Table 5 Comparison of traditional uses of plant species in the study area with other regions of Pakistan and neighboring country

1

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees

Cough, influenza, diarrhea, blood purifier

Liver complaints, malaria

[47, 48]

2

Amaranthus spinosus L.

Diarrhea, antidote, fever, fodder

Eye vision, skin tonic

[48, 68]

3

Amaranthus viridis L.

Constipation, skin tonic, antidote, diuretic, cooking

Joints pain, burning of feet

[35, 45]

4

Chenopodium album L.

Laxative, diuretic, cough, cooking

Throat trouble, paralysis, rheumatism, jaundice

[45, 49, 66]

5

Chenopodium murale L.

Laxative, vegetable, Fodder, dye

Anthelmintic

[72]

6

Achyranthes aspera (L.) Hill

Cough, laxative, stomach complains, fodder, fuel

Skin tonic, blood purifier, malaria fever

[3, 45, 90]

7

Coriandrum sativum L.

Joint pain, stomach complaints, cooking

Sexual disease

[100]

8

Calotropis procera R. Br.

Asthma, skin tonic, fever, fodder

Hair tonic, hepatitis, antidote, tooth tonic

[3, 48, 49, 53, 66]

9

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kitt.

Diuretic, stomach complains, fodder

Antidote, fever, skin infection

[101]

10

Conyza bonariensis L.

Asthma, diarrhea, ulcer, fodder

Diuretic, blood purifier

[102, 103]

11

Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk.

Liver tonic, hair tonic, antidote of scorpio, fodder

GIT disorders

[48, 104]

12

Parthenium hysterophorus L.

blood purifier, back pain, fodder, Decoration, grow in crop

Fever

[45]

13

Silybum marianum L.

Anticancer, liver tonic, wound healing, fodder

Tuberculosis

[97]

14

Sonchus arvensis L.

Anti-kidney stone, asthma, cough, fodder

Wound healing

[45]

15

Xanthium strumarium L.

Fever, mother postnatal care, fodder

Toothache

[72]

16

Brassica campestris L.

Skin tonic, hair tonic, anti-cancerous

Headache, animal fever

[52, 95]

17

Brassica nigra L.

Diuretic, respiratory problems, fodder

GIT disease, toothache

[55, 105]

18

Capsella bursapastoris L.

Fodder, internal and external bleeding, diarrhea

Respiratory disease, sexual disease

[51]

19

Coronopus didymus (L.) Sm.

Asthma, Blood purifier

Insect repellent, joints disorder

[13, 85]

20

Sisymbrium irio L.

Fodder, asthma

Fever, skin tonic, cough

[35, 46, 72]

21

Cannabis sativa L.

Stomach complaints, Relaxant, Severe pains repellent

Male disease

[97]

22

Convolvulus arvensis L.

Fodder, animal fever, grow in crop

Skin tonic, liver tonic, GIT disorder

[3, 53]

23

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

Wound healing, Hair tonic

Blood purifier, relaxant, fever

[46, 97, 106]

24

Poranopsis paniculata (Roxb.) Roberty

Decoration, stomach pain, diarrhea, wound healing

Body pain

[50]

25

Cucurbita pepo L.

Skin tonic, cardiac problem, stomach disorder, Cooking,

Jaundice

[53]

26

Euphorbia helioscopia L.

Anticancerous, cholera

Skin tonic, GIT disorder, wound healing

[35, 46, 53]

27

Euphorbia hirta L.

Fodder

Skin tonic, sexual disorder, relaxant,

GIT disorder, respiratory disorder

[3, 90, 97, 106]

28

Euphorbia thymifolia L.

Fodder

Blood pressure

[3]

29

Ricinus communis L.

Wound healing, fuel, hair tonic

GIT disorder, postnatal care, headache, hepatitis

[45, 48, 53, 98]

30

Sapium sebiferum L.

Antidote, Fodder, fuel, furniture

GIT disorder

[107]

31

Acacia.nilotica

Fodder

GIT disorder, sexual disorder wound healing, skin tonic

[3, 46, 98, 106, 108]

32

Acacia arabica Willd.

Diarrhea, Skin tonic, roof, fuel, fodder, exported

Respiratory disorder

[106]

33

Acacia farnesiana L.

Diarrhea, perfume, fuel, furniture, exported

Toothache, sexual disorder

[49]

34

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.

Fuel, wound healing, Cough, burning, postnatal care

Skin tonic

[48, 49]

35

Cassia angustifolia L.

Purgative, hair tonic, teeth tonic

Blood purifier, sexual disorder, rheumatism

[3, 47]

36

Cassia fistula L.

Laxative, constipation, fodder, cough, stomach pain

Hepatitis

[48, 90, 106]

37

Cassia occidentalis L.

Fuel, roof, bitter taste, stomach disorder, laxative

Respiratory disorder

[48]

38

Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC.

Fodder, fuel, furniture, wound healing, hair tonic

Sexual disease, GIT disease, fever, diuretic

[48, 49]

39

Indigofera linifolia (L.f) Retz.

Fodder, obtain dye, Stomach complaints, blood purifier, for liver

Sexual disease

[67, 85]

40

Lathyrus aphaca L.

Fodder

Cough

[45]

41

Melilotus indica L.

Laxative, diarrhea, cooking, fodder, bitter taste, skin tonic

Respiratory disorder, sexual disease

[54, 109]

42

Mimosa pudica L.

