Table 2 Note that the taxonomic positions and names of some of the insects mentioned in this table are likely to have changed since the original publication in 1943 by Umemura, on which this table and a similar one in German by Schimitschek (1968) are based. However, in order to avoid ambiguity and confusion, it was felt it was best for this translated version to retain the nomenclature used in the Japanese original. Note also that precise descriptions of the various ways that treatments are administered are not given in this translation. Left out are species included by Umemura (1943) to be used only as generally wholesome food items, e.g., pupae of Psilogramma increta and larvae of Dendrolimus spectabilis, Chilo simplex, Schoenobius incertellus and Zeuzera pyrina (Lepidoptera), larvae of Vespa japonica and larvae and pupae of 5 species of Polistes (Hymenoptera), larvae of Prionus insularis (Coleoptera), adults of Loxoblemus orientalis, L. doenitzi and Gryllodes bethellus (Orthoptera), Cloeon dipterum (Ephemeroptera) and adults of various species of cicadas (Hemiptera). That numerous additional species of insects historically found acceptance as traditional food in Japan is apparent from the list given by Mitsuhashi (2008) in his book on edible insects of the world

Bombyx mori

Larvae employed in stopping bleedings, throat troubles, fever and snake bite;

Pupae used in connection with throat problems, tuberculosis, kidney problems;

Adults to stop bleedings and counter snake bite.

Faeces used in connection with bellyache, intestines, lumbago, cramps, eye infections, gonorrhoea, brain haemorrhage, haemorrhoids

Antheraea yamamai

Larvae used in connection with asthma and cramps;

Pupae for throat and skin troubles, lumps and cramps;

Cocoon used in connection with bone fractures

Antheraea pernyi

Pupae to reduce tumour growths & lumps

Cocoon to treat bone fractures and cramps

Dictyoploca japonica

Eggs used in treating skin problems

Rhodinia fugax

Cocoon for tumour & lump reduction

Whooping cough

Theretra oldenlandiae

Larvae all considered effective in treatments of TB, stomach upsets, umps, tumours and fever as well as snake bites

Theretra nessus

Acherontia styx

Pergesa elpenor lewisi

Macroglossa stellatarum

Herse convolvuli

Psilogramma increta

Brahmaea japonica

Larvae used in connection with cramps, respiratory and stomach troubles

Larvae can mitigate anaemia

Cnidocampa flavescens

Larvae help against cramps; Pupae and adults considered to have positive effect on vision

Phassus excrescens

Larvae used for lung and stomach troubles and snake bite

Cryptothelea minuscula

Larvae used for toothache and larvae as well as adults for respiratory problems

Also used in connection with anaemia

Paranthrene regalis

Larvae used for stomach upsets, cramps and gynaecological issues

Used in cases of diphtheria

Holocerus vicarius

Used in fighting fever and cramps

Papilio xuthus

Larvae and adults all used in connection with skin disorders; adults moreover in treatments of lumps and tumours

Papilio machaon

Papilio protenor demetrius

Papilio macilentus

Papilio alcinous

Graphium sarpedon nipponus

Apis indica japonica

Honey used in connection with skin, respiratory, urinary and intestinal disorders, snake bite and rabies;

Wax used also in connection with skin and digestive problems and snake bite: Larvae & adults in connection with rheumatism

Honey given in cases of influenza, the common cold and whooping cough; wax for freckles and constipation

Xylocopa apendiculata circumvolans

Larvae used in connection with fever and respiratory/lung ailments

Considered also effective in cases of haemorrhoids

Vespa auraria

Larvae used in connection with skin diseases, fever and respiratory problems;

