Table 2 Medicinal plant used at sub-division Ladha of South Waziristan agency. FC = Frequency of citation, UV = Use value

Aizoaceae

Portulaca oleracea L./KUSBT-511

Sormai

Aerial parts

Juice of the plant has diuretic effect and is considered valuable in treating urinary tract infections and gastrointestinal disorders such as diarrhea and dysentery. The seeds of the herb are vormifuge and demulcent.

24

Alliaceae

Allium cepa L./KUSBT-512

Pyoz

Bulb

Juice of the herb is used for treatment of gastrointestinal problems. It is also used as diuretic and expectorant. For the treatment of cough, bulb is wrap in cloth and worn like a necklace.

9

Amaranthaceae

Amaranthus viridis L./KUSBT-513

Ranzaka

Leaves

It is used as vegetable and fodder for cattle. The powder of Leaves and seeds are mixed with half weight of sugar and then a spoon of this mixture is given with black tea to the children three times daily for the treatment of constipation. Leaves are given as emollient and are used for scorpion sting, snakebite and as anthelmintic.

11

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia chinensis Bunge//KUSBT-514

Shrewaniay

Fruit

Galls used in native medicine, fruit oily and edible. Leaves powder is applied topically on ulcers and chronic sores. Poultice of slightly roasted Leaves is applied to inflamed swellings and rheumatic joints.

15

Arecaceae

Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch./KUSBT-515

Mazarai

Leaves

The decoction of leaves is used as stomachic.

10

Asclepiadaceae

Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br./KUSBT-516

Pamanai

Whole plant

The plant is effective in the treatment of different kinds of diseases such as dysentery, constipation, hepatitis B and C and stomach pain. It is also effective in diabetes and also used to control blood pressure.

18

Asteraceae

Cichorium intybus L./KUSBT-517

Speen gul

Whole plant

Plant’s decoction is effective in the treatment of liver disorders and urinary tract infections. The herb is used as tonic, laxative and diuretic. Diarrhea is also treated with the plant.

21

Asteraceae

Lactuca serriola L./KUSBT-518

Salad

Whole plant

Cough, bronchitis, asthma and pertussis are treated by using the herb. It is also diuretic, sedative, diaphoretic and antispasmodic.

24

Asteraceae

Taraxacum officinale (L.) Weber ex F.H.Wigg./KUSBT-519

Zeer gul

Whole plant

This herb is used as tonic having nutritive properties. It is strong stomachic and diuretic. The infusion of the herb is use for liver disorders. It is also efficient in dropsy, arthritis and rheumatism. Roots have laxative properties.

9

Asteraceae

Xanthium spinosum L./KUSBT-520

Spin aghzai

Whole plant

This herb is used medicinally as diuretic, sedative and diaphoretic.

12

Asteraceae

Xanthium strumarium L./KUSBT-521

Tatasai

Fruit, Roots, seeds

Powder of seeds fruits and roots are demulcent and are used in stomach disorders.

9

Berberidaceae

Berberis lycium Royle/KUSBT-522

De wrogha betai

Bark, Leaves, root

The roots of the plant are effective in the treatment of Skin diseases, piles and chronic diarrhea. Bark and Leaves are used as antiseptic and as tonic. To treat jaundice, mostly Leaves are used. Fruit is taken orally for the treatment of kidney problems. Decoction of root is a good remedy which is used as a purgative for the children and also used as blood purifier.

24

Brassicaceae

Lepidium draba L./KUSBT-523

Zangali meelay

Seed

Seeds of the plant are carminative. Mostly the plant is used as tonic and stomachic.

12

Brassicaceae

Raphanus sativus L./KUSBT-524

Meelay

Leaves

To cure jaundice, urinary tract infections and piles, fresh and young roots are eaten. Leaves work as diuretic and laxative.

18

Cannabinaceae

Cannabis sativa L./KUSBT-525

Bhangay

Flowering stems of female plants leaves,

Marijuana is the famous drug prepared traditionally from the plant. Fresh and young Leaves of the female plant are dried and grinded to make powder and is taken orally with water, milk and sweet to get cooling effect. The plant is also used to treat urinary tract diseases. The plant is also used in various medications in order to treat asthma, depression, insomnia and depression due to its sedative and analgesic effects.

