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Table 1 Ethnobotanical usages of the plants in the study area

From: An ethnobotanical study in Midyat (Turkey), a city on the silk road where cultures meet

Botanical name, specimen number

Family

Local name

Plant part used

Preparation

Use

UV

Reported literature uses

Alcea setosa (Boiss.) Alef. A-183

Malvaceae

Hıtmıye (A), hiro (K)

Flower, fruit, root

Infusion, decoction, fruit and root crushed

Cough and flu cure, hair dye, wound healing, labor pain

0.21

Expectorant, diuretic, emollient, edible [31, 35]

Alcea striata subsp. striata (DC.) Alef. A-50

Malvaceae

Hıtmıye (A)

Flower, fruit, root

Root applied to the skin, infusion

Cough and flu cure, wound healing

0.14

Respiratory disease [15, 54]

Alkanna trichophila var. mardinensis Hub.-Mor. a A-91

Boraginaceae

Dıbbeyk (A), Mısmısa (K)

Flower

Latex

Food

0.04

Food [55]

Allium cepa L. A-295

Amaryllidaceae

Basal (A)

Leaf

Decoction

Dye for Easter egg

0.13

Dental infections, dye [31, 56, 57]

Anchusa azurea Mill. A-85

Boraginaceae

Ivveyne (K), hımhım (A)

Root, aerial parts

Decoction, root crushed for wound

Baskets, wound healing, cancer cure

0.09

Antitumoral, anti-inflammatory, burns and wounds, fresh eaten antihypertensive, carminative, diabetes disease, digestive, rheumatism, wound healing, cold, flu, stomach [11, 46, 54, 58, 59]

Anchusa azurea var. kurdica (GuÅŸul) D.F.Chamb. A-13

Boraginaceae

Gurız (K), hımhım (A)

Aerial part

Fresh eaten

Antidote for animals

0.02

Diaphoretic, diuretic, stomachache, rheumatism, wound healing [45, 47, 60]

Anchusa strigosa Labill. A-177

Boraginaceae

Hımhım (A)

Aerial part

Decoction

Cancer treatment

0.02

Wound healing [31]

Anthemis cotula L. A-88

Compositae

Kahven (A-K-S)

Aerial part

Decoction, infusion

Herbal tea, treatment for stomach aches and flu

0.12

Cold, hair loss, digestive, laxative, bronchitis [1, 36]

Aristolochia bottae Jaub. & Spach A-34

Aristolochiaceae

Gayekakahve (K)

Aerial part

Decoction

Haemorrhoid cure

0.02

Diabetic foot syndrome, wound healing [15, 54]

Astragalus christianus L. A-146

Leguminosae

Ğısavitılsağlep (A)

Aerial part

Fresh, dried

Fodder

0.03

Not reported

Astragalus hamosus L. A-53

Leguminosae

Kopalehalo (K)

Fruit

Fresh eaten

Food

0.02

Fruit decoction, demulcent and laxative, irritation [61, 62]

Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex C.Presl. A-164

Lamiaceae

Rihen (A), tamtam (K)

Aerial part

Hangs on the door

Fragrance

0.02

Antimicrobial, antispasmodic and vermifuge [63, 64]

Capparis spinosa L. A-167

Capparaceae

Gayakamber (A)

Aerial part

Infusion

Diabetes treatment

0.02

Pickle, food, fodder, infertility rheumatoid arthritis [15, 16, 40]

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. A-38

Brassicaceae

Piçok (K)

Fruit

Fresh eaten

Food

0.02

Expectorant, headache, astringent, emmenagogue, hemorrhoids, wounds, diabetes, spice [29, 38, 46, 47, 65, 66]

Lepidium draba L. A-55

Brassicaceae

Kınebıne (K), kırmlıbre (A)

Aerial part

Infusion, cooked by boiling

Food, wound healing

0.09

Eczema, sleep disorder, sedative, anorexia, edible as vegetable [11, 30, 38, 67]

Centaurea regia Boiss. subsp. cynarocephala (Wagenitz) Wagenitz A-133

Compositae

Hıvhıvok (K)

Root

Fresh root eaten

Food

0.02

Not reported

Centaurea kurdica Reichardt a A-174

Compositae

Cızarılcebel (A)

Flower

Infusion

Kidney ailment cure

0.02

Headache, kidney, rheumatism, sedative [38, 46, 60, 68]

