (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Wilbur

Laurel, laurel de cera

GS

Branch

Oral

Native

FT1023

Myrtaceae

  Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson

Eucalipto oloroso, eucalipto aromático

CBS, RS

Branch

Inhalation, oral, rubbing

Introduced

HUTPL 1761

  Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Eucalipto blanco, eucalipto grande

CBS, RS

Branch

Inhalation, oral, rubbing

Introduced

FT1185

  Myrcianthes hallii (O. Berg) McVaugh

Arrayán

RS

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT215G

  Psidium guajava L.

Guayaba

DS

Fruit

Oral

Native

FT171C

Onagraceae

  Fuchsia harlingii Munz

Pena pena

NS

Flower

Oral

Endemic

HUTPL5784

  Fuchsia hybrida hort. T. ex Siebert & Voss

Pena pena

DERS, GD, NS

Flower

Cleaning wounds, oral

Introduced

FT1262

  Fuchsia loxensis Kunth

Pena pena

NS

Flower

Oral

Endemic

FT1158

  Fuchsia magellanica Lam.

Pena pena

NS

Flower

Oral

Introduced

FT0147

  Ludwigia nervosa (Poir.) H. Hara

Flor de reina, mejorana de huerta

DERS, GD, NS

Flower

Oral, bath after childbirth

Native

FT194

  Oenothera rosea L'Her. ex Aiton

Shullo

DS, US

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT53MPAT

Orchidaceae

  Epidendrum jamiesonis Rchb. f.

Flor de Cristo

NS

Flower

Oral

Native

FT1063

  Epidendrum sp.

Flor de Cristo

NS

Flower

Oral

Native

FT031t

Piperaceae

  Peperomia blanda (Jacq.) Kunth

Sacha congona

NS

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT008

  Peperomia galioides Kunth

Congona de cerro

NS

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT124SAR

  Peperomia ilaloensis Sodiro

Congona de castilla, congona negra

NS, SS

Plant without root

Topical application, oral

Native

FT01t

  Peperomia inaequalifolia Ruiz & Pav.

Congona, congona grande

NS, SS

Plant without root

Topical application, oral

Native

FT1197

  Peperomia sp.

Congona de cerro

CBS

Plant without root

Rubbing

Native

FT49MPAT

  Piper aduncum L.

Matico

DERS, DS, GS, GD

Branch

Oral

Native

FT1019

  Piper carpunya Ruiz & Pav.

Guaviduca de sal

HS, RS, GD

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT500

  Piper crassinervium Kunth

Guaviduca de dulce

HS, RS

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT237

Plantaginaceae

  Plantago major L.

Llantén

US, GD

Whole plant

Oral

Introduced

FT13t

Poaceae

  Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf

Hierba luisa, paja luisa

CS, NS, US

Plant without root

Oral

Introduced

FT011t

  Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Grama dulce

CBS, US, GD

Plant without root

Oral

Introduced

FT008MCE

  Zea mays L.

Pelo de choclo

US

Style

Oral

Introduced

FT1065

Polygalaceae

  Polygala paniculata L.

Mentol

MS

Whole plant

Poultice

Native

FT20t

Polypodiaceae

  Niphidium crassifolium (L.) Lellinger

Calaguala

DS, US

Root

Oral

Native

FT40T

Proteaceae

  Oreocallis grandiflora (Lam.) R. Br.

Cucharillo

CBS, HS, US, GD

Flower

Oral

Native

FT04t

Pteridaceae

  Adiantum poiretii Wikstr.

Culantrillo pata negra

GS

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT1018

  Adiantum raddianum C. Presl

Culantrillo

GS, US, GD

Leaf

Oral

Native

MCELI35-T

  Cheilanthes bonariensis (Willd.) Proctor.

Helecho congona

GS

Leaf

Oral, bath after childbirth

Native

MPA52T

  Jamesonia sp.

Nido de abeja

GS

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT010

  Notholaena sulphurea (Cav.) J. Sm.