10

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium album L./KUSBT-526

Spin Sormei

Whole plant

Plant is diuretic, aphrodisiac, appetizer and used as tonic. Abdominal pain is also treated with the herb. the plant is also ant helmentic and is effective in the treatment of liver disorders, jaundice. The young shoots of the plant is soaked in a glass of water for 3–5 h and then the filtrate is used orally to treat kidney pain. To remove the kidney stones, half glass of the above filtrate is mixed with equal amount to the extract of corn hair and is taken orally.

11

Compositae

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kitam./KUSBT-527

Tarkha

Whole plant

Infusion is used as purgative. To treat burns smoke is a good remedy. Also relieve ear pain.

3

Compositae

Aster trinervius Roxb. ex Roxb./KUSBT-528

-

Root

Root of the plant is useful in the treatment of pulmonary infections and cough. Hemorrhage is also treated. Seed decoction is used for obstructed menstruation.

5

Compositae

Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist/KUSBT-529

-

Whole plant

Plant has diuretic and stimulant properties.

3

Compositae

Tagetes patula L./KUSBT-530

Zear-gullai

Fruit

Fruit is used for cooling agent, and as demulcent.

2

Convolvolaceae

Convolvulus arvensis L./KUSBT-531

Parwathiay

Leaves, root

The roots are dried, crushed and taken orally one or two spoon as purgative. The herb is used for skin infections. Leaves are use as poultice and as antiseptic. Leaves decoction is made up which is used two spoon daily for the regulation of abnormal menstrual cycle in woman.

4

Cucurbitaceae

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad./KUSBT-532

Maraghenaiy

Fruit, seeds

Juice is extracted from the plant and is mixed with sugar and is taken in dropsy. This mixture is also used externally on skin during leukoderma. Oil is extract from the seeds and used topically on skin during snake bite. Honey is mixed with the grinded fruit making Tarkha Halwa which is taken 3 to 4 teaspoon thrice a day for stomach problems and expel worms.

7

Cupressaceae

Cupressus sempervirens L./KUSBT-533

Servay

Fruit, root, seeds,

Fruit is given to animals to produce cooling effect. Seeds and root/decoction is used for gastrointestinal diseases.

2

Fabaceae

Alhagi maurorum Medik./KUSBT-534

Sobena betai

Whole plant

Plant is expectorant, laxative, anti-diarrheal and antiseptic. Exudation obtained from the branches and Leaves is used as blood purifier. Roots of the plant are dried and grinded into powder and then take two grams of the powder with water daily for 2 weeks in order to treat kidneys problems.

8

Fabaceae

Astragalus creticus Lam./KUSBT-535

Aghazai

Aerial parts

Arial parts of the plant have sedative effect and are used as tonic.

3

Fabaceae

Astragalus grahamianus Benth./KUSBT-536

Aghzai

Whole plant

The herb is a good analgesic agent and also used in the treatment of abscesses.

2

Fabaceae

Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge/KUSBT-537

Aghzia

Root

The roots of the plant are used as and vasodilator.

3

Fabaceae

Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker/KUSBT-538

Ghuger

Leaves, roots, seeds

Medicinally the root of the plant is used as cooling agent and as a diuretic. Leaves and seeds are used for gastrointestinal diseases urinary tract infections, eczema and are used as anthelmintic, to kill the abdominal worms.

7

Fabaceae

Trifolium pratense L./KUSBT-539

Jangali Shautala

Flower

Flowers heads of the herb are used to cure skin infection. The herb is a good antispasmodic and expectorant. It also has estrogenic effect helping in the control of menopausal complaints.

4

Fagaceae

Quercus dilatata A.Kern./KUSBT-540

Ghora tsarray

Fruit, leaves

The corns are roasted and eaten and are used as tonic.

2

Fumariaceae

Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley/KUSBT-541

Paparie

Whole plant

Extract of the whole plant is used for the production of cooling effect. The plant is diuretic, diaphoretic.

8

Geraniaceae

Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet/KUSBT-542

Ranjot

Rhizome

To lower the blood pressure and to treat the leucorrhea, rhizome of the plant is used. The rhizome is also used as a source of tonic and also helps in treating rheumatism.