Centaurea rigida Banks & Sol. A-162

Compositae

Tahliye (A)

Leaf

Infusion

Antidote

0.03

Not reported

Centaurea stapfiana (Hand.-Mazz.) Wagenitz a -161

Compositae

Tumıke (A)

Aerial part

Fresh or dried used

Fodder

0.08

Not reported

Prunus mahaleb L. A-93

Rosaceae

Mahlep (A-K-T)

Fruit, leaf, aerial part

Fresh eaten, leaves used on wound

Diabetes treatment, sugar syrup, amulets

0.06

Fruit, cough, strengthening, expectorate, diuretic, inflammation and respiratory system [38, 41]

Chondrilla juncea L. A-190

Compositae

Ğılke (A)

Root

Saps of root collected

Chewing gum

0.03

As a broom, kidney stone, abdominal ache, hemorrhaging [34, 38, 45, 69]

Cichorium intybus L. A-180

Compositae

Hındıble (K)

Aerial part

Infusion

Food, cooking

0.03

Burn, stomachache, epilepsy, antihypertensive, prostate, kidney stone, abdominal ache, cardiac disease, blood purifier, uterine disease, emollient, diabetes, depurative [15, 16, 26, 29, 38, 41, 64, 70,71,72,73]

Convolvulus arvensis L. A-114

Convolvulaceae

Lavlavk (K)

Aerial part

Fresh or dried

Fodder

0.03

Food, constipation, laxative, rope [74,75,76,77,85]

Crataegus azarolus var. aronia L. A-53

Rosaceae

Alıç (T), ğızran (A-K)

Fruit

Fresh eaten

Food

0.05

Not reported

Crupina crupinastrum (Moris) Vis. A-212

Compositae

Maknese ahzar (A)

Aerial part

Aerial parts and branches

Broom

0.12

Infection, antiseptic [86, 106]

Cyclotrichium leucotrichum (Stept.) Leblebici A-189

Lamiaceae

Hınne (A)

Aerial part

Hung on the door

Fragrance

0.03

Herbal tea [15]

Cydonia oblonga Mill. A-70

Rosaceae

Verekılfercel (A)

Leaf

Infusion

Sore throat cure

0.03

Cardiovascular disease, skin, sensory, diarrhea, beauty, constipation [38, 47]

Ecballium elaterium (L.) A.Rich A-51

Cucurbitaceae

Tirozia kera (K), terğuzılıhmar (A)

Fruit

1–2 drops of fruit juice

Sinusitis cure

0.06

Sinusitis, spleen disorder [28, 65]

Echium italicum L. A-184

Boraginaceae

Hımhım (A)

Aerial part

Fresh or dried

Fodder

0.02

Wound healing, diaphoretic, emollient, diuretic, ulcer treatment, rheumatoid arthritis [4, 80,81,82]

Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. A-188

Geraniaceae

Derzikpire (K)

Fruit

Fresh eaten

Food

0.05

Hemorrhoids, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, for constipation, haemostatic, urinary and genital disorders [70, 73, 83]

Eryngium campestre L. A-67

Apiaceae

HarÅŸef (A-K)

Aerial part

Stem peeled eaten fresh

Food

0.08

Food, intestinal, hepatitis, digestion, muscle pain [16, 28, 34, 41, 84, 85]

Euphorbia craspedia Boiss. A-187

Euphorbiaceae

Lığde (A)

Aerial part

Cover grape molasses

Grape molasses

0.07

Not reported

Galium aparine L. A-43

Rubiaceae

Ziven (A-K)

Aerial part

Fresh or dried

Fodder

0.04

Not reported

Geranium tuberosum L. A-40

Geraniaceae

CezuÄŸaraban (A)

Aerial part

Fresh or dried

Fodder

0.03

Eaten fresh [15, 86]

Gladiolus atroviolaceus Boiss. A-75

Iridaceae

CezuÄŸarab (A)

Flower

Fresh eaten

Food

0.03

Eaten fresh, stomachache, colds and flu [15, 64, 87]

Gundelia tournefortii L. A-136

Compositae

Kerenk (K), arkue (A)

Aerial part

Stem peeled and eaten fresh

Food

0.04

Vitiligo bronchitis, catarrh, cold, diarrhea, gastric pain, kidney stone, mumps, diabetes [32, 35, 45, 60, 64, 88]

Hypericum triquetrifolium Willd. A-201

Hypericaceae

Aran (K), ğırsile (A)

