Table 2. List of all emergency food species mentioned during the 78 interviews
From: Famine food of vegetal origin consumed in the Netherlands during World War II
Scientific name | Vernacular names | Family | Citation frequency | Domestication status | Parts used | Mode of consumption |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris var. altissima | Sugar beet (en), suikerbiet (du) | Amaranthaceae | 66 (85%) | Cultivated | Root | Raw Boiled Pancakes Juice Birthday cake Bread Nasi goreng Foam |
Tulipa spp. L. | Tulip (en), tulp (du) | Liliaceae | 49 (59%) | Cultivated | Bulb | Boiled Mash Bread Soup |
Solanum tuberosum L. | Potato (en), aardappel (du) | Solanaceae | 35 (45%) | Cultivated | Tuber skin | Soup Dried; used as fuel |
Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum a | Chicory (en), cichorei (du) | Asteraceae | 15 (19%) | Cultivatedb | Root | Dried and ground to coffee powder |
Urtica dioica L. | Common nettle (en), brandnetel (du) | Urticaceae | 13 (17%) | Wild | Leaves | Soup Put in mash Sautéed |
Rubus ssp. L. | Blackberry (en), braam (du) | Rosaceae | 12 (15%) | Wild | Fruit | Raw Jam |
Fagus sylvatica L. | Beech (en), beuk (du) | Fagaceae | 9 (12%) | Wild | Nut | Raw Baked |
Raphanus sativus L. | Radish (en), radijs (du) | Brassicaceae | 7 (9%) | Cultivated | Leaves | Put in mash Soup |
Rosa ssp. | Rose (en), roos (du) | Rosaceae | 7 (9%) | Wild | Fruit | Raw Jam |
Juglans regia L. | English walnut (en), walnoot (du) | Juglandaceae | 6 (8%) | Wild | Seed | Raw Roasted |
Castanea sativa Mill. | Sweet chestnut (en), tamme kastanje (du) | Fagaceae | 6 (8%) | Wild | Seed | Roasted |
Rumex ssp. | Sorrel (en), zuring (du) | Polygonaceae | 6 (8%) | Wild | Leaves | Soup Sautéed |
Taraxacum officinale L. | Common dandelion (en), paardenbloem (du) | Asteraceae | 5 (6%) | Wild | Leaves | Raw Sautéed |
Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus | Carrot (en), wortel (du) | Apiaceae | 4 (5%) | Cultivated | Leaves | Put in mash Sautéed |
Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris var. crassa | Fodder beet (en), voederbiet (du) | Brassicaceae | 4 (5%) | Cultivated | Root | Cooking |
Brassica oleracea L. convar. oleracea var. gemmifera | Brussel sprouts (en), spruitkool (du) | Brassicaceae | 4 (5%) | Cultivated | Leaves and stems | Boiled |
Dahlia sp. | Dahlia (en), dahlia (du) | Asteraceae | 3 (4%) | Cultivated | Roots | Boiled |
Gladiolus sp. | Gladiolus (en), gladiool (du) | Iridaceae | 3 (4%) | Cultivated | Bulb | Boiled |
a Petasites hybridus ( L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. | Butterbur (en), groot hoefblad (du) | Asteraceae | 3 (4%) | Wild | Leaves | Dried and smoked |
a | Flower bulbs (en), bloembollen (du) | – | 3 (4%) | Cultivated | Bulbs | Cooking |
a | Mushrooms (en), paddenstoelen (du) | – | 2 (3%) | Wild | Fruiting body | Baking |
Zea mays subsp. mays L. | Fodder maize (en), voedermais (du) | Poaceae | 2 (3%) | Cultivated | Kernel | Boiled |
Crocus ssp. | Crocus (en), krokus (du) | Iridaceae | 2 (3%) | Cultivated | Bulb | Boiled |
Galium odoratum (L.) Scop. | Sweetcented woodruff (en), lievevrouwebedstro (du) | Rubiaceae | 2 (3%) | Wild | Leaves | Put in wine |
Quercus robur L. | English oak (en), zomereik (du) | Fagaceae | 2 (3%) | Wild | Nut | Roasted |
Claytonia perfoliata Donn ex Willd. | Winter purslane (en), winterpostelein (du) | Portulacaceae | 2 (3%) | Wild | Leaves | Vegetable |
Aesculus hippocastanum L. | Horse chestnut (en), witte paardenkastanje (du) | Sapindaceae | 2 (3%) | Wild | Seed | Roasted and ground into coffee powder |
Trifolium ssp. | Clover (en), klaver (du) | Fabaceae | 2 (3%) | Wild | Leaves | Soup |
Aegopodium podagraria L. | ground elder (en), zevenblad (du) | Apiaceae | 2 (3%) | Wild | Foliage | Sautéed Soup |
Cantharellus cibarius Fr. | Chanterelle (en), cantharel (du) | Cantharellacea | 2 (3%) | Wild | Fruiting body | – |
Agaricus campestris L. | Field mushroom (en), gewone weidechampignon (du) | Agaricaceae | 2 (3%) | Wild | Fruiting body | – |
Solanum tuberosum L. | Potato (fodder) (en), aardappel (veevoer) (du) | Solanaceae | 2 (3%) | Cultivated | Tuber | Boiled |
Sambucus nigra L. | Black elder (en), vlier (du) | Adoxaceae | 2 (3%) | Wild | Fruit and flowers | Juice from berries Cooking berries |
Iris ssp. | Iris (en), iris (du) | Iridaceae | 1 (1%) | Cultivated | Rhizome | – |
Typha latifolia L. | Broadleaf cattail (en), lisdodde (du) | Typhaceae | 1 (1%) | Wild | Roots and leaves | – |
Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. | Wild apple (en), kersappel (du) | Rosaceae | 1 (1%) | Cultivated | Fruit | Jam |
Vaccinium myrtillus L. | European blueberry (en), bosbes (du) | Ericaceae | 1 (1%) | Wild | Fruit | – |
Boletus edulis Bull. | Porcini (en), eekhoorntjesbrood (du) | Boletaceae | 1 (1%) | Wild | Fruiting body | – |
Rubus idaeus L. | Raspberry (en), framboos (du) | Rosaceae | 1 (1%) | Wild | Leaves | Tea |
Rosa rubiginosa L. | Sweet briar (en), egelantier (du) | Rosaceae | 1 (1%) | Wild | Leaves | Tea |
Bellis perennis L. | Common daisy (en), madeliefje (du) | Asteraceae | 1 (1%) | Wild | Leaves, flowers | – |
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.a (NC) | Commom chickweed (en), vogelmuur (du) | Caryophyllaceae | 1 (1%) | Wild | Whole plant | Salad |