6

Juglandaceae

Juglans regia L./KUSBT-543

Matak

Fruit, root

Kernels are eaten raw to gain weight, also used as brain tonic. Root bark and Leaves are used for teeth cleaning.

5

Labiatae

Marubium vulgare L./KUSBT-544

Qurashka

Whole plant

The plant is used as tonic. It has also expectorant and diuretic properties and is used for pulmonary problem. Used in cold fever.

7

Labiatae

Mentha aquatica L./KUSBT-545

Podina

Whole plant

Decoction of the herb is used to treat digestive problems and cough. The herb is carminative and is used for flatulence.

9

Labiatae

Mentha longifolia (L.) L./KUSBT-546

Valanai

Leaves

Leaves decoction has carminative properties. Leaves are also employed for rheumatic pain, nausea, sickness and vomiting. Leaves of the herb are also a good remedy for the treatment of diarrhea, dysentery. Leaves powder are mixed with water and are used for stomach pain and also for cooling effect.

10

Labiatae

Nepeta cataria L./KUSBT-547

Chemjan betai

Whole plant

Leaves and flowering tops are dried and used as carminative agent, diaphoretic, refrigerant. Leaves are boiled and tea is prepared from it which is useful cold and fever. The tea also gives sedative effect.

7

Labiatae

Perowskia atriplicifolia Benth/KUSBT-548

Sansubai

Flower

Flowers are soaked in water and the water is applied to the body of the patient to produce cooling effect in fever.

3

Labiatae

Stachy parviflora benth./KUSBT-549

-

Leaves, stem

The bruised stem and Leaves are anthelmintic and are useful for intestinal worms

3

Labiatae

Teucrium stocksianum Boiss./KUSBT-550

Kastori

Whole plant

Whole of the plant water boiled and left for overnight. The water is then decanted and is taken for the treatment of cold. It is also used in cases of heart pain.

2

Labiatae

Thymus mongolicus (Ronniger) Ronniger/KUSBT-551

Marvezay

Whole plant

The herb has many medicinal properties such as it is used as carminative, as a tonic, antispasmodic. it improve poor vision. It is also used for stomach and liver problems also suppress urine and menstruation. Seeds are used as vermifuge.

11

Labiatae

Thymus linearis Benth./KUSBT-553

Gulapi beetai

Leaves

Leaves are used to cure cough, and asthma and expel worms from the abdomen. The Leaves have also antiseptic values.

4

Liliaceae

Allium ascalonicum L./KUSBT-554

Ghandana

Bulb

For the treatment of ear pain the extract of the bulb is used.

2

Liliaceae

Allium carolinianum DC./KUSBT-555

Jangali pyoz

Bulbs, leaves

Both of the plant parts are effective in cough and fever.

2

Liliaceae

Tulipa lehmanniana Merckl./KUSBT-556

Shamdai

Flower

The flower of the herbs are given to goat for increase lactation

3

Malvaceae

Hibiscus trionum L./KUSBT-557

Khatool

Flowers, leaves

Flowers are sunken in water and the infusion is helpful in treating skin ailments, itching. The infusion has also used as diuretic. Leaves are dried and are eaten to avoid the stomach pain.

4

Malvaceae

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench/KUSBT-558.

Bhenday

Fruit, leaves, seeds

Poultice is prepared from its Leaves and is used externally to stop irritation and treat swellings and pains. Mucilage of the fruit and seeds is a useful remedy for the treatment of irritations occurs inside the genitor urinary system.

4

Malvaceae

Malva neglecta Wallr./KUSBT-559

Tikalai

Seeds

Seeds are crushed and are used to cure cough and ulcer inside the bladder.

2

Malvaceae

Malva parviflora L./KUSBT-560

Tikalai

Leaves, root, seeds

Seeds are used in cough and in the treatment of ulcer inside the bladder. Leaf decoction is a good remedy for the expulsion of tap worm and profuse menstruation. Underground part is bruised and washed which is grinded to make fine powder then 2 g of the powder is taken and is wrapped inside the butter, eaten after dinner for sex tonic. Plant is also used as laxative.

