Table 2 Medicinal plants used by the indigenous communities in the study area
Family name | Plant name/voucher number | Local names | Habit | Part (s) used | Therapeutic uses | URs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aizoaceae | Portulaca oleracea L./KOH-0057 | Warkhari | Herb | Aerial parts | Decoction is made from the aerial part of the plant and is used as demulcent diuretic, vormifuge, laxative and refrigerant. | 27 |
Alliaceae | Allium cepa L./KOH-0060 | Pyaz | Herb | Bulb | Juice is extracted from the bulb of the herb and is useful in gastric disorders. Also used as diuretic and expectorant. | 22 |
Apocynaceae | Nerium oleander L./KOH-0067 | Gandiarai | Shrub | Leaves | Leaves decoction is used traditionally for skin diseases and piles. The prepared paste from its root and bark is applied topically after snake bite and scorpion sting. It is given orally for abortion. Leprosy is treated with dermal application of its bark paste. | 15 |
Arecaceae | Nannorrhops ritchieana (Griff.) Aitch./KOH-0061 | Maizary | Shrub | Leaves | Its leaves decoction is very useful for stomach problems. | 41 |
Apocynaceae | Caralluma tuberculata N.E. Br./KOH-0074 | Pamankay | Herb | Whole plant | Powder is prepared from the whole plant and given for the treatment of dysentery, jaundice, stomachache, hepatitis (B & C), diabetes and high blood pressure. Also used as carminative. | 49 |
Apocynaceae | Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand./KOH-0064 | Spalmay | Shrub | Leaves | Fever is treated with its leaves’ decoction. Powdered leaves are a useful remedy for wounds, chronic sores and ulcers. Leaves paste is topically applied on inflammation areas (swellings) and rheumatism. | 33 |
Apocynaceae | Periploca aphylla Decne./KOH-0087 | Barrara | Herb | White latex | The white milk is cure for skin ulcer and wounds. The powder of the plant is used as stomachic and tonic. Also used to treat diarrhea, enlargement of spleen and as diuretic and laxative. Rheumatism is treated with its ash. Whole plant is useful for constipation. | 44 |
Asteraceae | Xanthium spinosum L./KOH-0080 | Spina ghana | Herb | Leaves, fruits | Leaves and fruits are diaphoretic, diuretic, sedative and used for hydrophobia. Infusion of root is emetic. | 14 |
Asteraceae | Xanthium strumarium L./KOH-0059 | Mordar botay | Herb | Roots, fruit, seeds | Roots and fruits of the plant are demulcent, stomachic and used in smallpox. | 10 |
Asteraceae | Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kitam./KOH-0072 | Tarkha | Herb | Whole plant | Whole plant infusion is used as purgative. | 25 |
Asteraceae | Aster trinervius Roxb. ex Roxb./KOH-0062 | – | Herb | Root | Extract of its root is used for cough, cold, fever, pulmonary infections, malaria and hemorrhages. | 21 |
Asteraceae | Cichorium intybus L./KOH-0075 | Tareezax | Herb | Whole plant | The plant juice is used against jaundice, hepatitis, enlarged spleen and diarrhea. Root decoction has diuretic effect. Decoction obtained from the grinded seed is used against obstructed menstruation and for checking bilious vomiting. | 23 |
Asteraceae | Erigeron canadensis L./KOH-0051 | Sugar botay | Herb | Whole plant | Plants’ extract is used as diuretic and stimulant. | 13 |
Asteraceae | Launea nudicaulis Hook. f./KOH-0066 | Shodapai | Herb | Leaves | Poultice of its leaves is topically used for fever. | 11 |
Berberidaceae | Berberis lyceum Royle/KOH-0114 | Kwary | Shrub | Leaves | Powder of its leaves is used against jaundice. The decoction of its root and bark is used as purgative, blood purifier, febrifuge, and as anti-pyretic. Fruit is eaten for kidney problems. | 24 |
Brassicaceae | Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb ex Prantl/KOH-0105 | Khashir | Herb | Whole plant | Used for fever. | 17 |
Brassicaceae | Lepidium draba L./KOH-0098 | Bashka | Herb | Whole plant | Used as stomachic and tonic. | 13 |
Brassicaceae | Raphanus sativus L./KOH-0108 | Molai | Herb | Leaves | Its leaves are used as diuretic and laxative. Powder of its root is used for jaundice, liver ailment, urinary complaints and for the treatment of piles. | 39 |
Brassicaceae | Sisymbrium irio L./KOH-0095 | Kharkasai | Herb | Seeds | Powder obtained from its seeds is used as expectorant, febrifuge and stimulant. Seed poultice is used for dermal problems. | 23 |