Aerial part

Infusion

Diabetes, cardialgia

0.04

Skin, diabetes, diuretic, sedative, healing injures, antiseptic, diuretic [28, 29, 41, 54]

Iris reticulata M.Bieb. A-202

Iridaceae

Bırğızzeyl (A)

Flower

Infusion

Food

0.06

Tonsillitis, herbal tea [50]

Ixiolirion tataricum (Pall.) Schult. & Schult.f. A-31

Ixioliriaceae

Terğuzılcebel (A), Hıyar (T-K)

Flower

Latex of flower

Food

0.03

Ornament, sucking [15, 35]

Juniperus oxycedrus L. A-178

Cupressaceae

Dıfran (K)

Galbula

Infusion

Cough

0.03

Skin disease, eczema, cholesterol, diabetes, kidney stone, wound, body resistance booster, MS disease, cold, cardiac deficiency, analgesic [84, 89–91]

Lathyrus inconspicuus L. A-151

Leguminosae

Şokılgalem (A)

Fruit

Fresh eaten

Food

0.02

Not reported

Buglossoides purpurocaerulea (L.) I.M.Johnst A-118

Boraginaceae

Mıjmıjok (A)

Aerial part

Fresh or dried

Fodder

0.02

Not reported

Malva neglecta Wallr. A-28

Malvaceae

Toluk (T), hıbbes, tıbbayka (A), tabaknunu (K)

Flower, leaf, aerial part

Crushed flower, root and fruit, flower infusion

Sarma as food, stomachache cure, toys, weight loss, labor pain, kidney diseases, diuretic

0.21

Gastric pain, wound healing, food, skin treatment, against kidney disease and abscesses [1, 15, 18, 26, 34, 35, 46, 60, 68, 92]

Matricaria aurea (Loefl.) Sch.Bip. A-32

Compositae

Beybunıc (A), gayeka seva, gihake seva (K)

Flower, leaf, aerial part

Infusion, fresh eaten, hung on the wall

Cough and flu cure, stomach ache cure, bronchial cure, fragrance, soda, cardialgia

0.26

Antispasmodic, analgesic, antipyretic, anticough, antinfluenza, antiasthmatic, antiflatulence, stomachache, cold, throat, back pain, sedative, anti-inflammatory [28, 31, 40, 93]

Medicago radiata L. A-207

Leguminosae

Nefel (A)

Aerial part

Fresh or dried

Fodder

0.02

Fodder [94]

Medicago rigidula var. submitis (Boiss.) Ponert A-208

Leguminosae

Nefel (A)

Aerial part

Fresh or dried

Fodder

0.02

Not reported

Onopordum carduchorum Bornm. & Beauverd A-144

Compositae

Kifar (A-K)

Aerial part

Stem peeled, fresh eaten

Food

0.02

Hemorrhoids, food, [15, 88]

Onosma roussaei DC. A-155

Boraginaceae

Mısmısılhacel (A) basımbar ılğalem (K)

Flower

Latex of flower

Food

0.03

Not reported

Paliurus spina-christi Mill. A-285

Rhamnaceae

MaÄŸaylun (K)

Leaf, flower

Wood

Agricultural tool, headache cure

0.04

Diabetes, nephroplegia, kidney stone, diuretic, fuel [9, 50]

Papaver rhoeas L. A-112

Papaveraceae

Ceybuhaten (A), şişık (K)

Aerial part

Boiled, fried eaten

Food, fodder

0.13

Sedative, soporific, coughing, antihemorrhagic [66, 74, 89, 95]

Parietaria judaica L. A-170

Urticaceae

Rihen (A-K)

Aerial part

Hung in houses

Fragrance

 

Hemorrhoids, wound [96, 97]

Paronychia kurdica Boiss A-159

Caryophyllaceae

Haşişılselulet (A)

Aerial part

Infusion

Wound and gall bladder treatment

0.04

Antiviral, wound [15, 98]

Peganum harmala L. A-293

Nitrariaceae

Harmal (A-K)

Flower, seed

Dried seeds hung on the wall

Amulets and ornaments

0.08

Hemorrhoids, prostatitis, birth, stomachache, snake replant, cardiac pain, muscle spasm, food poisoning, rabies, mental-nervous, digestive, respiratory, skin healing, wound, sedative, palpitation, anti-inflammatory [15, 28,29,30,31,32, 35, 44, 99]

Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Fuss A-87

Apiaceae

Maydanoz (T)

Leaf

Fresh

Decoration material for Easter egg

0.07

Diuretic, weight loss, herbal tea [89, 100]

Pistacia terebinthus subsp. palaestina (Boiss.) Engler A-185

Anacardiaceae

Bıtım (A-K)

Fruit

Fresh, fruit crushed for soup

Sore throat cure, as soup

0.04

Colds, flu, diuretic, ulcer, food, wound healing, blood pressure [16, 31, 34, 35, 45, 46]

Polygonum bellardii All. A-15

Polygonaceae

Şıbırbat (A)

Aerial part

Dried and rolled

Broom

0.04

Kidney stone, bronchitis, eaten fresh [8, 12, 101]

Populus euphratica Oliv. A-154

Salicaceae

Kavak (T)

Stem

Stem cut

Constructional material

0.03

Not reported

Portulaca oleracea L. A-64

Portulacaceae

Pırpere (A)

Leaf

Fresh leaves fried

Food

0.14

Fresh vegetable in salad, diuretic, gastrointestinal disorders [50, 70, 77, 91, 102]

Pterocephalus pyrethrifolius Boiss. et Hohen. A-160

Caprifoliaceae

Şıttayk (A)

Flower

Fresh and dried

Fodder

0.02

Not reported

Pyrus communis L. A-56

Rosaceae

Kımmısre (A)

Fruit

Fresh eaten

Food

0.04

Digestive, catarrh, diarrhea, tonic, food [89, 103]

Quercus brantii Lindl. A-59

Fagaceae

Ballot (A-K)

Fruit, bark, shoot, branch

Fresh fruit eaten, dried used

Diabetes, fuel, constructional material

0.05

Food and fuel [77, 104]

Rhus coriaria L. A-295

Anacardiaceae

Summek (A-K-T)

Fruit

Fresh eaten

Spice

0.05

Spice, mouth sores, diabetes, relaxation [50, 85, 105, 106]

Rosa foetida Herrm. A-81

Rosaceae

Menderis (A-K)

Fruit

Infusion

Cardialgia, cancer treatment

0.03

Not reported

Rubia tenuifolia subsp. doniettii (Griseb.) Ehrend. & Schönb.-Tem. A-113

Rubiaceae

Zelliko (A-K)

Fruit

Fresh fruit used

Toys

0.04

Diuretic, laxative, emmenagogue, abortive [64]

Rubus sanctus Schreb. A-68

Rosaceae

TrureÅŸk (A-K)

Root

Fresh eaten

Food

0.02

Eaten fresh, kidney stone, urinary infection, diabetes, stomachache, eczema [64, 107,108,109]

Salvia multicaulis Vahl. A-142

Lamiaceae

Baravine (K), ikoro (S)

Aerial part

Infusion, applied on wounds

Fodder, wound healing, flu and cough cure, labor pain, anti-inflammatory, antidote

0.14

Inflammatory, analgesic, treatment of stomach disturbances, herbal tea [16, 38, 54, 64]

Salvia syriaca L. A-148

Lamiaceae

Sımsım (A)

Fruit

Dried

Spice

0.05

Cough, digestive, flu [22, 100]

Scabiosa argentea L. A-213

Caprifoliaceae

Maknese safra (A)

Aerial part

Cut and combined

Broom

0.08

Broom, diuretic, wound healing [15, 45, 54, 76, 110]

Scandix stellata Banks & Sol. A-44

Apiaceae

Bızırbenc (A), hıfraf (A-K), ziçırk (K)

Aerial part

Boiled and cooked in oil

Food

0.10

Not reported

Scorzonera psychrophila Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. & Hausskn. A-84

Compositae

Kahfor (A-K)

Root

Fresh eaten

Food

0.03

Not reported

Scrophularia striata Boiss. A-158

Scrophulariaceae

Nıkledike (A)

Aerial part

Cut and combined

Broom

0.03

Not reported

Sideritis libanotica subsp. linearis (Benth.) Bornm. a A-191

Lamiaceae

Şıltık (K)

Aerial part

Decoction

Herbal tea, broom

0.05

Herbal tea [8, 47, 109]

Sisymbrium altissimum L. A-92

Brassicaceae

Åževilgavser (K), hardal (T)

Aerial part

Fresh eaten

Food

0.07

Food, fodder [91]