3

Malvaceae

Malva pusilla Sm./KUSBT-561

Nagankai

Leaves, seeds

Leaves are applied externally to treat to scurvy and reckoned useful in piles. Seeds of the herb are used to treat skin diseases and also used in the treatment of cough, bronchitis inflammation of bladder.

6

Malvaceae

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal/KUSBT-562

Shapianga

Fruit, leaves, seed

Dried fruit are very efficient for dyspepsia and flatulence. Fruit is crushed and the powder is taken orally daily with a glass of water to avoid the stomach ache. To treat gass trouble, 2 or 3 seeds of the herbs are taken after meal. Seeds and fruits of the plant are used to treat digestive problems, diabetes and gastritis.

11

Moraceae

Ficus carica L./KUSBT-563

Togha

Fruit

Fruits of the plant are eaten in constipation because of demulcent and laxative properties. Ripened fruit of the plant are crushed mixing with a glass of curd and is taken to relieve constipation. Fruit is also useful for the treatment of diabetes, urinary tract diseases and piles.

7

Moraceae

Morus alba L./KUSBT-564

Teeth

Fruit, leaves

Fruit of the plant have laxative properties used to relieve constipation. Leaves are expectorant and are also used to treat the fever, throat infection.

6

Moraceae

Morus nigra L./KUSBT-565

Thor Teeth

Fruit

Fruit has a unique test and is eaten by the local people. the fruit is useful in expelling the worm from the abdomen and useful in treating the disease of bad thorax.

3

Myrataceae

Eucalyptus globulus Labill./KUSBT-566

Sofaida

Leaves

the Leaves of the plant are given to diabetic patient.

2

Nitrariaceae

Peganum harmala L. KUSBT-567

Sponda

Aerial parts

Seeds are crushed and then they are used to treat colic, asthma, jaundice. They are also anthelmentic. Seeds are antispasmodic, narcotic. Decoction is made from the seeds so as to treat laryngitis. Fruit of the plant is useful for heart pain.

11

Oleaceae

Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. & G.Don) Cif./KUSBT-568

Shawan

Fruit, leaves

Leaves are antiseptic. The fruit is also used as tonic.

4

Oleaceae

Olea ferruginea Wall. ex Aitch./KUSBT-569

Shawan

Fruit, oil

Fruit of the plant is an effective appetizer and useful treating caries of teeth and toothache. Oil of the plant is purgative. The oil is also useful in treating liver disorders and rheumatism. Powder of fruit is taken orally on empty stomach in a dose range manner of one teaspoon for forty five days. This remedy is effective in diabetes.

8

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis debilis var. corymbosa (DC.) Lourteig/KUSBT-570

-

Whole plant

Jaundice and dyspepsia are treating by using whole plant.

2

Oxalidaceae

Oxalis corniculata L./KUSBT-571

Tarvekai

Whole plant

Children eat the fresh Leaves of the herb and the local people are used the juice to treat diarrhea and stomach problems. Root decoction is used to expel worms. The extracts of the plant powder is used for scorpion sting.

5

Papilionaceae

Medicago polymorpha L./KUSBT-572

shapeshthlary

Leaves

Leaves have carminative properties. For the patient of blood pressure, Leaves and young and fresh shoots are very useful.

3

Papveraceae

Papaver nudicaule L./KUSBT-573

Jangali afeen

Fruit, leaves

Leaves and fruit of the plant have many properties like narcotic, sedative. Treating the lungs infection and bronchitis.

4

Plantaginceae

Plantago lanceolata L./KUSBT-574

Ispaghool

Leaves, seeds

The leaves of the plant have emollient (softening or soothing the skin) and expectorant properties. Leaves are also used as demulcent and astringent. cough and bronchitis are treated by the infusion of the Leaves. a thicken syrup is made up from the Leaves of the plant in order to alleviate the coughing in childern. seed of the plant has laxative properties. the Leaves of the plant are taken in mouth and remain there in order to avoid the toothach.

11

Poaceae

Cymbopogon jwarancusa (Jones) Schult./KUSBT-575

Sargarrai

Whole plant

Differnt parts of the plant are used as tonic. Decoction of the plant is useful for the patient suffering from typhoid fever.