Caesalpinaceae | Sophora mollis (Royle) Baker/KOH-0115 | Ghuger | Shrub | Leaves, seeds | Powder of its leaves and seeds are used as anthelmintic. | 32 |
Cannabinaceae | Cannabis sativa L./KOH-0109 | Bhang | Herb | Aerial parts | Ariel parts’ decoction is used as sedative, analgesic and antispasmodic. Also used for insomnia, depression, neuralgia, asthma and glaucoma. It works also as cooling agent, stimulant, tonic and for the treatment of urinogenital diseases | 41 |
Capparidaceae | Cleome brachycarpa (Forssk.) Vahl ex DC./KOH-0103 | Zachawa | Herb | Leaves | Its leaves’ paste is used topically against fever. | 13 |
Chenopodiaceae | Chenopodium album L./KOH-0112 | Sarmy | Herb | Whole plant | Powder made from whole plant is used as/for anthelmintic, jaundice, liver diseases, appetite, diuretic, aphrodisiac, tonic and abdominal pain. Whole plant extract is used for the removal of kidney stone. | 31 |
Convolvulaceae | Convolvulus arvensis L./KOH-0100 | Parwathiay | Herb | Whole plant | Plant powder is best remedy for skin diseases. Root powder is purgative. Decoction of leaves is used for abnormal menstrual flow. Poultice of leaves is used as antiseptic. | 42 |
Cucurbitaceae | Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad./KOH-0113 | Marrkonday | Herb | Fruit | Juice of its fruit is used in dropsy. The juice of its fruit is applied to skin problems such as leukoderma. Its oil is best remedy for snake bite. Fruit is purgative and used for cattle intestinal disorder. | 44 |
Cupressaceae | Cupressus sempervirens L./KOH-0096 | Sabar dana | Tree | Fruit | Its fruits produce cooling effect in cattle. | 21 |
Ephedraceae | Ephedra intermedia Schrenk & C.A.Mey./KOH-0106 | Mowa | Shrub | Stem | The decoction of stem is used as/for rheumatism, syphilis nasal congestion, bronchial congestion colds cough, flu and asthma. | 32 |
Fabaceae | Alhagi maurorum Medik./KOH-0111 | Sar azghi | Shrub | Aerial parts | Powder of the plant is used as diaphoretic, expectorant, laxative, anti-diarrheal and antiseptic agent. Root is used in kidney problems. | 31 |
Fabaceae | Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC./KOH-0071 | Kikrye | Shrub | Leaves | Leaves decoction is used for lactation and as expectorant. | 19 |
Fumariaceae | Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley/KOH-0081 | Paparie | Herb | Whole plant | Whole plant powder is diuretic, diaphoretic, aperients and is used for cooling purpose. | 28 |
Fumariaceae | Fumaria officinalis L./KOH-0084 | – | Herb | Aerial part | It is use in/as blood purification, laxative and skin anti allergy. | 18 |
Geraniaceae | Geranium wallichianum D.Don ex Sweet/KOH-0070 | Ranjot | Herb | Rhizome | Powder of its rhizome is used against high blood pressure, leucorrhea, as tonic and in rheumatic pain. | 13 |
Juglandaceae | Juglans regia L./KOH-0110 | Ghoz | Tree | Kernels | Kernel is considered as source of tonic. | 36 |
Lamiaceae | Mentha spicata L./KOH-0099 | Podina | Herb | Whole plant | Decoction of whole plant is used for cough, flatulence and digestive disorders. Whole plant powder is used as stimulant and carminative. Leaves powder is used as anti-pyretic and for bronchitis. | 35 |
Lamiaceae | Mentha longifolia (L.) L./KOH-0056 | Ilanai | Herb | Leaves | Leaves’ powder, decoction and extract are considered as carminative, astringent and anti-rheumatic. It is also used for nausea, diarrhea and dysentery. | 43 |
Lamiaceae | Nepeta cataria L./KOH-0080 | Chemjanbetai | Herb | Leaves | Leaves’ powder is used as carminative, diaphoretic, refrigerant and stimulant. Infusion of its leaves is best for cold and cough. It has also sedative properties. | 31 |
Lamiaceae | Perowskia atriplicifolia Benth/KOH-0107 | Sansube | Herb | Whole plant | Whole plant produces cooling effect. Extracts of its flower is used against fever. | 18 |
Lamiaceae | Salvia nubicola Wall. ex Sweet/KOH-0091 | Khaner | Herb | Whole plant | Poultice of the plant part is used topically for the treatment of Gangrene. | 17 |
Lamiaceae | Stachy parviflora benth./KOH-0104 | Sperghunai | Herb | Stem, leaves | Powder of stem and leaves are used as anthelmintic. | 21 |
Lamiaceae | Teucrium stocksianum Boiss./KOH-0055 | Kastorai | Herb | Whole plant | Plant extract is used for heart pain. | 22 |