Fuel, fodder, antidote, wound healing, diarrhea

Menstrual disorder, respiratory disease

[86, 92]

43

Tamarindus indica L.

Malaria, fever, bitter taste, Laxative, burning

Jaundice

[48]

44

Vicia faba L.

Diuretic, fodder, food, soap

Eye infection

[68]

45

Ocimum basilicum L.

Scent, flavoring, cough, headache, diarrhea

Influenza, cardiac problem, antidote

[53, 104]

46

Ocimum sanctum L.

Appetizer, mosquito repellent, fodder, fever, cough

Liver tonic

[47, 106, 110]

47

Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f.

Skin tonic, cough, hair tonic, fever

Liver tonic

[48, 108]

48

Lawsonia inermis L.

Wound healing, hair tonic

Diuretic, jaundice

[46, 48]

49

Malvastrum coromandelianum L.

Fodder, wound healing

Fever, GIT disorders

[49]

50

Azadirachta indica A. Juss

Fodder, skin tonic, fuel

Hair tonic, sexual disorders, eye infection, GIT disorders, liver tonic

[3, 48, 106, 108]

51

Melia azadirachta L.

Wound healing, shade, cough, fuel, furniture, fodder

Skin tonic, hair tonic

[93]

52

Ficus sarmentosa Bush: Ham. ex J.E. Smith

Fuel, fodder

Respiratory disease, GIT disorder

[111]

53

Ficus benghalensis L.

Influenza, shade, diarrhea, fuel, decoction

Asthma, liver tonic

[45, 47, 49]

54

Ficus religiosa L.

Asthma, diarrhea Shade, fuel, fodder, ulcer, molar pain, cardiac problem

Wound healing

[49]

55

Morus alba L.

Cough, fodder, respiratory disorders

GIT disorder

[11]

56

Eucalyptus globulus Labill.

Influenza, skin tonic, Fuel, furniture, stomach disorder

Liver tonic

[48]

57

Syzygium cumini L.

Fruit, fuel, fodder, cancer, heart problem, diarrhea

Nervous disorder, fever

[45, 108]

58

Oxalis corniculata L.

Antidote, stomach disorder, vegetable, fodder

Liver tonic, diuretic, joints problem

[46, 88]

59

Fumaria indica Linn.

Laxative, fodder

GIT disorder, liver tonic, diuretic, skin tonic

[45, 53, 93]

60

Acrachne racemosa (Roem & schult)

Fodder

General debility

[48]

61

Avena sativa L.

Postnatal care

Nervous disorder, GIT disorders

[53, 97]

62

Cenchrus setigerus Vahl.

Fodder

Fever, skin tonic, GIT disorder

[66]

63

Chloris barbata Sw.

Fodder, skin disorder

Respiratory disease

[112]

64

Chrysopogon aucheri Bioss

Fodder, fuel

GIT disorder

[54]

65

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.

Stomach complaint, constipation, antidote for snake and dogs, fodder

Diuretic, wound healing, fever

[3, 48, 49, 108]

66

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.

Fodder

Diuretic, GIT disorder

[96]

67

Pennisetum divisum (Fosslk. ex J. F. Gmel)

Fodder

GIT disorder

[66]

68

Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud.

Cardiac problem, fuel

Respiratory disorder

[16]

69

Saccharum bengalensis L.

Roof, fuel, pre/post natal care, animal disease

Diuretic

[91]

70

Triticum aestivum L.

Fodder, anticancerous, gastrointestinal disease

Postnatal care, backache

[45]

71

Rumex chalepensis Mill.

Fodder

Insect repellent

[113]

72

Anagallis arvensis L.

Fodder, skin tonic, Diuretic, hair tonic

Nervous disorder

[90, 104]

73

Ranunculus muricatus L.

Fodder, fever, asthma, Fodder

Wound healing, skin tonic

[45, 46]

74

Ranunculus repens L.

Fodder

Nervous disorder, blood purification

[84]

75

Zizyphus jujuba (L.) Lam.

Fruit, furniture, skin tonic, joints pain, hair tonic, backache, burning

Liver tonic, GIT disorder

[45, 48]

76

Murraya koenigii L.

Stomach diseases, wound healing, vomiting, scent, decoration

Blood purification

[86]

77

Salix lanata L.

Fever, reduce internal pain, fodder, bitter taste

Respiratory disorder

[3]

78

Verbascum thapsus L.

Male disease, internal bleeding

Wound healing, nervous disorder, respiratory disorder

[11, 49]

79

Lycium barbarum L.

Anticancerous, asthma, scent, fodder

Diuretic, skin tonic

[89, 114]

80

Solanum americanum Mill.

Joints pain, cooking, Perfume, vegetable, fodder

GIT disorders. fever

[48]

81

Withania somnifera L.

Lung disorder, animal disease, asthma, male disease

Fever, joint pain, liver tonic, sexual disorder, eye infection

[45–47, 53, 66, 108]

82

Urtica dioica L.

Joints pain, cold and flu, liver disease

Skin tonic, GIT disorder, fever

[91, 115]

83

Lantana camara L.

Fodder, snake bite, cold and flu

Malaria fever

[49]

84

Phyla nodiflora L.

Fodder

GIT disorder, diuretic, blood purifier, wound healing, hair tonic

[45, 46, 49, 104]