Table 1 Overview of the documented useful plant species and their uses sorted by plant families

1

0.02

M, C

 M

Skin disease

L

Infusion

Dermal

1

o

4

0.10

M

 M

Cardiac disease

L

Decoction (with sugar)

Oral

1

o

 M

Childhood disease

L

Bath

2

-

 M

Blood pressure (high or low)

L

Directly consumed

Oral

1

o

 M

Abdominal pain

L

Directly consumed

Oral

2

+

 M

Childhood disease (Gota)

L

Cold water extract

Oral

1

-

 M

Eye disease

L

Directly consumed

Oral

1

-

10

0.24

M, C

 M

Abdominal pain

L

Enema

1

o

 M

General

L

Directly consumed

Oral

2

-

 M

Respiratory disease

L

Infusion

Oral

1

+

 M

Backache and rheumatic pain

L

With Milletia versicolor, Ocimum gratissimum and Persea americana

Steam Bath

1

+

 M

Fever

L

With Cyperus sp., Xylopia aethiopica, Monodora myristica, Kafuke (Asteraceae indet.),

Enema

1

+

 M

Gynaecological disorder

L

With Chromolaena odorata and O. gratissimum

1

+

 M

Malaria

L

With X. aethiopica, Kafuke (Asteraceae indet.), M. myristica, O. gratissimum

1

o

 M

Childhood disease (Growth disorders)

L

With Ageratum conyzoides and O. gratissimum

Dermal

1

o

 M

Diarrhoea

L

(A) Directly consumed (B) with X. aethiopica, Kafuke (Asteraceae indet.), M. myristica, O. gratissimum

Oral

2

o

4

0.10

--

 M

Toothache

B

(A) Decoction of crushed bark (B) with Carica papaya

(A) Applied to tooth

2

/

 M

Pulled muscles, fractures

B

Decoction of crushed bark

Applied externally and left to dry, forms cast

3

/

2

0.05

--

 M

Skin disease

R

Balm is made after bark is removed

Dermal

1

/

 N

Fresh fruit

F

Directly consumed

1

+

16

0.39

M, C

 M

Menstrual disorder

R

Decoction

Oral

1

+

 M

Haemorrhoids

R

Crushed root

Rectal

1

-

 M

Fertility

R, L, B

Infusion

Oral

4

+

 M

Hernia

R

Decoction

Oral, 2 cups daily

1

-

 M

Leg pain

R, L

Infusion

Oral

1

o

 M

Abdominal pain

R, L

Decoction

Oral or enema

2

+

 M

Worms

R, L

Infusion

Oral

2

+

 M

Respiratory disease

With Aframomum alboviolaceum

1

+

 N

Fresh fruit

F

1

+

 T

L

4

-

8

0.20

M, C

 M

Cough

S

Directly consumed

Oral

1

+

 M

Malaria

S

With X. aethiopica, Kafuke (Asteraceae indet.), D. ambrosioides, O. gratissimum

1

o

 M

Diarrhoea

S

with X. aethiopica, Kafuke (Asteraceae indet.), D. ambrosioides, O. gratissimum

1

o

 M

Abdominal pain

L, S

Sometimes on combination with other species

Enema

3

+

 M

Backache

S

With Ochna cf. afzelii subsp. mechowiana., M. myristica and Kupidi (Piper sp.)

1

o

 M

Fever

S

With Cyperus sp., X. aethiopica, D. ambrosioides, Kafuke (Asteraceae indet.),

Enema

1

+

 M

Worms

S

Infusion with other species, e.g. Kupidi (Piper sp.), X. aethiopica and Ndungu za nzó (Aframomum sp.)

