From: An ethnobotanical study in Midyat (Turkey), a city on the silk road where cultures meet
Botanical name, specimen number | Family | Local name | Plant part used | Preparation | Use | UV | Reported literature uses |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcea setosa (Boiss.) Alef. A-183 | Malvaceae | Hıtmıye (A), hiro (K) | Flower, fruit, root | Infusion, decoction, fruit and root crushed | Cough and flu cure, hair dye, wound healing, labor pain | 0.21 | |
Alcea striata subsp. striata (DC.) Alef. A-50 | Malvaceae | Hıtmıye (A) | Flower, fruit, root | Root applied to the skin, infusion | Cough and flu cure, wound healing | 0.14 | |
Alkanna trichophila var. mardinensis Hub.-Mor. a A-91 | Boraginaceae | Dıbbeyk (A), Mısmısa (K) | Flower | Latex | Food | 0.04 | Food [55] |
Allium cepa L. A-295 | Amaryllidaceae | Basal (A) | Leaf | Decoction | Dye for Easter egg | 0.13 | |
Anchusa azurea Mill. A-85 | Boraginaceae | Ivveyne (K), hımhım (A) | Root, aerial parts | Decoction, root crushed for wound | Baskets, wound healing, cancer cure | 0.09 | Antitumoral, anti-inflammatory, burns and wounds, fresh eaten antihypertensive, carminative, diabetes disease, digestive, rheumatism, wound healing, cold, flu, stomach [11, 46, 54, 58, 59] |
Anchusa azurea var. kurdica (Guşul) D.F.Chamb. A-13 | Boraginaceae | Gurız (K), hımhım (A) | Aerial part | Fresh eaten | Antidote for animals | 0.02 | Diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachache, rheumatism, wound healing [45, 47, 60] |
Anchusa strigosa Labill. A-177 | Boraginaceae | Hımhım (A) | Aerial part | Decoction | Cancer treatment | 0.02 | Wound healing [31] |
Anthemis cotula L. A-88 | Compositae | Kahven (A-K-S) | Aerial part | Decoction, infusion | Herbal tea, treatment for stomach aches and flu | 0.12 | |
Aristolochia bottae Jaub. & Spach A-34 | Aristolochiaceae | Gayekakahve (K) | Aerial part | Decoction | Haemorrhoid cure | 0.02 | |
Astragalus christianus L. A-146 | Leguminosae | Ğısavitılsağlep (A) | Aerial part | Fresh, dried | Fodder | 0.03 | Not reported |
Astragalus hamosus L. A-53 | Leguminosae | Kopalehalo (K) | Fruit | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.02 | Fruit decoction, demulcent and laxative, irritation [61, 62] |
Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex C.Presl. A-164 | Lamiaceae | Rihen (A), tamtam (K) | Aerial part | Hangs on the door | Fragrance | 0.02 | |
Capparis spinosa L. A-167 | Capparaceae | Gayakamber (A) | Aerial part | Infusion | Diabetes treatment | 0.02 | Pickle, food, fodder, infertility rheumatoid arthritis [15, 16, 40] |
Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. A-38 | Brassicaceae | Piçok (K) | Fruit | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.02 | Expectorant, headache, astringent, emmenagogue, hemorrhoids, wounds, diabetes, spice [29, 38, 46, 47, 65, 66] |
Lepidium draba L. A-55 | Brassicaceae | Kınebıne (K), kırmlıbre (A) | Aerial part | Infusion, cooked by boiling | Food, wound healing | 0.09 | Eczema, sleep disorder, sedative, anorexia, edible as vegetable [11, 30, 38, 67] |
Centaurea regia Boiss. subsp. cynarocephala (Wagenitz) Wagenitz A-133 | Compositae | Hıvhıvok (K) | Root | Fresh root eaten | Food | 0.02 | Not reported |
Centaurea kurdica Reichardt a A-174 | Compositae | Cızarılcebel (A) | Flower | Infusion | Kidney ailment cure | 0.02 | |
