Table 1 Wild and feral species traditionally used for food and medicine in the study area

Achillea millefolium L.

milefiori, milefolium, stolisnik, tausendrož

dried for tea

against amenorrhea, digestive, to strengthen the body, to improve appetite, to treat women’s menopausal symptoms, for the bladder, for the stomach

L, F

Md

40115

Alcea rosea L.

slez crveni

dried for tea

diuretic

F

Md

-

Allium ampeloprasum L.

čebula, čebüv, dibji česan, diblji česon, diblji luk, divlji luk, divlji lük, luk, poriluk diblji, purić

fried with eggs, raw as salad, raw for livestock

L, R

Fd

-

Allium ursinum L.

medvedka, medvjeđi luk

boiled, raw or dried as spice, fried with eggs, raw as salad

L

Fd

-

Allium sp.

česan, česän, divlji česan

raw, cooked

L, R

Fd

-

Althaea officinalis L.

beli slez, kapitvanjica, sirići, slez

dried for tea

to clean the sinuses, to calm coughing

F, R, L

Md

-

Amaranthus retroflexus L.

diblja blitva, divlji šćir, šćir

boiled, boiled with fennel, dried for tea, soaked in water

veterinary: against diarrhea

S, L

Md & Fd

41804

Arctium lappa L.

čičak

dried for tea, macerated

for detoxification, for better hair growth

R, FR

Md

-

Armoracia rusticana P. Gaertn., B. Mey. et Scherb.

hren

raw as salad

R

Fd

-

Artemisia absinthium L. ^a

pelen, pelin

boiled, dried for tea, raw in liqueur

against gastritis, against pneumonia, to treat women’s problems, liver cleaning

L

Md

40142

Arum maculatum L.

kozlac

dried for tea or ointment

against haemorrhoids, to treat laryngitis and bronchitis, anti-ulcer, anti-psoriatic

L

Md

41792

Asparagus acutifolius L.

diblje šparge, šparge, šparoge, šparuge, šparüge, šporge

boiled with rice, cooked in pasta sauce, dried for tea, fried with eggs, raw or dried as spice

kidney stone relief

W

Md & Fd

-

Bellis perennis L.

margaretice, tratinčica

fried in pancakes

F

Fd

41803

Calendula officinalis L.

neven

raw in ointment

astringent, for healing the skin

F

Md

-

Carlina acaulis L.

beli trn, kravljak, vilino sito

against ageing spots on the skin, for decoration

against age spots

F, L, R

Md

-

Carum carvi L. ^a

crni kimelj, divlji kimelj, divlji kimen, kimel, kimel divlji, kimen

dried as spice, dried for tea, raw

digestive, anti-flatulence, intestinal colic relief in children

S

Md & Fd

-

Castanea sativa Mill.

divlji kostanj, kostanj, kostanji diblji

raw

anti-rheumatic

FR

Md

-

Centaurium erythraea Rafn

kičica, taušendroža

dried for tea, raw in liqueur

digestive

W

Md

36736

Chelidonium majus L. ^a

mlič, rosopas

dried for tea, raw- cellular juice

anti-warts, against dizziness, against skin cancer

W, L

Md

41799

Chenopodium album L.

loboda, lobodà, lübüdá

boiled, boiled with vegetables, fried, fried with eggs, raw as salad, raw for livestock, raw or dried as spice

L, W

Fd

40132, 40037

Cichorium intybus L.

cikorija, diblji radić, diblji redić, divlji radić, konjski radić, radić, vodopija, zajka, ženotrga, žutenka

boiled, boiled with vegetables, fried, as a warm drink, fried with eggs, raw as salad

R, L

Fd

40033

Clematis vitalba L.

ruj, sarabot, škrebut, tartor, trator, trtor

dried for weaving and making a kind of string for tying vineyards, fried with eggs, raw, raw for livestock, raw for weaving

L, W

Fd

40134

Clinopodium nepeta (L.) Kuntze (syn. Calamintha nepetoides Jord.)

dibja menta, divlja metica, metica, metvica divlja, divlji bosiljak

dried as spice, dried for tea

sedative, good for stomach

L

Md & Fd

41807

Cornus mas L.^a

dren, drenići, drenjula, drenjule, drenjüle, drenjuli, drenjulve, drijen, drnjići, drnjole, drnjule, drnjüle, drnjuli, drünjule

cooked as compote or jam, distilled for brandy, dried for tea, fermented as vinegar, processed in wine, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in oil, raw in syrup

FR

Fd

41788-

Corylus avellana L.