Oral

1

+

1

0.02

M, C

 M

Thrombosis

L

Decoction

Dermal

1

-

 M

Fertility

B, R

Decoction of 1,5 spoon of powder in 1 l of water

Oral, 2 cups daily

1

+

6

0.15

M

 N

Fresh fruit

F

Directly consumed

6

+

1

0.02

 M

Headache

P

Directly consumed

Chew

1

+

5

0.12

M, C

 M

Fever

P

Decoction

Bath

2

+

 M

Eye disease

L

Leaf sap from crushed leaves

Applied to eye

1

+

 M

Childhood disease (Growth disorders)

L

With O. gratissimum and D. ambrosioides

Dermal

1

o

 M

Abdominal pain

1

+

4

0.10

M, C

 M

Worms

R

Cold water extract from crushed root tubers

Enema

1

o

 M

Childhood disease (Baço)

R

Directly consumed (peeled root tubers)

Oral

1

o

 M

Wounds

R

Directly consumed (peeled root tubers)

Oral

1

+

 M

Hernia

R

Directly consumed (peeled root tubers)

Oral

1

+

 M

Abdominal pain

R

Directly consumed (peeled root tubers)

Oral

1

o

1

0.02

M, C

 T

L

1

+

7

0.17

 M

Gynaecological disorder

L

With O. gratissimum and D. ambrosioides

1

o

 M

Abdominal pain

L

(A) Cold water extract of crushed leaves (B) crude crushed leaves

(A) Oral/enema (B) Compress (abdomen)

2

-

 M

Wounds

L

Crushed leaves

Dermal, applied to wound

3

+

    Ot

Soil fertility

P

Planted in Manihot esculenta field

1

+

8

0.20

M

 N

Cooked leaves

L

Cooked and eaten as a vegetable

5

+

   Fo

L

For rabbits and pigs

3

-

3

0.07

M, C

 M

Wounds

L

Leave sap from crushed leaves

Dermal, applied to wound

1

+

   Fo

L

For rabbits

1

+

 M

Eye disease

L

Leave sap from crushed leaves

Rubbed into eyes

1

+

1

0.02

M

 M

Hepatitis

L

Decoction

Oral

1

-

4

0.10

--

 M

Anaemia

R

Decoction of crushed root

Oral

1

-

 M

Scabies

L

Ash

Dermal

1

+

 M

Backache

R

Cold water extract

Oral

1

-

 M

Worms

R

Cold water extract

Oral

1

-

 M

Abdominal pain

R, L

(A) Crushed root (B) Infusion

(A) Dermal (B) Oral

3

+

1

0.02

--

    Ot

Toilet paper

L

1

-

7

0.17

 M

Abdominal pain

L

Sometimes with e.g. X. aethiopica, M. myristica

Enema

3

 M

Childhood disease (light stomach pain)

L

Enema

1

 M

Diarrhoea

With D. ambrosioides, X. aethiopica, M. myristica, O. gratissimum

1

 M

Fever

R

With Cyperus sp., X. aethiopica, D. ambrosioides, M.myristica

Enema

1

 M

Malaria

1

 M

Fertility

L

With Urena lobata

Enema

1

 M

Worms

L

Enema

1

2

0.05

M, C

 M

Wounds

L

Crushed leaves

Dermal, applied to wound

2

+

3

0.07

--

 M

Abdominal pain

L, R

Directly consumed or infusion

Oral, not during pregnancy

2

/

 M

Diarrhoea

L, R

Directly consumed (root) or infusion (leaves), masticate root

1

/

1

0.02

--

 O

P

Planted on graveyards

1

/

1

0.02

M, C

M

Abdominal pain

L

Crushed leaves

Compress (abdomen)

1

+

5

0.12

--

 T

L

3

/

 M

Skin disease (furuncle)

L

Infusion

Oral

2

/

3

0.07

M, C

 M

Childhood disease (Baço)

B

Decoction

Oral

1

-

 M

Abdominal pain

R

Directly consumed or cold water extract

Oral

2

o

 M

Malaria

B

Decoction

Oral

1

-

    Ot

Cosmetics

Used for red colour

1

+

6

0.15

M, C

 N

Cooked fruit

F

Left in warm water for 1 h or until pulp softens

1

 M

Respiratory disease

Re

Rubbed on breast, inhalation

1

+

 M

Toothache

L

Decoction with Psidium guajava and Alchornea cordifolia

Rinsed in mouth

1

-

 M

Abdominal pain

Re, R

(A) heat resin and mix with palm oil, X. aethiopica and M. myristica (B) clean (and crush) crude root