Centaurea rigida Banks & Sol. A-162 | Compositae | Tahliye (A) | Leaf | Infusion | Antidote | 0.03 | Not reported |
Centaurea stapfiana (Hand.-Mazz.) Wagenitz a -161 | Compositae | Tumıke (A) | Aerial part | Fresh or dried used | Fodder | 0.08 | Not reported |
Prunus mahaleb L. A-93 | Rosaceae | Mahlep (A-K-T) | Fruit, leaf, aerial part | Fresh eaten, leaves used on wound | Diabetes treatment, sugar syrup, amulets | 0.06 | Fruit, cough, strengthening, expectorate, diuretic, inflammation and respiratory system [38, 41] |
Chondrilla juncea L. A-190 | Compositae | Ğılke (A) | Root | Saps of root collected | Chewing gum | 0.03 | As a broom, kidney stone, abdominal ache, hemorrhaging [34, 38, 45, 69] |
Cichorium intybus L. A-180 | Compositae | Hındıble (K) | Aerial part | Infusion | Food, cooking | 0.03 | Burn, stomachache, epilepsy, antihypertensive, prostate, kidney stone, abdominal ache, cardiac disease, blood purifier, uterine disease, emollient, diabetes, depurative [15, 16, 26, 29, 38, 41, 64, 70,71,72,73] |
Convolvulus arvensis L. A-114 | Convolvulaceae | Lavlavk (K) | Aerial part | Fresh or dried | Fodder | 0.03 | |
Crataegus azarolus var. aronia L. A-53 | Rosaceae | Alıç (T), ğızran (A-K) | Fruit | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.05 | Not reported |
Crupina crupinastrum (Moris) Vis. A-212 | Compositae | Maknese ahzar (A) | Aerial part | Aerial parts and branches | Broom | 0.12 | |
Cyclotrichium leucotrichum (Stept.) Leblebici A-189 | Lamiaceae | Hınne (A) | Aerial part | Hung on the door | Fragrance | 0.03 | Herbal tea [15] |
Cydonia oblonga Mill. A-70 | Rosaceae | Verekılfercel (A) | Leaf | Infusion | Sore throat cure | 0.03 | Cardiovascular disease, skin, sensory, diarrhea, beauty, constipation [38, 47] |
Ecballium elaterium (L.) A.Rich A-51 | Cucurbitaceae | Tirozia kera (K), terğuzılıhmar (A) | Fruit | 1–2 drops of fruit juice | Sinusitis cure | 0.06 | |
Echium italicum L. A-184 | Boraginaceae | Hımhım (A) | Aerial part | Fresh or dried | Fodder | 0.02 | Wound healing, diaphoretic, emollient, diuretic, ulcer treatment, rheumatoid arthritis [4, 80,81,82] |
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. A-188 | Geraniaceae | Derzikpire (K) | Fruit | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.05 | Hemorrhoids, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, for constipation, haemostatic, urinary and genital disorders [70, 73, 83] |
Eryngium campestre L. A-67 | Apiaceae | HarÅŸef (A-K) | Aerial part | Stem peeled eaten fresh | Food | 0.08 | Food, intestinal, hepatitis, digestion, muscle pain [16, 28, 34, 41, 84, 85] |
Euphorbia craspedia Boiss. A-187 | Euphorbiaceae | Lığde (A) | Aerial part | Cover grape molasses | Grape molasses | 0.07 | Not reported |
Galium aparine L. A-43 | Rubiaceae | Ziven (A-K) | Aerial part | Fresh or dried | Fodder | 0.04 | Not reported |
Geranium tuberosum L. A-40 | Geraniaceae | CezuÄŸaraban (A) | Aerial part | Fresh or dried | Fodder | 0.03 | |
Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. A-75 | Iridaceae | CezuÄŸarab (A) | Flower | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.03 | |
Gundelia tournefortii L. A-136 | Compositae | Kerenk (K), arkue (A) | Aerial part | Stem peeled and eaten fresh | Food | 0.04 | Vitiligo bronchitis, catarrh, cold, diarrhea, gastric pain, kidney stone, mumps, diabetes [32, 35, 45, 60, 64, 88] |