Pupae used in connection with whooping cough

Nest material for ear, eye and dental problems, skin disorders and cramps

Larval treatment in cases of haemorrhoids

Vespa mandarina

Nest material considered effective in venereal disease and haemorrhoids

Euurobracon penerator

Larvae used in cases of cramp

Apriona rugicollis

Larvae used in connection with lung problems, cramps and palsy

Batocera lineolata

Larvae used to mitigate cramps

Used in cancer therapy and diphtheria

Chloridolum thaliodes

Larvae involved in treating smallpox

Epicauta gorhami

Adults used in treatments of hair, skin excretory (kidney) system and rabies

Considered effective in cases of warts

Cicindela chinensis

Adults used in connection with skin, tumours and gynaecological problems

Luciola lateralis

Adults used in connection with bleedings, hair and tumours

Considered effective in cases of whooping cough, haemorrhoids and as a tonic

Luciola cruciata

Hydrous acuminatus

Larvae used in connection with skin disorders and cramps

Considered effective in cases of whooping cough

Hydrophilus affinis

Sternolophus rufipes

Cybister brevis

Larvae prescribed in cases of asthma, respiratory and stomach problems

Cybister japonicus

Cybister trpuntatus

Rhantus pulverosus

Adults used in cases of skin disorders

Xylotrupes dichotomus

Larvae involved in treating gynaecological problems

Lucanus macrifemoratus

Larvae and adults involved in treatments of gynaecological problems

Psalidoremus inclinatus

Gyrinus curtus

Gyrinus japonicus

Dineutes marginatus

Larvae and adults both used in connection with lung and stomach problems, fever and cramps

Eristalis tenax

Pupae for eye problems. tooth ache, and fever; adults inconnection with cramps

Tabanus trigonus

Adults used for eye disorders and tumours

Tabanus rufidens

Tabanus chrysurus

Tabanus mandarinus

Musca domestica

Larvae used in treating snake bites and fever, gut and stomach problems and eye disorders;

Adults in connection with fever, tooth ache and skin disorders

Effective in cases of haemorrhoids

Muscina stabulans

Fannia canicularis

Calliphora lata

Used in connection with venereal diseases

Dryomyza formosa

Larvae used to reduce fever, in cases of snake bite, gut and stomach problems and eye disorders

Culex pipiens

Adults used to counteract venereal diseases

Aedes japonicus

Aedes albopictus

Anopheles japonicus

Pulex irritans

Adults all used in connection with venereal diseases

Ctenocephalus canis

Ctenocephalus felis

Pediculus corporis

Adults used in cases of venereal diseases

Pedicuus humanus

Gryllotalpa africana

Adults used to reduce fever, mitigate skin and kidney troubles and fight tumour growths

Considered also useful in connection with venereal disease

Gryllus mitratus

Larvae and adults used for fever and tumour reduction

Adults used for dysentery

Oxya velox

Adults used in cases of fever, respiratory, skin and gynaecological problems

Effective in treating cancer, haemorrhoids and anaemia

Oxya vicina

Paratenodera aridifolia

Adults used in treating fever, beriberi, tooth ache, fever, hair and respiratory problems

Paratenodera angustiennis

Statilia maculata

Hierodula patellifera

Mantis religiosa

Blattella germanica

Adults used in connection with skin and stomach disorders

Periplaneta americana

Periplaneta picea

Blatta orientalis

Sympetrum darwinianum

Adults used in connection with throat aches, asthma, tumours and fever

Larvae considered to help against whooping cough

Sympetrum elatum

Adults used for asthma

Sympetrum croceolum

Adults all considered effective in cases of asthma

Sympetrum frequense

Orthetrum albistylum

Crocothemis servillia

Adults used for ear, eye, throat and gut problems as well as fever

Used also in connection with diphtheria and cough

Hagenomyia micans

Larvae used in connection with fever, migraine/headaches, beriberi and gonorrhoea; adults considered effective in cases of whooping cough

Prothermes grandis

Larvae used for treating lung, stomach and gut problems

Perla tibialis

Larvae considered effective in cases of cramps

Perla tinctipennis

Lacotrephes japonensis

Eggs used in connection with bleedings, intestinal and uterine problems; adults in connection with cough, dysentery and haemorrhoids

Ranatra chinensis

Ranatra unicolor

Kirkaldya deyrollei

Schlechtendalia chinensis

Larvae used for endocrine disorders

Ericerus pe-la

Wax used to stop bleedings and in connection with lung and stomach problems

Considered effective against warts

Terpnosia vacua

Larvae used in cases of anaemia;

Exuviae for ear problems, tooth ache and fever as well as kidney problems and tumours

Exuviae also considered effective in cases of smallpox, coughs and haemorrhoids

Platypeura kaempferi

Graptopsaltria nigrofuscata

Cryptotympana japonensis

Tanna japonensis

Oncotympana maculaticollis

Meimuna opalifera

Lepisma villosum

Adults used in cases of eye disease and kidney dysfunction

Adults also considered effective in cases of paralysis