divlji lešnjaki, lješnjaki

raw

S

Fd

40125

Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

beli gloh, bijeli gloh, bijeli trn, bijeli trnj, brombulje, crveni glog, crveni gloh, divlji glog, glog, glog crni, glog crveni, gloh, košići

cooked as jam, dried for tea, pressed for juice drops, raw in liqueur, raw in ointment

cardiac insufficiency treatment, blood pressure remedy

L, F, FR

Md & Fd

40113

Daucus carota L.

divlji merlin, merlin, mrkva

cooked

healing “because of carotene”

R

Md & Fd

41792

Dioscoraea communis (L.) Caddick & Wilkin (syn. Tamus communis L.)

blušć, blüšć, blušt, bljušć, bljušt, bljüšt

fried with eggs, raw as salad, raw for livestock, raw in liqueur, raw or dried as spice

anti-rheumatic

W, R

Md & Fd

40040

Diplotaxis tenuifolia (L.) DC.

dibja rokula, diblja rokula, divlja riga, divlja rokola, divlja rokula, riga, rikula, rohuljica, rokola, rokula, rokulja, rukola

boiled with vegetables, raw

L

Fd

40041

Elymus repens (L.) Gould

pernica, pirika

dried for tea

pain relief, to treat internal diseases

R

Md

36691

Equisetum arvense L.

poljska preslica, preslica

dried for tea, raw in bath

diuretic (urine excretor)

L

Md

-

Euphorbia cyparissias L.

mličika, mličina

dried for tea, raw

for disinfection (of water), untreated serious disease, veterinary: wound healing for sheep

L

Md

41801

Fagus sylvatica L.

bukva

boiled and mixed with sheep tallow

L

Fd

41789

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

dibji koromač, komorač, komorač diblji, koromač, kurumač, pitomi koromač

boiled, boiled with vegetables, dried for tea, fried with eggs, raw in liqueur, raw or dried as spice

for digestion

L

Md & Fd

40032

Fragaria vesca L.

dibja jagoda, diblja jagoda, divlja jagoda, fragola, fragole, preskavčići, šumska jagoda, treskavac, triskovac

raw, marmelade

FR

Fd

36787

Gentiana lutea L. ssp. symphyandra (Murb.) Hayek

čemerika, encian, lincura, srčanik, šulijan

dissolved in water, raw in liqueur

anti-gout, anti-rheumatic, anti-arthritis

R

Md

40028

Helianthus tuberosus L.

čičoka

raw (ground for salad)

anti-diabetes

R

Md

-

Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don

smilje

in olive oil, for skin

for the skin

F, L

Md

34732

Humulus lupulus L.

bruškandol, dibji hmelj, divlji hmelj, hmej, hmelj, hmëlj, hmilj, kmiej

boiled with rice, cooked in pasta sauce, raw or dried for soup seasoning, dried for tea, fried with eggs

sedative

L

Md & Fd

40056

Hypericum perforatum L.

gospina trava, ivanjska trava, ivanjsko cvijeće, kantariol, kantarion, rože sv. Ivana, rožice sv. Ivana, trava sv. Ivana, trava sv. Marije

dried for tea, macerated, raw in liqueur, raw in oil, raw in ointment

against haemorrhoids, anti-arthritis, to treat burns, sedative, liver cleaning, for the skin, for wounds, for veins, for stomach

F, L

Md

40140, 40141

Ilex aquifolium L.

božikovina

dried for tea to treat the flu, digestive

L

Md

-

Iris germanica L.

špada

dried for tea

R

Md

41800

Iris illyrica Tomm.

lelije, perunika

dried, raw, mixed with other feed

to strengthen the organism of lactating livestock (cows, sheep)

R

Md

36804

Juglans regia L. ^a

orah, oreh, orih

baked in cakes, boiled, raw in liqueur

digestive, appetite stimulant, strengthening organism

L, FR

Md & Fd

40035

Juniperus communis L. ^a

brinj, cupin, smreka, smrekva, smrekva plava, smrika, smrika crna, smrika plava, smrikva, smrikva plava, šmrikva črna, šmrikva plava

chopped raw, cooked in pasta sauce, dried for tea, raw, raw in cream, raw in liqueur, raw in oil, raw or dried as spice, bundled for use as a broom

cold remedy, digestive, anti-diarrheal, anti-rheumatic, vermifuge

FR

Md & Fd

-

Juniperus oxycedrus L.

smrikva crvena, šmrikva crvena, šmrikva krvava

raw in liqueur

digestive, astringent (for digestion)

FR

Md

-

Lamium orvala L.

