Table 1 Fodder species consumed by mithun (Bos frontalis) in Dulongjiang area, Yunnan Province, Southwest China

Athyriaceae

Diplazium viridissimum Christ

whole plant

no

Herb

*

**

G0026

Blechnaceae

Woodwardia biserrata C. Presl

risonglabo

leaves

no

Herb

**

**

G0061

Dryopteridaceae

Dryopteris wallichiana (Sprengel) Hylander

resang

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

GYF9

Gleicheniaceae

Diplopterygium giganteum (Wallich ex Hooker & Bauer) Nakai

leaves

no

Herb

*

****

G0002

Plagiogyriaceae

Plagiogyria virescens (C. Chr.) Ching

mingwa

whole plant

no

Herb

*

*

G0003

Polypodiaceae

Arthromeris nigropaleacea S. G. Lu

miwaxin

whole plant

no

Herb

**

*

G0058

Polypodiaceae

Lepisorus scolopendrium (Ham.ex D.Don.) Menhra ex Bir

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

GYF55

Pteridaceae

Coniogramme caudata (Wall.) Ching

dayexin, wanjiegelang

leaves

no

Herb

**

**

GYF6

Actinidiaceae

Saurauia polyneura C. F. Liang & Y. S. Wang

damujiu

tender branches, leaves

yes, fruits for people

Tree

****

****

GYF41

Adoxaceae

Sambucus williamsii Hance

leaves

yes, medicinal plants

Tree or shrub

**

**

PHO9

Adoxaceae

Viburnum cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

bulu

leaves

yes, huger food for people

Tree or shrub

**

***

GYF43

Adoxaceae

Viburnum pyramidatum Rehder

leaves

no

Tree or shrub

*

*

PHO10

Amaranthaceae

Achyranthes aspera L.

gula

whole plant

yes, pig’s favorite

Herb

**

*

G0008

Amaranthaceae

Deeringia amaranthoides (Lam.) Merr.

leaves, fruits

yes, medicinal plants

Shrub

*

**

PHO1

Anacardiaceae

Dobinea vulgaris Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

leaves

no

Tree

*

**

PHO41

Apiaceae

Heracleum candicans Wallich ex de Candolle

bengduowang

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

PHO53

Apocynaceae

Periploca calophylla (Baill.) Roberty

a ren

tender branches, leaves

yes, medicinal plants

Shrub

**

***

GYF8

Araceae

Arisaema decipiens Schott

donghe

leaves

yes, huger food for people

Herb

*

**

PHO2

Araceae

Arisaema sp.

langdeng

leaves

no

Herb

**

*

PHO3

Araliaceae

Aralia chinensis L.

bang a

leaves

yes, huger food for people

Tree

***

*

G0029

Araliaceae

Brassaiopsis chengkangensis Hu

nalangxin

leaves

no

Tree

*

***

PHO4

Araliaceae

Brassaiopsis glomerulata (Blume) Regel

nalongxin

leaves

no

Tree or shrub

*

***

PHO5

Araliaceae

Schefflera chinensis (Dunn) H. L. Li

lengdemg

leaves

no

Tree

**

**

PHO6

Araliaceae

Trevesia palmata (Roxb. ex Lindl.) Vis.

lajia

leaves

yes, medicinal plants

Tree

**

***

G0049

Asteraceae

Artemisia sieversiana Ehrh. ex Willd.

debulu

leaves

yes, also fodder for cattle

Herb

**

**

GYF38

Asteraceae

Blumea densiflora DC.

leaves

no

Shrub

*

****

GYF48

Asteraceae

Cirsium sp.

lajian

whole plant

no

Herb

*

**

G0022

Asteraceae

Crassocephalum crepidioides (Benth.) S. Moore

whole plant

yes, huger food for people

Herb

**

**

PHO12

Asteraceae

Himalaiella deltoidea (DC.) Raab-Straube

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

GYF53

Asteraceae

Myriactis nepalensis Less.

waguigang

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

G0052

Asteraceae

Notoseris yakoensis (Jeffrey) N. Kilian

whole plant

no

Herb

**

***

GYF49

Asteraceae

Pseudognaphalium affine (D. Don) Anderb.

whole plant

no

Herb

**

*

PHO13

Asteraceae

Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

whole plant

no

Herb

**

***

PHO14

Asteraceae

Sonchus wightianus Candolle

nu a bulai

whole plant

no

Herb

**

*

PHO15

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens holocentra Handel-Mazzetti

zhuiguli

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

G0020

Betulaceae

Alnus nepalensis D. Don

leaves, fruits

no

Tree

*

*****

PHO7

Betulaceae

Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

dengpurui

leaves

no

Tree

*

**

PHO8

Brassicaceae

Cardamine flexuosa With.

whole plant

no

Herb

***

**

PHO17

Caprifoliaceae

Leycesteria gracilis (Kurz) Airy Shaw

baguajia

leaves

no

Shrub

**

*

G0048

Caprifoliaceae

Valeriana barbulata Diels

dengsen

whole plant

no

Herb

***

**

PHO56

Caryophyllaceae

Drymaria cordata (L.) Willd. ex Schult.