Grano de oro

GS

Leaf

Bath after childbirth, oral

Native

FT009

  Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link

Doradilla del sol

GS

Leaf

Bath after childbirth, oral

Native

FT013

  Pityrogramma ebenea (L.) Proctor

Doradilla plateada, luna plateada

GS

Leaf

Bath after childbirth, oral

Native

FT014

  Trachypteris induta (Maxon) R.M. Tryon & A.F. Tryon

Pata de gallina

GS

Leaf

Oral, bath after childbirth

Native

FT012

Rosaceae

  Alchemilla aphanoides Mutis ex L. f.

Saucillo

NS

Branch

Topical application, oral

Native

FT007

  Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.

Níspero, míspero

US

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT1063

  Margyricarpus pinnatus (Lam.) Kuntze

Perlilla

RS, DERS

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT463

  Rosa cymosa Tratt.

Rosa

DERS, GD, SS, US

Flower

Cleaning wounds, oral

Introduced

FT274

  Sanguisorba minor subsp. muricata (Bonnier & Layens) Briq.

Pimpinela

NS

Leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT014MZ

Rubiaceae

  Cinchona pubescens Vahl

Cascarilla

RS

Bark

Oral

Native

FT118

Rutaceae

  Citrus x junos Siebold ex Tanaka

Naranja agria

DERS

Fruit

Oral

Introduced

FT007t

  Ruta graveolens L.

Ruda

CBS, DS, GS

Branch

Bath after childbirth, oral, rubbing

Introduced

FT002

Smilacaceae

  Smilax sp.

Zarzaparrilla

GD, US

Root

Oral

Native

FT1263

Solanaceae

  Brugmansia sanguinea (Ruiz & Pav.) D. Don

Guando

CBS

Flower, leaf

Rubbing

Native

FT028ML

  Brugmansia x candida Pers.

Guando blanco

CBS

Flower, leaf

Rubbing

Native

FT210

  Cestrum mariquitense Kunth

Sauco negro

CS, GD

Branch

Oral, topical application

Native

FT210

  Cestrum racemosum Ruiz & Pav.

Sauco blanco

CBS, GD

Branch

Rubbing

Native

FTS177

  Solanum americanum Mill.

Mortiño

DS, GD, NS, RS

Branch, bud

Oral, warm bath

Native

FT36t

  Solanum nigrescens M. Martens & Galeotti

Mortiño

DS, NS, RS

Bud

Oral

Native

FT1264

  Solanum pimpinellifolium L.

Monte del gallinazo

CBS

Branch

Rubbing

Native

FT207

Tiliaceae

  Triumfetta semitriloba Jacq.

Abrojo, cadillo, mostrante

GD, US

Leaf

Oral

Native

FT39T

Urticaceae

  Urtica dioica L.

Chine

CS, MS, US,

Plant without root

Oral, rubbing

Introduced

FT1064

  Urtica urens L.

Chine

CS, MS, US

Plant without root

Oral, rubbing

Introduced

FT275

Valerianaceae

  Valeriana microphylla Kunth

Valeriana, valeriana de cerro

NS

Plant without root

Oral

Native

FT1015

  Valeriana pyramidalis Kunth

Valeriana

NS

Root

Oral

Native

FT991

Verbenaceae

  Aloysia triphylla Royle

Cedrón

NS

Branch

Oral

Native

FT1265

  Phyla scaberrima (A. Juss. ex Pers.) Moldenke

Buscapina, novalgina

DS

Plant without root

Oral

Introduced

FT1240

  Verbena litoralis Kunth.

Verbena

CBS, GD

Branch

Oral, rubbing

Native

FT1268

Violaceae

  Viola odorata L.

Violeta, violeta de jardín

RS

Flower, leaf

Oral

Introduced

FT1266

  Viola tricolor L.

Pensamiento

DERS, GD, RS

Flower

Cleaning wounds, oral

Introduced

FT1267

Zingiberaceae

  Hedychium coronarium J. Koening

Caña agria

US

Stem

Oral

Introduced

FT002t