Hypericum triquetrifolium Willd. A-201 | Hypericaceae | Aran (K), ğırsile (A) | Aerial part | Infusion | Diabetes, cardialgia | 0.04 | Skin, diabetes, diuretic, sedative, healing injures, antiseptic, diuretic [28, 29, 41, 54] |
Iris reticulata M.Bieb. A-202 | Iridaceae | Bırğızzeyl (A) | Flower | Infusion | Food | 0.06 | Tonsillitis, herbal tea [50] |
Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. A-31 | Ixioliriaceae | Terğuzılcebel (A), Hıyar (T-K) | Flower | Latex of flower | Food | 0.03 | |
Juniperus oxycedrus L. A-178 | Cupressaceae | Dıfran (K) | Galbula | Infusion | Cough | 0.03 | Skin disease, eczema, cholesterol, diabetes, kidney stone, wound, body resistance booster, MS disease, cold, cardiac deficiency, analgesic [84, 89–91] |
Lathyrus inconspicuus L. A-151 | Leguminosae | Şokılgalem (A) | Fruit | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.02 | Not reported |
Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) I.M.Johnst A-118 | Boraginaceae | Mıjmıjok (A) | Aerial part | Fresh or dried | Fodder | 0.02 | Not reported |
Malva neglecta Wallr. A-28 | Malvaceae | Toluk (T), hıbbes, tıbbayka (A), tabaknunu (K) | Flower, leaf, aerial part | Crushed flower, root and fruit, flower infusion | Sarma as food, stomachache cure, toys, weight loss, labor pain, kidney diseases, diuretic | 0.21 | Gastric pain, wound healing, food, skin treatment, against kidney disease and abscesses [1, 15, 18, 26, 34, 35, 46, 60, 68, 92] |
Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch.Bip. A-32 | Compositae | Beybunıc (A), gayeka seva, gihake seva (K) | Flower, leaf, aerial part | Infusion, fresh eaten, hung on the wall | Cough and flu cure, stomach ache cure, bronchial cure, fragrance, soda, cardialgia | 0.26 | Antispasmodic, analgesic, antipyretic, anticough, antinfluenza, antiasthmatic, antiflatulence, stomachache, cold, throat, back pain, sedative, anti-inflammatory [28, 31, 40, 93] |
Medicago radiata L. A-207 | Leguminosae | Nefel (A) | Aerial part | Fresh or dried | Fodder | 0.02 | Fodder [94] |
Medicago rigidula var. submitis (Boiss.) Ponert A-208 | Leguminosae | Nefel (A) | Aerial part | Fresh or dried | Fodder | 0.02 | Not reported |
Onopordum carduchorum Bornm. & Beauverd A-144 | Compositae | Kifar (A-K) | Aerial part | Stem peeled, fresh eaten | Food | 0.02 | |
Onosma roussaei DC. A-155 | Boraginaceae | Mısmısılhacel (A) basımbar ılğalem (K) | Flower | Latex of flower | Food | 0.03 | Not reported |
Paliurus spina-christi Mill. A-285 | Rhamnaceae | MaÄŸaylun (K) | Leaf, flower | Wood | Agricultural tool, headache cure | 0.04 | Diabetes, nephroplegia, kidney stone, diuretic, fuel [9, 50] |
Papaver rhoeas L. A-112 | Papaveraceae | Ceybuhaten (A), şişık (K) | Aerial part | Boiled, fried eaten | Food, fodder | 0.13 | Sedative, soporific, coughing, antihemorrhagic [66, 74, 89, 95] |
Parietaria judaica L. A-170 | Urticaceae | Rihen (A-K) | Aerial part | Hung in houses | Fragrance | Â | |
Paronychia kurdica Boiss A-159 | Caryophyllaceae | Haşişılselulet (A) | Aerial part | Infusion | Wound and gall bladder treatment | 0.04 | |