(A) Add to food (B) Oral or enema

2

+

 M

Nightmares

Re

Burnt

Inhalation

1

-

    Ot

Candles

Re

Used as wax substitute

1

o

2

0.05

M, C

 N

Cooked fruit

F

Heated in water or in pan until pulp softens

2

+

2

0.05

M, C

 M

Thorax pain

L

Whole leaves

Compress at abdomen

1

-

 H

S

For rattles

1

+

4

0.10

M, C

 M

Abdominal pain

L

Crushed leaves

Compress at abdomen

1

+

 M

Nausea

L

Crushed leaves

Compress at abdomen

2

o

 M

Toothache

R

Decoction, (sometimes with Lannea antiscorbutica)

Rinsed in mouth

3

+

1

0.02

M, C

 M

Hepatitis

L, P

Crushed material

Dermal or enema

1

o

1

0.02

M

 M

Eye disease

L

Crush leaves with three salt crystals, add some water for the crystals to dissolve.

Applied to eye, three drops two times daily

1

o

7

0.17

M, C

 M

Gota

St

Bath (also for children)

2

o

 M

Hepatitis

St

Directly consumed

Oral (eat like sugar cane)

1

-

 M

Measles

1

-

 M

Eye disease

2

+

 M

Yellow fever

2

-

 M

Strengthening

St

Directly consumed

Oral (eat like sugar cane)

1

-

 N

Raw stem

St

Directly consumed

Oral (eat like sugar cane)

1

o

2

0.05

M

 R

P

Part of the ceremony to ask the ancestors for permission to enter the Grutas do Nzenzu

1

-

 M

Earache

L

Sap of crushed leaves

Applied to ear

1

+

1

0.02

 H

F

Dried fruit is opened and used as brush

1

1

0.02

M, C

 H

F

Dried fruit used as sponge

1

+

4

0.10

M, C

 M

Sore throat

P

Directly consumed

Wrapped around neck

1

-

 M

Fever

L

Decoction

Enema

2

+

 M

Constipation

L

Decoction

Enema, for children

1

+

 M

Typhoid fever

L

Decoction

Oral or enema

2

-

1

0.02

 M

Fever

R

With M. myristica, X. aethiopica, D. ambrosioides, Kafuke (Asteraceae indet.)

Enema

1

5

0.12

--

 N

Cooked leaves

L

Young fronds are cooked as side dish (Mitekwa)

4

+

 M

Epilepsy

L, Rh

Decoction

Bath or enema

1

-

1

0.02

M, C

 N

Cooked root tubers

R

1

+

5

0.12

M, C

 M

Fever

L

Crushed leaves

Dermal

1

+

 M

Skin disease (furuncle)

F

Directly consumed

Oral, swallowed in whole

1

+

 M

Toothache

L

Decoction with Psidium guajava and Canarium schweinfurthii

Rinsed in mouth

3

+

1

0.02

C

 O

P

1

/

1

0.02

M, C

 M

Eye disease

Ms

Latex from sprout

Applied to eye

1

+

3

0.07

M, C

 M

Childhood disease (blood loss)

With Maesa sp.

1

/

 M

Inflammation

Ms

Latex from sprout

Dermal

1

/

 O

P

1

/

2

0.05

M, C

 M

Eye disease

Ms

Latex from sprout

Applied to eye

1

-

 M

Childhood disease (Diarrhoea)

P

Decoction

Oral, drunken by mother, cleans breast milk

1

-

4

0.10

M, C

 N

Cooked fruits

F

Cooked

1

-

 M

Toothache

L

Decoction

Rinsed in mouth

3

+

3

0.07

C

 M

Diabetes

R

Decoction

Oral or enema

1

-

 M

Diarrhoea

R

Decoction

Oral or enema

1

-

 M

Abdominal pain

L

Crushed with salt

Oral

1

o

3

0.07

M, C

 M

Nausea

L

Cold water extract of crushed leaves

Oral

1

+

 M

Headache

L

crushed leaves

Applied to head, compress

3

+

5

0.12

M, C

 D

Yellow or orange dye

B

Cold water extract

3

+

 M

Yellow fever

B

Decoction with e.g. Erythrina abyssinica

Enema (causes strong, cleaning diarrhea)