Silene dichotoma Erh. A-105

Caryophyllaceae

Dağnıkestırıye (K)

Aerial part

Fresh eaten

Food

0.03

Food [91]

Teucrium polium L. A-182

Lamiaceae

Cığde (A-K-S)

Aerial part

Infusion, decoction

Stomachache cure

0.51

Antispasmodic, antiflatulence, antidiabetic, kidney stone, gastric and kidney pain, diarrhea, headache, purgative, digestive problem, stomachic, liver disorder, diabete, cold, rheumatism [4, 11, 28, 31, 32, 46, 54, 65, 68, 72]

Thymbra sintenisii Bornm. & Azn. A-176

Lamiaceae

Zatar (A-K-S)

Aerial part

Decoction with lemon peel

Stomachache cure, spice, jam, ingredient in bread

0.11

Not reported

Thymbra spicata L. A-101

Lamiaceae

Catır (A-K)

Aerial part

Decoction

Herbal tea

0.03

Antiseptic, stomach pain [15, 16, 28, 35]

Torilis tenella (Delile) Rchb.f. A-130

Apiaceae

Ziçırk (A)

Aerial part

Fresh and decoction

Food, diuretic

0.02

Diuretic [55]

Tragopogon porrifolius subsp. longirostris (Sch.Bip.) Greuter A-135

Compositae

Hivhivok (K)

Aerial part

Fried or used fresh

Fodder

0.02

Food, aphrodisiac [50]

Tribulus terrestris L. A-173

Zygophyllaceae

Pıruğacuz (A)

Aerial part

Decoction

Kidney disease cure

0.03

Kidney stone, asthma, cardiac disorder [1, 46]

Medicago monantha (C.A.Mey.) Trautv. A-120

Leguminosae

Antako (K)

Aerial part

Hung on the wall

Fragrance

0.02

Fodder [103]

Triticum aestivum L. A-294

Poaceae

Hınta (A-K)

Aerial part

Dried used to craft

Basket, table, ornament

0.09

Basket [16, 111]

Urtica dioica L. A-22

Urticaceae

Gazgazok (A-K)

Leaf

Decoction

Cancer and tuberculosis treatment, sarma as food

0.02

Cancer, cold, diabete, rheumatism, stomach ache, analgesic, arthritis, digestive, diuretic, genital disorder, hemorrhoid, hepatitis, lipsotrichia, rheumatism, anti-inflammatory, astringent, antitussive, respiratory disorder [11, 18, 46, 68, 73]

Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert A-121

Caryophyllaceae

Ziven (A-K)

Aerial part

Dried or fresh

Fodder

0.02

Fodder [91]

Verbascum lasianthum Boiss. ex Benth. A-05

Scrophulariaceae

Tumıkıtılcereb (A-K)

Root, aerial part

Root ground with raisins

Hemorrhoids, wound healing

 

Honey [112]

Vicia hybrida L. A-124

Leguminosae

Şokıl, şokıla kıtık (K), çelepen (A)

Aerial part

Dried or fresh

Fodder

0.04

Not reported

Vicia narbonensis L. A-83

Leguminosae

Şokıl (K)

Fruit

Dried or fresh

Fodder, food

0.07

Food [15]

Vicia pannonica subsp. striata (M.Bieb.) Ponert A-149

Leguminosae

Çelepen, çırpenılfara (A), kelle (K)

Fruit

Fresh

Fodder, food

0.15

Not reported

Vitex agnus-castus L. A-166

Lamiaceae

Şırte (A)

Aerial part

Cut and combined

Broom

0.05

Not reported

Vitis vinifera L. A-210

Vitaceae

Tri (K), ğınıb (A)

Fruit, aerial part

Woods for fuel, boiled in molasses

Sugar syrup, grape molasses, wine, fuel

0.09

Sarma, cough, blood forming [18, 100]

Xanthium spinosum L. A-263

Compositae

KiÅŸar (A)

Aerial part

Decoction

Diuretic

0.02

Kidney pain, gastrointestinal disease, fodder, diaphoretic, sedative, exudative [9, 15, 95]

Xeranthemum annum L. A-1

Compositae

Sirtık (K), Maknese zarke (A)

Aerial part

Cut and combined

Broom

0.09

Toy, broom [15, 75]

  1. aEndemic, A Arabic, K Kurdish, S Syriac, T Turkish, UV Use value