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

PHO11

Caryophyllaceae

Stellaria vestita Kurz

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

GYF37

Celastraceae

Celastrus gemmatus Loes.

a ren

leaves

no

Shrub

**

**

GYF1

Commelinaceae

Commelina paludosa Blume

bengge

leaves

no

Herb

***

**

GYF33

Coriariaceae

Coriaria nepalensis Wall.

leaves

no

Shrub

*

**

PHO16

Cornaceae

Cornus macrophylla Wall.

benmiqiang

leaves

no

Tree

**

*

G0051

Cucurbitaceae

Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

PHO18

Cyperaceae

Carex baccans Nees

jiwoka

whole plant

no

Herb

***

**

GYF51

Cyperaceae

Carex nubigena D. Don ex Tilloch & Taylor

jingwo

whole plant

no

Herb

***

***

PHO19

Cyperaceae

Scleria dulungensis P. C. Li

whole plant

no

Herb

***

**

PHO20

Ericaceae

Vaccinium gaultheriifolium (Griff.) Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke

kaixin

leaves

no

Shrub

**

*

PHO21

Fabaceae

Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi

buruikale

leaves

yes, huger food for people

Herb

***

**

PHO28

Gentianaceae

Tripterospermum chinense (Migo) Harry Sm.

leaves

no

Herb

***

***

GYF46

Gesneriaceae

Aeschynanthus superbus C. B. Clarke

leaves

no

Shrub

**

*

PHO22

Hydrangeaceae

Hydrangea longipes Franch.

benming

leaves

no

Shrub

***

****

GYF24

Hypericaceae

Hypericum addingtonii N. Robson

leaves

no

Shrub

*

**

GYF4

Hypoxidaceae

Curculigo capitulata (Lour.) O. Ktze.

xiaowei

whole plant

no

Herb

***

**

GYF40

Hypoxidaceae

Curculigo sinensis S. C. Chen

shiwei

whole plant

no

Herb

****

**

G0001

Iteaceae

Itea kiukiangensis Huang & S. C. Huang ex H. Chuang

leaves

no

Tree

**

**

PHO23

Lamiaceae

Ajuga nipponensis Makino

leaves

no

Herb

**

*

PHO24

Lamiaceae

Craniotome furcata (Link) Kuntze

mengsang

whole plant

no

Herb

**

****

GYF20

Lamiaceae

Elsholtzia blanda (Benth.) Benth.

tender branches, leaves

no

Herb

**

*

PHO25

Lamiaceae

Leucosceptrum canum Sm.

xindong

leaves

no

Tree or shrub

**

****

PHO26

Lamiaceae

Melissa axillaris (Benth.) Bakh.f.

renangsangxi

whole plant

no

Herb

**

***

GYF11

Lamiaceae

Pogostemon brevicorollus Y. Z. Sun ex C. H. Hu

whole plant

no

Herb

**

****

GYF10

Lamiaceae

Prunella vulgaris L.

wagui

whole plant

yes, medicinal plants

Herb

***

**

PHO27

Magnoliaceae

Magnolia sp.

sirbeng

leaves

no

Tree

*

*

GYF26

Melanthiaceae

Paris sp.

chonglou

leaves

yes, mithun growing fast and medicinal plants

Herb

***

**

PHO29

Melastomataceae

Oxyspora yunnanensis H. L. Li

leaves

no

Shrub

**

**

GYF45

Musaceae

Ensete wilsonii (Tutcher) Cheesman

gelong

leaves

yes, huger food for people

Herb

**

*

PHO31

Oleaceae

Jasminum lanceolarium Roxb.

tender branches, leaves

no

Woody liana

*

*

GYF42

Orchidaceae

Cymbidium faberi Rolfe

xinwa

whole plant

no

Herb

*

*

G0059

Orchidaceae

Pholidota articulata Lindl.

whole plant

no

Herb

*

*

GYF5

Plantaginaceae

Plantago asiatica L.

wagui

whole plant

yes, medicinal plants

Herb

***

**

G0004

Poaceae

Arundo donax L.