2

+

 M

Hepatitis

B

Decoction with e.g. Erythrina abyssinica

Enema (causes strong, cleaning diarrhea)

1

+

5

0.12

M, C

 M

Leprosy

R

Crushed root

Dermal

1

+

 M

Fertility

Decoction

Oral

1

-

 M

Skin disease

B

Crushed bark

Dermal

2

+

 M

Childhood disease (Baço)

1

o

1

0.02

M, C

 O

P

1

+

1

0.02

--

 M

Anaemia

L

Crushed leaves

Dermal

1

o

4

0.10

C

 M

Yellow urine

L

Infusion

Oral

1

/

 M

Childhood disease (Abdominal pain)

L, R

Infusion

Oral or enema

3

/

1

0.02

M, C

 M

Fever

L

Infusion

Inhalation, steam bath

1

o

1

0.02

 M

Eye disease

Liquid from crushed material

Applied to eye

1

1

0.02

 M

General

L

Infusion

Oral

1

11

0.27

M, C

 M

Childhood disease (Growth disorders)

L

With Ageratum conyzoides and D. ambrosioides

1

o

 M

Fever, Malaria

L

Infusion of crushed leaves

Oral or steam bath

5

+

 M

Backache, Rheumatic pain

L

With Milletia versicolor, D. ambrosioides and Persea americana

Steam bath

1

+

 M

Gynaecological disorder

L

With C.odorata and D.ambrosioides

1

+

 M

Diarrhoea

With D. ambrosioides, Kafuke (Asteraceae indet.), M. myristica, X. aethiopica

1

+

 M

Respiratory disease

L

Infusion of crushed leaves

Oral or steam bath

4

+

10

0.24

M

 M

Backache

L

Infusion

Oral

3

-

 M

Childhood disease (Gota)

L

Infusion, sometimes with Gardenia ternifolia and Smilax anceps

2

o

 M

Potency, Strengthening (for women and men)

Infusion

Oral

1

+

 T

L

1

-

 N

Fresh fruits

F

2

+

   Fo

Pasture for cattle

1

-

2

0.05

 M

Headache

R

Liquid from crushed root

Applied into nose

1

 M

Diarrhoea

B

Cold water extract from crushed bark

Enema

1

1

0.02

M, C

 O

1

/

2

0.05

M, C

 M

Childhood disease (Gota)

L

Liquid from crushed leaves

Applied into nose and eyes

1

o

 N

Cooked fruits

F

1

1

0.02

C

   Ot

Soil fertility

P

Planted in crop area

1

/

4

0.10

M, C

 R

Protection against mischief

F, P

(A) Fruit hung around wrist of big children prevents defamation (B) Plant at the edge of field protects it against influence of bad neighbours

3

+

 M

Childhood disease

F

Fruit hung around wrist of crying babies

1

-

1

0.02

--

 M

Headache

L

Crushed leaves

Dermal, applied to head

1

-

1

0.02

C

 M

Diarrhoea

L

Directly consumed

Oral

1

o

10

0.24

M, C

 M

Hepatitis

B

(A) Infusion (B) decoction with i.a. Harungana madagascariensis (C) Cold water extract from crushed bark

