Table 2 The twenty most listed taxa and those languages/territories having the most popular motivations for their bear-related phytonyms

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.

Az, It, Pol, Lit, Turk

Est, It, Hung, Lat

Hung, It

Alb, Bel, Cz, It, Lith, Pol, Rus, Ruth, Slov, Turk, Ukr

Bulg, Cr, Cz, Dan, Est, Ger, Izh, Rus, Norw, Sloven, Sw, Ukr/(?) Cr, Cz, Rus, S-C, Slov, Slov, Sorb, Ukr, Lat

Heracleum sphondylium L. incl Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sibiricum (L.) Simonk.

Hung, Fin, Vot

Blg, Eng, Est, Fin, IF, Izh, Vot

Chuv, Hung, Pol. Bulg/(?) Germ

It

Ger

Az, Bash, Cr, Cz, Dan, Pol, Rus, S-C, Slov, Slov, Tat, Sorb/(?) Ruth, Sorb, S-C

Rubus caesius L.

Est, Vot

Germ, Est, Vot

Bel, Cz, It, Ukr

It, Lith

Bel, Cz, Ukr, Lith

Acanthus mollis L.

Turk/(?) Germ

Uz/(?) Ruth, S-C, Slov, Sorb

Allium ursinum L.

It

Hung, It, Turk

Alb, Germ, Lith

Az, Bash, Bulg, Dan, Est, Kirg, Rus, Turk, Ukr, Lith/(?) Pol, Ruth, S-C, Slov

Lycopodium clavatum L.

Cz, Hung, It/(?) Sw, Cz, Ger

Est, Pol/(?) Cz, Germ

Lith

Lith

Verbascum thapsus L.

(?) Rus

Est/(?) Rus, Ukr

Az, Chuv, Cr-Tat, Kaz, Rus, Tat, Rus, Ukr/(?) Kirg

(?) Ger

Angelica sylvestris L.

Fin, IF, Izh, Rus, Sw

Sw

Sw/(?) Ru

Fin, IF, Izh

Meum athamanticum Garsault

Turk/(?) Ger

Ger

Rus

Primula auricula L.

Eng, It/(?) Ger

Bulg, Cr, Dan, Fr, S-C, Ukr/(?) Cz, Rus

Angelica archangelica L.

Fin, Ingr, Izh/(?) Rus, Sw

Fin, Ingr, Izh

Polytrichum commune Hedw.

Rus

Est, Fin, Izh, Lith, Sw, Vot/(?) Germ

Empetrum nigrum L.

Sw, Rus

Rus

Lith/(?) Norw, Sw

Geum rivale L.

Est, IF, Izh

Sw

Paris quadrifolia L.

Est, Fin, Lith/(?) Rus

Norw, Sw,

Lith/(?) Bulg

Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

(?) Slov

(?) It

It

Equisetum arvense L.

Est, Hung, Bulg, Lith

Lit