mrtva kopriva

boiled

W

Fd

41798

Laurus nobilis L.

lavrika, lovor

dried for tea, raw in syrup, raw or dried as spice

cold remedy

L

Md & Fd

40036

Lavandula angustifolia Mill.

lavanda

raw in oil

calms irritated skin

L, F

Md

40039

Linum usitattisimum L.

lan

dried for tea

anti-stomach problems

S

Md

36792

Loranthus europaeus Jacq.

imela žuta

raw in liqueur

panacea

W

Md

-

Malus domestica Borkh.

jaboka, jabučići, jabuka

baked in cakes, fermented as vinegar, raw in syrup

cholesterol reduction

FR

Md & Fd

-

Malus sylvestris Mill. ^a

dibje jaboke, diblji jabučići, diblji jabuki, divlja jabuka, divljake, divlje jaboke, divlje jabučice, divlji jabučići, lesnauke, lesnjake, lesnjauke, lisnjake, rušvići

cooked as compote, cooked as jam, fermented as vinegar, processed in fruit wine, raw as snack, raw for livestock, raw in liqueur

blood pressure and cholesterol reduction

FR

Md & Fd

40029

Malva cf. neglecta L.^b

sljez

dried for tea, raw in liqueur

anti-rheumatic

R

Md

40137

Matricaria chamomilla L. (syn. Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert)^a

kamamila, kamilica, kamomila

dried for tea

sedative, digestive

F, L

Md

-

Melissa officinalis L.^a

matičnjak, melisa

dried as spice, dried for tea, fried with eggs, raw in syrup

sedative

L

Md & Fd

-

Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds.

menta, metica, metvica

dried for tea, raw in syrup, raw with cheese

for digestion

L

Md & Fd

40051

Mentha spicata L.^c

kudrava metvica, metvica

dried for tea, raw in syrup

anti-stomach problems

L

Md

40052

Morus alba L.

bijela mürva, mrva bela, mrve, murva, mürva, murva bila, mürve bele, mürvice bele

baked in cakes, cooked as jam, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup

as a laxative

FR

Md & Fd

40129

Morus nigra L.

črna mürva, mrva črna, murva črna, mürve črne, mürvice črne

raw, raw for livestock

FR, L

Fd

-

Nasturtium officinale R. Br.

bijela potočarka, potočarka

dried for tea, raw

liver cleansing

L, F

Md

-

Neottia nidus-avis (L.) Rich.

vuk

dried for tea

veterinary: for sheep to remain pregnant

L, F

Md

-

Nymphaea alba L.

lokvanj

raw, on the skin

ulcer extractor

L

Md

-

Olea europaea L. ^a

maslina

dried for tea, pressed for oil, raw

for general health

L, FR

Md

-

Ononis spinosa L.

budiš, gladeš, gladiš, gladuš, trnjić, zečji trn

dried for tea

diuretic (urine excretor)

R, FR

Md

35855

Origanum majorana L.

mažorana, mažurana

dried for tea

sedative

L

Md

-

Origanum vulgare L.

mravinac, oregano, origano

chopped raw, dried, dried for tea

sedative

L

Md

35619

Paliurus spina-christi Mill.

drača

fried in fritters

F

Fd

-

Papaver rhoeas L.

divlji mak

for colouring food

F

Fd

41797

Parietaria officinalis L.

cerkvina, crkvina, šćirica, šćirika

dried for tea

for urinary tract, kidney cleansing, for suppression of bacteria in the urine

L

Md

40136

Physallis alkekengi L.

čileanska, peruanska jagoda

raw

FR

Fd

-

Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold

bor, borić, crni bor

infused in honey, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup

anti-bronchitis, anti-cough, anti-catarrh in the throat, to treat colds and the flu

L, FR

Md

40112

Plantago lanceolata L.

bokvica, terputac, traputac, trputac, trputac uskokolisni

dried for tea, raw, raw as salad, raw in syrup

anti-cough, antiseptic, for healing wounds, for toothache, healing wounds, ulcer extractor, for the bronchi

R, L

Md

41806

Plantago major L.^a

karegica, trputac, trputac širokolisni

raw, raw in syrup

anti-cough, antiseptic, cicatrising (for healing wounds), calms irritated skin

L

Md

41805

Plantago media L.

trputac

raw

antiseptic, for healing wounds

L

Md

40054

Polygala nicaeensis Risso ex Koch

krestušac

dried

anti-cough, for the bronchi

W

Md

39189

Portulaca oleracea L.