gelu

tender branches, leaves

yes, mithun growing fast with shiny fur

Tree

****

*****

G0056

Poaceae

Chimonobambusa armata (Gamble) Hsueh & T. P. Yi

jiu

leaves, bamboo shoot

yes, huger food for people

Tree

****

****

PHO34

Poaceae

Dendrocalamus fugongensis Hsueh & D. Z. Li

duwa

leaves, bamboo shoot

yes, huger food for people

Tree

***

***

PHO35

Poaceae

Erianthus longisetosus T. Anderson

shiling

whole plant

yes, mithun growing fast with shiny fur

Herb

*****

*****

G0060

Poaceae

Fargesia praecipua T. P. Yi

sameng

leaves, bamboo shoot

yes, huger food for people

Tree

****

****

GYF21

Poaceae

Gaoligongshania megalothyrsa (Hand.-Mazz.) D.Z. Li, J.R. Xue & N.H. Xia

langsa

leaves, bamboo shoot

yes, huger food for people

Tree

*

****

GYF22

Poaceae

Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv.

aji

whole plant

yes, mithun growing fast with shiny fur

Herb

****

***

PHO36

Poaceae

Isachne albens Trin.

mieqie

whole plant

no

Herb

***

***

GYF35

Poaceae

Microstegium nudum (Trin.) A. Camus

yilong

whole plant

no

Herb

***

**

G0013

Poaceae

Miscanthus nepalensis (Trin.) L. Liu

whole plant

no

Herb

***

***

PHO8406

Poaceae

Oplismenus compositus (L.) P. Beauv.

jilong

whole plant

no

Herb

***

**

GYF36

Poaceae

Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng.

whole plant

no

Herb

****

**

PHO37

Poaceae

Phyllostachys mannii Gamble

remeng

leaves, bamboo shoot

yes, huger food for people

Tree

***

***

PHO38

Poaceae

Saccharum arundinaceum Retz.

hong

whole plant

no

Herb

****

***

GYF39

Poaceae

Sacciolepis indica (L.) Chase

ji ong

whole plant

no

Herb

**

*

PHO39

Poaceae

Setaria plicata (Lam.) T. Cooke

whole plant

no

Herb

***

***

PHO40

Polygonaceae

Fagopyrum dibotrys (D. Don) H. Hara

shili

whole plant

yes, fodder for all livestocks huger food for people

Herb

**

*

GYF30

Polygonaceae

Polygonum capitatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

longgadebeng

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

PHO42

Polygonaceae

Polygonum chinense var. hispidum Hook. f.

whole plant

no

Herb

***

***

GYF34

Polygonaceae

Polygonum molle D. Don

yibangge, bengge

tender branches, leaves

yes, huger food for people

Shrub

****

****

G0032

Polygonaceae

Polygonum runcinatum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

zhebamu

whole plant

yes, huger food for people

Herb

***

**

PHO43

Polygonaceae

Polygonum runcinatum var. sinense Hemsl.

debeng

whole plant

yes, medicinal plants

Herb

***

***

G0030

Primulaceae

Embelia floribunda Wall.

tender branches, leaves

no

Shrub

**

*

PHO32

Primulaceae

Embelia parviflora Wall. ex A. DC.

tender branches, leaves

no

Shrub

*

*

GYF27

Primulaceae

Myrsine semiserrata Wall.

xinjixin

tender branches, leaves

no

Shrub

**

***

PHO33

Ranunculaceae

Clematis armandii Franch.

whole plant

yes, medicinal plants

Herb

***

**

PHO44

Ranunculaceae

Clematis sp.

whole plant

yes, medicinal plants

Herb

**

**

GYF14

Rosaceae

Fragaria moupinensis (Franch.) Cardot

bohuo

whole plant

yes, fruits for people

Herb

***

**

G0007

Rosaceae

Fragaria pentaphylla Losinsk.

buleng

whole plant

yes, fruits for people

Herb

***

**

PHO45

Rosaceae

Geum aleppicum Jacq.

whole plant

no

Herb

***

***

PHO46

Rosaceae

Neillia thrysiflora D. Don

leaves

no

Tree

**

**

GYF47

Rosaceae

Potentilla kleiniana Wight & Arn.

denggabune

whole plant

no

Herb

**

*

PHO47

Rosaceae

Rubus biflorus Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.

benheqi

tender branches, leaves, fruits

yes, fruits for people

Shrub

**

**

G0043

Rosaceae

Rubus ellipticus Sm.