Lamiaceae | Thymus serphyllum L./KOH-0082 | Mervezei | Herb | Whole plant | Whole plant is used as antispasmodic, carminative, stomachic and anti-diuretic. It regulates the menstrual cycle and improves poor vision. It is also used for the treatment of liver, and as tonic. Seed’s powder is vormifuge. | 49 |
Malvaceae | Hibiscus trionum L./KOH-0065 | Makhey | Herb | Leaves | Leaves paste is applied to skin eruption. Infusion obtained from its flower is effective against diuretic, itching and skin problems. Leaves powder is stomachic. | 33 |
Malvaceae | Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench/KOH-0088 | Bhendai | Herb | Leaves | Poultice of leaves is applied topically for irritating skin. The mucilage of fruit is effective in genitor-urinary system. | 24 |
Malvaceae | Malva neglecta Wallr./KOH-0102 | Pandirak | Herb | Seeds | Seed powder is used for cough and bladder ulcers. | 36 |
Mimosaceae | Acacia modesta Wall./KOH-0089 | Palosa | Tree | Gums | Gums of the plant are utilized as tonic, stimulant and as demulcent. | 28 |
Moraceae | Ficus carica L./KOH-0079 | Inzar | Tree | Fruit | The edible fruits are laxative and beneficial for small pox. | 25 |
Moraceae | Morus alba L./KOH-0092 | Tooth | Tree | Fruit | Fruits are edible and work as laxative. | 28 |
Myrtaceae | Eucalyptus globules Labill./KOH-0101 | Safirdad | Tree | Leaves | Decoction of its leaves is used for flu and as anti-diabetic. | 24 |
Nyctaginaceae | Boerhaavia elongate Brandegee/KOH-0083 | – | Herb | Root, leaves | The leaves’ powder is used for swelling and external body infection. The decoction of roots is used against kidney stone. | 31 |
Oleaceae | Olea cuspidata Wall./KOH-0058 | QalamiKhono | Tree | Leaves, fruit | Leaves are considered best antiseptic while fruits as tonic. | 29 |
Papilionaceae | Medicago polymorpha L./KOH-0090 | Shapeshthlary | Herb | Leaves, young shoots | The decoction obtained from the fresh leaves and young shoots is used for the regulation of blood pressure and is carminative. | 28 |
Plantaginaceae | Plantago lanceolata L./KOH-0078 | Ispaghool | Herb | Leaves | Leaves infusion is used as expectorant, emollient, demulcent. It is also useful for cough and bronchitis. Extracts of its seeds are used as purgative and laxative. The powdered leaves are applied topically on inflamed wounds. | 45 |
Poaceae | Cymbopogan jwarancusa (jones) Schult/KOH-0053 | Marghkai | Herb | Whole plant | The decoction of the plants is used in typhoid fever. | 11 |
Punicaceae | Punica granatum L./KOH-0097 | Anar | Tree | Fruit | Its fruit is used as tonic and remove iron deficiency. Powdered bark is used in nasal congestions. | 32 |
Rhamanaeae | Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn./KOH-0063 | Karkanra | Tree | Fruit | Fruit is used as carminative, sedative, ulcers, tonic and anti-diabetic. | 36 |
Rhamnaceae | Zizyphus jujuba Mill./KOH-0086 | Bera | Tree | Fruit | Fruits are effective being laxative and used in constipation. | 43 |
Rosaceae | Duchesnea indica (Jacks.) Focke/KOH-0052 | Balmangai | Herb | Leaves | Powder of leaves is used as/in diuretic, diarrhea and dysentery. | 13 |
Sapotaceae | Sideroxylon mascatense (A.DC.) T.D.Penn./KOH-0094 | Gurgura | Tree | Fruit | Fruits are being used as carminative, laxative and tonic. It is also effective in treating urinary tract infections. | 44 |
Solanaceae | Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal/KOH-0076 | Kotilal | Herb | Seed, fruit | Seeds of the plant work in dyspepsia, flatulence and stomachache. | 41 |
Thymelaeaceae | Daphne mucronata Royle/KOH-0054 | Barrah | Shrub | Bark | Powder is made from its bark and is a useful remedy for toothache. | 23 |
Umbelliferae | Anethum graveolens L./KOH-0093 | Zanrkay | Herb | Whole plant | Whole plant decoction is used as stimulant and carminative. | 31 |
Umbelliferae | Coriandrum sativum L./KOH-0085 | Danya | Herb | Fruit | Its decoction is used as/in carminative, stimulant, aphrodisiac, refrigerant, colic pains and bleeding piles. | 41 |
Zygophyllaceae | Fagonia cretica L./KOH-0069 | Spelaghzia | Herb | Whole plant | Whole plant extract is used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, blood purification, inflammation and abdominal pain. Juice obtained from it leaves is useful as anthelminthic. | 47 |
Zygophyllaceae | Tribulis teristris L./KOH-0073 | Azghkay | Herb | Seeds | The powder obtained from its seeds is used against the kidney stone. | 39 |