portulac, tušć, tušt

raw, raw as salad, raw or dried as spice

L, W

Fd

-

Primula veris L. ssp. columnae (Ten.) Lüdi

jaglac, jaglac divlji

dried for tea, fried in pancakes

sedative

F

Md & Fd

36761

Prunus avium L.

crna trešnja, čerešnje, črešnje, črišnje, diblje črišnje, diva čerešnja, divlje čerešnje, divlje čerešnji, divlje črešnje, divlje črišnje, divlje trešnje, trešnja

dried for tea, raw in liqueur

digestive

L, FR

Md & Fd

40030

Prunus cerasus L.

višnja

raw in liqueur

digestive

FR

Md & Fd

40038

Prunus domestica L.

amuli, amulinčići, armulini, bila čespa, kreke, kreke bijele, kreke plave, sliva, sljive bijele, šliva, šljiva, šljive bijele, švršvići

cooked as compote, cooked as jam, distilled for brandy, raw, raw in liqueur

FR

Fd

40038

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb

mandule, menduli, lešniki, lešnjaki, liškanji, lišnjak,

dried for tea

S

Fd

-

Prunus mahaleb L.

rešeljka, rišeljka

dried for tea

FR

Fd

40143

Prunus persica L. var. platycarpa

breskve, breskvice, vinogradarska breskva, vinogradarske breskve

raw in syrup

FR

Fd

-

Prunus spinosa L.

brombulići, brumbolje, brumbulje, ciborice, crni trn, crni trnj, češpa, čišpe, črni trn, črni trnj, divlji trn, drnkalići, glog, potrnki, sliva plava, trnina, trnkice

cooked as compote, cooked as jam, dried for tea, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup

cardiac insufficiency treatment,

FR, F

Md & Fd

40044

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

bujad, paprat

boiled

L

Fd

41794

Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.

diblje krušviće, divlja kruška, divlje fruške, divlje fruškvići, divlje kruške, divlje kruškice, divlje krušvice, divlji krušvići, fruške, fruškići, fruškvići, früšvić, hrišvići, krüšvice divlje

cooked as compote, raw in liqueur

FR

Fd

-

Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd.

dibje kršve, kruške, krüšve, krušvići

baked in cakes, cooked as compote, cooked as jam, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup

FR

Fd

-

Quercus pubescens Willd.

hrast, hrast dub, želod, želot, žir

dried for tea, raw for livestock

antidiarrhea, nutraceutical

bark, FR

Md & Fd

40117

Robinia pseudoacacia L.

akacia, bagrem, diraka, drača, kacia, kacija

fried in fritters, dried for tea, fried, raw in juice, raw in syrup

digestive, anti-flu

F

Md & Fd

40123, 40048

Rosa canina L.^a

lužar, rožarić, ružarić, sarborić, šipak, šipok, šipók, tovarski bomboni, tovorski bomboni

cooked as jam, dried for tea, raw in syrup

anti-diarrhea

FR

Md & Fd

40126

Rosmarinus officinalis L.

rožmarin, ružmarin

boiled, dried for tea, raw or dried as spice

cold remedy, anti-dandruff, rickets treatment

L

Md & Fd

40034

Rubus caesius L.

črna jagoda, črna murga, črne maline, jagoda, kupina, kupĺna, ostruge, ribidnica, rubida, rübida, rubidnica, rübidnica

cooked as jam, dried for tea, parboiled, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup

anti-diarrhea, ulcer treatment

L, FR

Md & Fd

40119

Rubus idaeus L.

crvene maline, divlje maline, frambe, frambova, frambugi, jagoda, maline, maline šumske, murga, ribidnica

raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup

FR

Fd

40118

Rumex acetosa L.

kiseljak, šćav, šćir, šćüav, velika zelena kiselica

boiled, dried for tea, raw, raw for livestock

anti-diarrhea

W, L

Md & Fd

40138

Ruscus aculeatus L.

kukavčići, laprinac, leprin, leprinac, leprinj, vaprin, veprin, veprina

for decoration, fried with eggs, raw as salad, raw in liqueur, raw or dried as spice, carpal tunnel massage

W, R, L

Md & Fd

-

Ruta graveolens L.^a

ruda, rüdā, ruta

dried as spice, dried for tea, raw in liqueurs

against dizziness, menstrual problems, nerve disorders, wheezing, stomach problems, rheumatism, gout, skin diseases

L

Md & Fd

35070

Salvia officinalis L.