(A, C) Oral (B) Enema, causes cleaning diarrhoea

7

o

 M

Yellow fever

B

(A) Infusion (B) decoction with i.a. Harungana madagascariensis

(A) Oral (B) Enema, causes cleaning diarrhoea

2

o

 M

Typhoid fever

B

Infusion

Oral

2

-

 M

Fertility

B

Decoction with sugar

Oral

1

+

 M

Backache

1

o

3

0.07

 M

Backache

B

Crushed bark

Enema

1

 M

Diarrhoea

R

Cold water extract

Enema

1

 M

Abdominal pain

R

Cold water extract

Enema

1

2

0.05

 D

Dye

1

   Ot

Fish poison

1

1

0.02

 M

Burns

L

Balm from ash mixed with palm oil

Dermal

1

5

0.12

 N

Fresh fruits

F

2

   Fu

W

For charcoal

3

11

0.27

M, C

 Fi

B/BF

E.g. used to tie off leg

1

-

 M

Measles

B

Tie around wrist

2

-

 M

Backache and rheumatic pain

L

Decoction with D. ambrosioides, O. gratissimum and Persea americana

Steam bath

1

o

 H

W

E.g. to produce mortars

5

+

   Fu

W

For charcoal production

2

+

3

0.07

M, C

 M

Skin disease

L

Crushed leaves

Dermal

1

+

 M

Leprosy

L

Balm from roasted leaves and oil

Dermal

1

+

 M

Headache

L

Crushed leaves

Compress around head

1

+

6

0.15

M

 M

Abdominal pain

R, F

Cold water extract

Oral, suitable for persons aged 6 years and up

4

+

 M

Eye disease (e.g. parasites)

L

Liquid from crushed leaves

Applied to eye

4

+

1

0.02

C

   Ot

Fish poison

L

Cold water extractfrom crushed leaves

1

o

2

0.05

 M

Fertility

In combination

2

3

0.07

M, C

 H

W

1

+

 N

Fresh/dried fruit

F

Fresh or dried pulp or juice

1

+

   Fu

Charcoal

W

1

o

2

0.05

M, C

 N

Fresh/dried fruit

S

Seeds eaten to accompany alcoholic drinks. To alleviate the bitter taste, fruits are sometimes put into termite nests prior to consumption.

2

+

2

0.05

M, C

 M

Abdominal pain

L

Decoction

Oral

1

o

 M

Earache

F

(A) Boil unripe fruit and apply juice into ear (B) Rub unripe fruit in hands and stick into ear

2

+

4

0.10

M, C

 M

Hepatitis

L

(A) Liquid from crushed leaves (B) Cold water extract from crushed leaves

(A) Applied to eye (B) enema

2

-

 M

Malaria

L

Cold water extract from crushed leaves

Enema

1

o

 M

Joint swelling, Build-up of fluid

1

+

4

0.10

--

 Fi

BF

3

+

 M

Pregnancy

L

Decoction

Enema, to “clean” fetus

1

o

1

0.02

M

 Fi

BF

1

/

5

0.12

M, C

 M

Fertility

L

With Kafuke (Asteraceae indet.)

Enema

2

+

 M

Childhood disease (general weakening)

L

Enema

1

o

 Fi

BF

2

+

2

0.05

--

 N

Fresh fruit

F

2

/

1

0.02

M, C

 M

General

L

Directly consumed or infusion

Oral

1

o

2

0.05

M, C

 N

Cooked fruit

F

Cooked

1

+

   Fo

F, L

For pigs

1

+

9

0.22

M, C

 N

Fresh fruit

F

4

+

 M

Toothache

L

Decoction with A. cordifolia and C. schweinfurthii

Rinse in mouth

1

+

 M

Diarrhoea

L

Directly consumed

Oral

1

+

 M

Abdominal pain

L

Directly consumed

Oral

4

+

3

0.07

M, C

 M

Diarrhoea

R

Cold water extract of crushed leaves, sometimes with Hymenocardia acida

Oral

2

+

 M

Fertility

R

Cold water extract of crushed leaves

Oral

1

o

2

0.02

M, C

 M

Abdominal pain

L

With X. aethiopica, M. myristica and Kupidi (Piper sp.)

1

-

 M

Backache

L

With X. aethiopica, M. myristica and Kupidi (Piper sp.)