2

Poaceae

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers./KUSBT-576

Osha

Whole plant

The grass has laxative properties and also used in asthma.

3

Pteridaceae

Adiantum capillus-veneris L./KUSBT-577

-

Aerial parts

Local inhabitants of the area use the fern to cure sore throat, bronchitis and cough.

3

Punicaceae

Punica granatum L./KUSBT-578

Nargosa

Bark, fruit

Fruit is a rich source of iron. To overcome the iron deficiency, the fruit of the plant is eaten. For nasal congestion the bark of the plant is used. Epicarp of the fruit is dried and is given to cattle for treating diarrhea.

5

Ranunculaceae

Ranunculus muricatus L./KUSBT-579

Chambailee

Aerial parts

Herb is diuretic. It is also used to treat urinary tract infections dysentery and jaundice. It is also useful in treating eczema, ringworm and leprosy.

6

Rosaceae

Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke/KUSBT-580

-

Leaves

Local healers use the plant for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. Leaves are astringent and used as diuretic.

3

Rosaceae

Rosa webbiana Wall. ex Royle/KUSBT-581

Jangali Gulab

Fruit, flowers

Flower are stomachic while for the treatment of asthma the decoction of its is used.

2

Salicaceae

Salix babylonica L./KUSBT-582

Wala

Leaves

Leaves are crushed, and water is released from it then this water is used in 2 to 3 drops three time a day to treat ear pain.

1

Sapotaceae

Sideroxylon mascatense (A.DC.) T.D.Penn./KUSBT-583

Gurgura

Fruit

Fruit of the plant is used to compensate the Fe deficit. The plant is attractive to honey bees. Fruit is a strong laxative having digestive properties and are also used to treat the urinary tract infections.

5

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum thapsus L./KUSBT-584

Zakhta

Aerial parts

The formation and stimulation of coughing up of phlegm can be minimized by using the leaves and flowers of the plant. It is also emollient and astringent.

5

Solanaceae

Datura metel L./KUSBT-585

Tatsai

Flowers, leaves, roots, seeds

The plant parts are effective in fever caused due to catarrh. They are also used to remove the cerebral complications. Diarrhea and skin diseases are also treated with plant parts.

5

Solanaceae

Datura stramonium L./KUSBT-586

Tatisai

Fruit, leaves

Fruit and leaves are effective in Parkinson disease, bronchitis and asthma.

3

Solanaceae

Solanum nigrum L./KUSBT-587

Tor mrach

Fruit, leaves

Leaves are effective against sore throat, hepatitis, abdominal pain and ear pain. Berries of the plant are diuretic and are useful for piles pain. Bark of the root has laxative properties

6

Umbelliferae

Coriandrum sativum L./KUSBT-588

Danya

Aerial parts

Decoction of the fruit is used to relieve colic pain, bleeding piles. Fruit of the herb is stimulant, aphrodisiac, carminative and refrigerant. It also increases gastric juice secretion. Seeds of the herb are famous for increasing appetite. To treat throat infection, the decoction of the plant is used through gargling.

10

Umbelliferae

Daucus carota L./KUSBT-589

Gajara

Fruit, leaves, seeds

Seeds are useful in the treatment of kidney problems and uterine pain. Leave are used as vegetables Fruit and seeds are carminative, stimulant, aphrodisiac and refrigerant.

8

Urticeae

Urtica dioica L./KUSBT-590

Teet beetai

Aerial parts

Plant is used as tonic, diuretic, anti rheumatic, astringent.

4

Zygophyllaceae

Fagonia cretica L./KUSBT-591

Spelaghza

Whole plant

Plant extract is used for the patient suffering from diabetes mellitus, inflammation and scabies. The hakims of the area use the plant extract for gastrointestinal problems and pains. Fresh leaves and twigs of the plant are grinded and juice is made of them. One glass of the juice is taken daily for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, expulsion of abdomen worms and blood purification.

6

Zygophyllaceae

Tribulus terrestris L./KUSBT-592

Maklenda

Seed

Seeds of the plant are grinded and then 10 g powder is taken which is mixed with 4 g of maize flour. Then this mixture is taken 3 g after every 3 h to expel the kidney stones.

2