benghe, bengge

tender branches, leaves, fruits

yes, fruits for people

Shrub

**

**

GYF13

Rosaceae

Rubus irenaeus Focke

tender branches, leaves, fruits

yes, fruits for people

Shrub

***

***

GYF25

Rosaceae

Rubus lineatus Reinw.

jiawa

tender branches, leaves, fruits

yes, fruits for people

Shrub

****

*****

G0046

Rosaceae

Rubus mesogaeus Focke

tender branches, leaves, fruits

yes, fruits for people

Shrub

**

****

PHO48

Rosaceae

Rubus paniculatus Sm.

benghe

tender branches, leaves, fruits

yes, fruits for people

Shrub

***

**

G0005

Rosaceae

Rubus pectinarioides H. Hara

tender branches, leaves, fruits

yes, fruits for people

Shrub

**

*

GYF23

Rosaceae

Rubus pentagonus Wall. ex Focke

dachui

tender branches, leaves, fruits

yes, fruits for people

Shrub

**

*

GYF54

Rosaceae

Rubus taronensis C. Y. Wu ex T. T. Yu & L. T. Lu

lajia

tender branches, leaves, fruits

yes, fruits for people

Shrub

**

**

GYF19

Rubiaceae

Damnacanthus indicus C. F. Gaertn.

leaves

no

Shrub

*

**

GYF12

Rubiaceae

Hedyotis scandens Roxb.

whole plant

no

Herb

*

**

GYF18

Rubiaceae

Luculia yunnanensis S. Y. Hu

gudie, xiu

leaves

no

Shrub

**

**

GYF44

Rubiaceae

Ophiorrhiza lurida Hook.f.

whole plant

no

Herb

*

**

GYF29

Rubiaceae

Uncaria scandens (Sm.) Hutch.

tender branches, leaves

no

Woody liana

*

*

GYF52

Rubiaceae

Wendlandia speciosa Cowan

leaves

no

Tree or shrub

*

**

PHO49

Rutaceae

Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam.

tender branches, leaves

no

Shrubs or woody climbers

***

**

PHO50

Sabiaceae

Sabia dielsii Levl.

tender branches, leaves

no

Woody liana

*

**

GYF50

Saxifragaceae

Astilbe chinensis (Maxim.) Franch. & Sav.

whole plant

no

Herb

**

**

PHO51

Scrophulariaceae

Buddleja sp.

leaves

no

Tree

***

**

PHO30

Smilacaceae

Smilax lunglingensis F. T. Wang & Tang

aguaidelei

leaves

no

Shrub

***

***

GYF16

Smilacaceae

Smilax myrtillus A. DC.

leaves

no

Shrub

*

*

GYF15

Staphyleaceae

Turpinia macrosperma Huang

leaves

no

Tree

*

**

PHO52

Urticaceae

Debregeasia orientalis C. J. Chen

xinyi

leaves

no

Shrub

****

****

G0038

Urticaceae

Elatostema hookerianum Wedd.

kena, shilikangqiang

whole plant

yes, muntjac’s favorite

Herb

***

**

G0009

Urticaceae

Elatostema laevissimum W. T. Wang

whole plant

yes, muntjac’s favorite

Herb

***

**

PHO54

Urticaceae

Elatostema nasutum Hook.f.

kangqiang

whole plant

yes, muntjac’s favorite

Herb

**

**

GYF2

Urticaceae

Elatostema platyphyllum Wedd.

zhemeng

whole plant

no

Subshrubs

*****

*****

GYF31

Urticaceae

Gonostegia hirta (Bl.) Miq.

yileng, jielang

whole plant

no

Herb

****

**

G0053

Urticaceae

Lecanthus pileoides Chien & C. J. Chen

wangnuoka, wandong

whole plant

no

Herb

****

**

G0012

Urticaceae

Oreocnide frutescens (Thunb.) Miq.

leaves

no

Tree

***

***

PHO55

Urticaceae

Pilea pellionioides C. J. Chen

whole plant

no

Herb

***

**

GYF3

Urticaceae

Pilea sp.

ganji

whole plant

no

Herb

**

***

G0018

Urticaceae

Urtica ardens Link

bengluo

whole plant

no

Herb

*

*

GYF17

Vitaceae

Tetrastigma obtectum (Wall. ex M.A. Lawson) Planch. ex Franch.

buleng a ren

tender branches, leaves

yes, fruits for people

Herbaceous liana

***

**

GYF28

Zingiberaceae

Cautleya gracilis (Sm.) Dandy

gubeng

leaves

no

Herb

*

*

GYF7

Zingiberaceae

Hedychium sinoaureum Stapf

gubaomu, gubeng

leaves

no

Herb

**

*

G0014