Peganum harmala L. A-293 | Nitrariaceae | Harmal (A-K) | Flower, seed | Dried seeds hung on the wall | Amulets and ornaments | 0.08 | Hemorrhoids, prostatitis, birth, stomachache, snake replant, cardiac pain, muscle spasm, food poisoning, rabies, mental-nervous, digestive, respiratory, skin healing, wound, sedative, palpitation, anti-inflammatory [15, 28,29,30,31,32, 35, 44, 99] |
Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss A-87 | Apiaceae | Maydanoz (T) | Leaf | Fresh | Decoration material for Easter egg | 0.07 | |
Pistacia terebinthus subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler A-185 | Anacardiaceae | Bıtım (A-K) | Fruit | Fresh, fruit crushed for soup | Sore throat cure, as soup | 0.04 | Colds, flu, diuretic, ulcer, food, wound healing, blood pressure [16, 31, 34, 35, 45, 46] |
Polygonum bellardii All. A-15 | Polygonaceae | Şıbırbat (A) | Aerial part | Dried and rolled | Broom | 0.04 | |
Populus euphratica Oliv. A-154 | Salicaceae | Kavak (T) | Stem | Stem cut | Constructional material | 0.03 | Not reported |
Portulaca oleracea L. A-64 | Portulacaceae | Pırpere (A) | Leaf | Fresh leaves fried | Food | 0.14 | Fresh vegetable in salad, diuretic, gastrointestinal disorders [50, 70, 77, 91, 102] |
Pterocephalus pyrethrifolius Boiss. et Hohen. A-160 | Caprifoliaceae | Şıttayk (A) | Flower | Fresh and dried | Fodder | 0.02 | Not reported |
Pyrus communis L. A-56 | Rosaceae | Kımmısre (A) | Fruit | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.04 | |
Quercus brantii Lindl. A-59 | Fagaceae | Ballot (A-K) | Fruit, bark, shoot, branch | Fresh fruit eaten, dried used | Diabetes, fuel, constructional material | 0.05 | |
Rhus coriaria L. A-295 | Anacardiaceae | Summek (A-K-T) | Fruit | Fresh eaten | Spice | 0.05 | |
Rosa foetida Herrm. A-81 | Rosaceae | Menderis (A-K) | Fruit | Infusion | Cardialgia, cancer treatment | 0.03 | Not reported |
Rubia tenuifolia subsp. doniettii (Griseb.) Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem. A-113 | Rubiaceae | Zelliko (A-K) | Fruit | Fresh fruit used | Toys | 0.04 | Diuretic, laxative, emmenagogue, abortive [64] |
Rubus sanctus Schreb. A-68 | Rosaceae | TrureÅŸk (A-K) | Root | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.02 | Eaten fresh, kidney stone, urinary infection, diabetes, stomachache, eczema [64, 107,108,109] |
Salvia multicaulis Vahl. A-142 | Lamiaceae | Baravine (K), ikoro (S) | Aerial part | Infusion, applied on wounds | Fodder, wound healing, flu and cough cure, labor pain, anti-inflammatory, antidote | 0.14 | Inflammatory, analgesic, treatment of stomach disturbances, herbal tea [16, 38, 54, 64] |
Salvia syriaca L. A-148 | Lamiaceae | Sımsım (A) | Fruit | Dried | Spice | 0.05 | |
Scabiosa argentea L. A-213 | Caprifoliaceae | Maknese safra (A) | Aerial part | Cut and combined | Broom | 0.08 | |
Scandix stellata Banks & Sol. A-44 | Apiaceae | Bızırbenc (A), hıfraf (A-K), ziçırk (K) | Aerial part | Boiled and cooked in oil | Food | 0.10 | Not reported |
Scorzonera psychrophila Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. & Hausskn. A-84 | Compositae | Kahfor (A-K) | Root | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.03 | Not reported |
Scrophularia striata Boiss. A-158 | Scrophulariaceae | Nıkledike (A) | Aerial part | Cut and combined | Broom | 0.03 | Not reported |
Sideritis libanotica subsp. linearis (Benth.) Bornm. a A-191 | Lamiaceae | Şıltık (K) | Aerial part | Decoction | Herbal tea, broom | 0.05 | |