kuš, küš, salvia, savia

boiled in milk, caramelised, dried, raw or dried as spice, dried for tea, infused in honey, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in milk, raw in oil, raw in syrup

anti-tussive, cold remedy, depurative, appetite stimulant

L

Md & Fd

40131, 40047

Sambucus nigra L.^a

bask, bazak, bazg, bazga, bazgovina, bezga

fried in fritters, cooked as jam, dried for tea, processed in wine, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup

cicatrising

F, FR, L

Md & Fd

40128

Sanquisorba minor Scop.

dinjica, krvara

dried for tea, raw as salad

against blood clotting

L, F

Md & Fd

35949

Satureja montana L.

bresina, mačešina, mačušina, majčešina, primorski vrijesak, vrijesak, vrisak, vrisak bijeli

dried, dried as spice, dried for tea, raw as salad

for better circulation

W

Md & Fd

36782,

36781

Satureja subspicata Vis. (agg.)

majčešina, vrisak crveni

dried, dried for tea

astringent, antiseptic

W

Md

35952

Sedum sexangulare L.

majčina dušica žuta, sedum, žednjak

dried for tea, pressed for juice drops

cicatrising (for healing wounds), sedative

L

Md

-

Sempervivum tectorum L.^a

bijeli žednik, bobojić, bobujić, čuvarkuća, čuvarkuće, kućni čuvar, netresk, pazikuća, tres

pressed for juice drops, raw in ointment

against earache, ulcer extractor, against haemorrhoids, against herpes zoster and warts

L

Md

40031

Solidago virgaurea L.

zlatnica

raw in liqueur

W

Md

-

Sonchus oleraceus L.

grandicel

boiled with vegetables

L

Fd

41796

Sorbus aria (L.) Crantz

bukovnica, marala, mirala, mukinja

raw (against diarrhea)

anti-diarrhea

FR

Md & Fd

40139

Sorbus aucuparia L.

bakovnica, jarebika, makunina

raw (against diarrhea)

anti-diarrhea

FR

Md & Fd

41802

Sorbus domestica L.

krušvići, krüšvići, lespuje, mokovina, mokvina, oskoruša, oskorušva, oškoršva, oškorušva, skorušve, skuršve, škoršva, škurše, škuršva, uškoršva

cooked as compote, cooked as jam, dried, dried for tea, raw, raw in liqueur, raw in syrup

anti-diarrhea

FR

Md & Fd

40053

Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz

brekuja, brekulje

dried for tea, raw

anti-diarrhea

FR

Md & Fd

-

Symphytum officinale L.

gavez

dried for tea

cicatrising (for healing wounds)

R, F, L

Md

40133

Taraxacum spp. sect. Ruderalia^a

diblji radič, divlji radić, jajčar, konjski radič, konjski radić, maslačak, pahlenica, puhlenica, pühlenica, puhljenica, zajka, želtenica, žutenica, žutenice, žutenka, žutevka, žutevnica

boiled, boiled with rice, boiled with vegetables, cooked, cooked as jam, dried for tea, fried with eggs, infused in honey, pickled, raw as salad, raw in syrup, raw or dried as spice

against warts, depurative, kidney stone relief

W, L

Md & Fd

40135

Teucrium chamaedrys L.

dubačac, dubica

dried for tea, raw as salad

toothache remedy

L

Md

37033

Thymus serpyllum agg. (e.g. Thymus longicaulis Presl)

majčina dušica, timijan, timo

raw or dried as spice, dried for tea, raw as salad, raw in liqueur, raw in ointment

anti-tussive, sedative, skin treatment

L

Md & Fd

36798, 37031

Tilia platyphyllos Scop.

lipa

dried for tea, raw in syrup

sedative, cold remedy, anti-scab, irregular heartbeat remedy

L

Md

40122

Tussilago farfara L.

lepuh, podbjel, repuh

boiled for livestock, boiled with vegetables

L

Fd

41790

Urtica dioica L.^a

kopriva, kupriva, pokriva, pukriva

boiled, boiled with vegetables, cooked with cream, dried for tea,fried with eggs, raw, raw in pancakes, raw in syrup, raw or dried as spice, soaked as fertiliser

depurative, hair treatment, anti-dandruff

L

Md & Fd

40130

Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.

brusnice

FR

Fd

-

Verbascum thapsus L.

divizma, lopuh, margaretica

dried for tea

anti-tussive, anti-flatulence, menstrual pain relief, sedative

F, L, F

Md

41795

Viola odorata L.

ljubičica

fried in pancakes

F

Fd

41793

Viscum album L.

imela, imela bijela

raw in liqueur, raw in syrup

panacea (better than Loranthus)

W

Md

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