1

-

3

0.07

--

 M

Gynaecological disorder

L

Suppository from crushed leaves mixed with e.g. garlic

Rectal

1

/

 M

Measles

P

Crushed material

Dermal or enema

2

/

1

0.02

--

 M

Anaemia

L

Directly consumed

Oral, also during pregnancy

1

/

2

0.05

M, C

 N

Fresh fruit

F

2

+

11

0.27

M

 M

Worms

B, R

Cold water extract from crushed plant material

Enema

3

o

 M

Abdominal pain

L

Infusion

Oral

1

+

 M

Diarrhoea

B, R

Infusion from crushed plant material

Oral

2

+

 M

Wounds

B, R

(A) Crushed material mixed with small amount of water; (B) Crude bark

Applied to wound

3

o

   Ot

Tobacco

F, L

Dry and mix with tobacco

2

-

 D

Red dye

B

1

+

7

0.17

M, C

 M

Worms

L

With Bridelia ferruginea

Enema

1

+

 M

Diarrhoea

R

With Syzygium guineense

1

+

 M

Skin disease

B

Balm from powder mixed with oil

2

+

 M

Backache

1

o

 M

Abdominal pain

L, B

Directly consumed

Oral or enema

1

+

   Fu

Firewood

W

1

+

4

0.10

--

 M

Abdominal pain

L

Directly consumed (young reddish leaves)

Oral

2

o

 M

Diarrhoea

L

Directly consumed (young reddish leaves)

Oral

1

+

 M

Nausea

L

Directly consumed (young reddish leaves)

Oral

1

-

 M

Hunger

L

Directly consumed (young reddish leaves)

Oral

1

-

 H

W

1

+

3

0.07

 M

Worms

S

Infusion with e.g. X. aethiopica, M. myristica and Ndungu za nzó (Aframomum sp.)

Oral

1

 M

Abdominal pain

L

With X. aethiopica, M. myristica and Ochna cf. afzelii subsp. mechowiana

1

 M

Backache

L

With X. aethiopica, M. myristica and Ochna cf. afzelii subsp. mechowiana .

1

6

0.15

 H

L

For roofing, also for walls

4

   Fu

Firelighter

1

  Fo

L

Pasture (burn regulary for young shoots)

1

5

0.12

M, C

 M

Diabetes

Rh

Decoction

Oral

1

+

 M

Burns

S

Balm (with palm oil)

Dermal

1

o

 H

L

For roofing

4

+

2

0.05

M

   Fo

L

For pigs and rabbits

2

+

3

0.07

 M

Childhood disease (blood loss)

With Euphorbia pulcherrima

1

 M

Abdominal pain

B

1

 M

Infertility

B

With Phragmenthera sp.

1

 T

B

1

10

0.24

M

 M

Childhood disease (Gota)

S

Directly consumed, sometimes with S. anceps, V. madiensis

Oral

2

-

 M

Hernia

R

Cold water extract

Oral

1

-

 M

Measles

F, B, S

(A) Decoction, (B) Crushed seeds

(A, B) Oral or Enema

3

-

 M

Diabetes

1

+

 R

Lightning arrester

P

Planted close to house/ branch placed on roof

2

+

 R

Protection against bad spells

P

Planted in surroundings of house or field

1

-

 R

Nightmares

F

Placed under pillow

1

-

1

0.02

 M

Potency

B

Decoction

Oral, 2 cups daily

1

 M

Epilepsy

B

Decoction

Oral, 2 cups daily

1

4

0.10

M, C

 M

Abdominal pain

B, L

Infusion or directly consumed

Oral (very bitter)

3

+

 M

Diarrhoea

1

+

 M

Backache

B, L

Crushed material

Dermal, applied to back

1

+

2

0.05

C

 M

Hepatitis

L

Crushed leaves

Dermal

1

-

 M

Skin disease

L

Crushed leaves

Dermal

1

+

16

0.39

M, C

 M

Abdominal pain

R

(A) Cold water extract or decoction (leave in water for 1 h) (B) directly consumed