Sisymbrium altissimum L. A-92 | Brassicaceae | Åževilgavser (K), hardal (T) | Aerial part | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.07 | Food, fodder [91] |
Silene dichotoma Erh. A-105 | Caryophyllaceae | Dağnıkestırıye (K) | Aerial part | Fresh eaten | Food | 0.03 | Food [91] |
Teucrium polium L. A-182 | Lamiaceae | Cığde (A-K-S) | Aerial part | Infusion, decoction | Stomachache cure | 0.51 | Antispasmodic, antiflatulence, antidiabetic, kidney stone, gastric and kidney pain, diarrhea, headache, purgative, digestive problem, stomachic, liver disorder, diabete, cold, rheumatism [4, 11, 28, 31, 32, 46, 54, 65, 68, 72] |
Thymbra sintenisii Bornm. & Azn. A-176 | Lamiaceae | Zatar (A-K-S) | Aerial part | Decoction with lemon peel | Stomachache cure, spice, jam, ingredient in bread | 0.11 | Not reported |
Thymbra spicata L. A-101 | Lamiaceae | Catır (A-K) | Aerial part | Decoction | Herbal tea | 0.03 | |
Torilis tenella (Delile) Rchb.f. A-130 | Apiaceae | Ziçırk (A) | Aerial part | Fresh and decoction | Food, diuretic | 0.02 | Diuretic [55] |
Tragopogon porrifolius subsp. longirostris (Sch.Bip.) Greuter A-135 | Compositae | Hivhivok (K) | Aerial part | Fried or used fresh | Fodder | 0.02 | Food, aphrodisiac [50] |
Tribulus terrestris L. A-173 | Zygophyllaceae | Pıruğacuz (A) | Aerial part | Decoction | Kidney disease cure | 0.03 | |
Medicago monantha (C.A.Mey.) Trautv. A-120 | Leguminosae | Antako (K) | Aerial part | Hung on the wall | Fragrance | 0.02 | Fodder [103] |
Triticum aestivum L. A-294 | Poaceae | Hınta (A-K) | Aerial part | Dried used to craft | Basket, table, ornament | 0.09 | |
Urtica dioica L. A-22 | Urticaceae | Gazgazok (A-K) | Leaf | Decoction | Cancer and tuberculosis treatment, sarma as food | 0.02 | Cancer, cold, diabete, rheumatism, stomach ache, analgesic, arthritis, digestive, diuretic, genital disorder, hemorrhoid, hepatitis, lipsotrichia, rheumatism, anti-inflammatory, astringent, antitussive, respiratory disorder [11, 18, 46, 68, 73] |
Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert A-121 | Caryophyllaceae | Ziven (A-K) | Aerial part | Dried or fresh | Fodder | 0.02 | Fodder [91] |
Verbascum lasianthum Boiss. ex Benth. A-05 | Scrophulariaceae | Tumıkıtılcereb (A-K) | Root, aerial part | Root ground with raisins | Hemorrhoids, wound healing |  | Honey [112] |
Vicia hybrida L. A-124 | Leguminosae | Şokıl, şokıla kıtık (K), çelepen (A) | Aerial part | Dried or fresh | Fodder | 0.04 | Not reported |
Vicia narbonensis L. A-83 | Leguminosae | Şokıl (K) | Fruit | Dried or fresh | Fodder, food | 0.07 | Food [15] |
Vicia pannonica subsp. striata (M.Bieb.) Ponert A-149 | Leguminosae | Çelepen, çırpenılfara (A), kelle (K) | Fruit | Fresh | Fodder, food | 0.15 | Not reported |
Vitex agnus-castus L. A-166 | Lamiaceae | Şırte (A) | Aerial part | Cut and combined | Broom | 0.05 | Not reported |
Vitis vinifera L. A-210 | Vitaceae | Tri (K), ğınıb (A) | Fruit, aerial part | Woods for fuel, boiled in molasses | Sugar syrup, grape molasses, wine, fuel | 0.09 | |
Xanthium spinosum L. A-263 | Compositae | KiÅŸar (A) | Aerial part | Decoction | Diuretic | 0.02 | Kidney pain, gastrointestinal disease, fodder, diaphoretic, sedative, exudative [9, 15, 95] |
Xeranthemum annum L. A-1 | Compositae | Sirtık (K), Maknese zarke (A) | Aerial part | Cut and combined | Broom | 0.09 |