(A) Oral or enema, (B) Oral

8

+

 M

Worms

R, B

(A) Directly consumed (B) cold water extract (C) decoction

(A,B) Oral (C) Enema

3

+

 M

Potency

R

(A) Directly consumed (B) Decoction

(A) Oral (B) Oral or enema

1

+

 M

Pains

R

(A) Directly consumed (B) Decoction

(A) Oral (B) Oral or enema

1

+

 M

Typhoid fever

R

Decoction

Oral

1

-

 M

Birth

R

Cold water extract

Oral

1

-

 M

Respiratory disease

B

Directly consumed

Oral

1

+

   Fu

Firewood

W

1

+

 R

Protection

F

Put on baby

1

-

 T

L

1

-

1

0.02

C

 M

Pregnancy

L

Cooked, young leaves, strengthing

Oral, mixed into meals

1

+

3

0.07

--

 M

Cough

L

Infusion

Oral

1

o

 M

Gota

L

With V. madiensis and G. ternifolia

1

o

 M

Epilepsy

L, R

Decoction

Bath or enema

1

-

3

0.07

M, C

   Ot

Intoxicant

S

Burn

Inhalation

1

+

 M

Rheumatism

S

With other species

1

-

 M

Inflammation

L

Crushed leaves

Dermal

1

+

2

0.05

M, C

 M

Childhood disease (Baço)

F, B

Decoction

Enema or oral

2

-

3

0.07

M

 N

Cooked leaves

L

Cooked and eaten as a vegetable

2

-

 M

Abdominal pain

L

Cold water extract of crushed leaves

Oral

1

o

1

0.02

M

 M

Cough

L

Decoction

Steam bath or inhalation

1

-

3

0.07

M, C

 M

for Babys

L

Sap from crushed leaves

Few drops daily applied to umbilical cord

1

o

 M

Fever

L

Infusion

Oral, suitable for children

1

+

 M

Diarrhoea

R

1

+

3

0.07

 M

Cough

L

Infusion

Oral suitable for children

2

 M

Haemorrhoids

L

Cooked

Oral, eaten with peanuts

1

2

0.05

M, C

 T

L

Infusion

2

+

3

0.07

M, C

 M

Malaria

Crushed material

Rectal, suppository

1

-

 M

Diarrhoea

Decoction

Oral

1

-

 M

Joint swelling, Build-up of fluid

L

Infusion

Oral

1

-

 M

Skin disease

L

Infusion

Oral

1

o

 M

Respiratory disease

L

Infusion

Oral

1

-

1

0.02

--

 M

Joint swelling, Build-up of fluid

L

Crushed leaves

Dermal, applied to swollen joints

1

o

2

0.05

 M

Anaemia

L

Cooked

Oral

1

 N

Cooked leaves

L

Cooked and eaten as a vegetable

1

4

0.10

M

 M

Fever

L

Crushed leaves added to bathwater

Bath,suitable for children

1

-

 M

Childhood disease (Baço)

L

Crushed leaves

Enema

2

-

 M

Worms

L

Crushed leaves

Enema

1

-

 M

Rheumatism, leg pain

L

Decoction

Enema

1

+

1

0.02

 M

Poisoning

St

-

Used to tie off poisoned limb

1

7

0.17

M

 M

Skin disease

L

Sap from cut leaf

Dermal

3

+

 M

Potency

L

Decoction

Oral or Enema

1

-

 M

Fertility

L

Decoction

Enema

1

o

 M

Worms

L

Decoction

Enema

1

+

 M

Backache

L

Decoction

Oral or Enema

1

-

 M

Respiratory disease

L

Directly consumed or decoction

Oral, contains many vitamins

1

+

 M

Blood-purifying

F

Directly consumed

Oral

1

-

 N

Cooked leaves

L

Eaten with beans as a vegetable

1

-

14

0.34

M

 N

Fresh fruit

F

Directly consumed or as juice

9

+

 M

Yellow fever

Rh

Crushed rhizome

Enema

1

-

 M

Headache

L

Sap from chewed material

Applied to eyes

1

+

 M

Hepatitis

Rh

1

-

 M

Respiratory disease

Rh

With root of A. senegalensis

1

+

 M

Epilepsy

Rh L

Decoction

Bath or Enema

1

-

2

0.05

 M

Worms

S

Infusion with i.e. Kupidi (Piper sp.) M. myristica and X. aethiopica

Oral

2

3

0.07

M, C

 M

Respiratory disease

Rh

2

+

 M

Fever

Rh

1

+

   Ot

Rh

As condiment in palm wine “Maruwu”

1

o