Table 2 Medicinal uses of local flora for ethnoveterinary uses

Amaranthaceae

Beta vulgaris L.

“SBBU-33”

Choqandar

Whole plant

A whole plant is subjected to powder and is combined with flour and black tea to treat digestive problems especially in cow and buffalo.

Amaryllidaceae

Allium cepa L.

“SBBU-32”

Piaz

Bulb

Bulb of the herb is crushed and added milk for orally given to animals (6–8 days) for curing digestive complaints.

Allium sativum L.

“SBBU-16”

Oga

Bulb

Bulb is crushed and mixed with way to administered orally for several days in order to rate of fertility in domestic animals.

Narcissus tazetta L.

“SBBU-59”

Gul-E-Nargas

Leaves

Along with gurr and flour, fresh leaves (¼ kg) are boiled and orally given to livestock for the retained placental removal.

Apiaceae

Carum carvi L.

“SBBU-24”

Zeera

Fruit

Tea is prepared from its fruit (¼ kg), and then, it is combined with flour and given to cattle for 3 days in order to treat gastric problems.

Cuminum cyminum L.

“SBBU-63”

Zankai

Fruit

Half kilogram of fruit is boiled in black tea and orally given for 15–20 days on daily basis for the expulsion of intestinal worms and treated gastric problems.

Eryngium biehersteinianum (M. Bieb.) Nevski

“SBBU-5”

Yakandaz

Stem and leaves and stem

Powder of its stem and leaves is orally given for the treatment of liver problems up to the duration of 8–12 days.

Foeniculum vulgare Mill.

“SBBU-61”

Kagelani

Fruit, leaves

Decoction is made from it fresh leaves and fruit (150–200 g), and then, it is combined with gurr, given orally to livestock for appetite and as sedative for the duration of 5 to 6 days.

Heracleum candicans Wall. ex DC.

“SBBU-17”

Skhwara

Roots

Fresh root of the plant (200 g) is combined with wheat flour and made to paste which is orally given to goat, cow, and sheep as sexual tonic and to enhance the rate of fertility up to 3 days.

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague

“SBBU-60”

Ajwain

Fruit

Seeds (¼ kg) of the plant, Allium cepa, wheat flour, and Foeniculum vulgare are thoroughly mixed. The resultant blend is then orally given (15 days) and is considered as good appetizer.

Visnaga daucoides Gaertn.

“SBBU-48”

Sparkai

Fruit

Tea is made from its fruit and given orally to sheep, goat, cow, and buffalo while treating diarrhea, abdominal pain, and retained placenta. The remedy is constantly utilized for the duration of 3 days.

Apocynaceae

Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand.

“SBBU-18”

Spalmai

Leaves

Plants’ fresh leaves are taken and decoction is made, and after that, the decoction is combined with “Ajuga integrifolia” and is used for dermal parasites for 3 to 5 days.

Nerium oleander L.

“SBBU-22”

Gandiaray

Leaves

To relieve the external parasite, the decoction of its leaves is used for animal bathing especially goat and cow.

Asteraceae

Artemisia absinthium L.

“SBBU-52”

Spara Botay

Whole plant

Whole is subjected to powder and mixed with gurr and wheat and is used as anthelmintic.

Artemisia scoparia Waldst. & Kit.

“SBBU-67”

Spara Botay

Leaves

Decoction is made by taking ½ kg of leaves which is mixed with gurr and administered orally daily (for 2 to 3 days) about 1 to 2 glasses for the treatment of gastric complexities, blood purification, and skin problems in goat, sheep, and cow.

Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramayya & Rajagopal

“SBBU-44”

Shodapai

Whole plant

Fresh plant is fed to animals, i.e., goat, sheep, and cow as tonic and galactagogue.

Berberidaceae

Berberis lycium Royle

“SBBU-42”

Koowary

Root

Decoction is made from its root (about ¼ kg) and is orally administered to cattle (10 days) for the treatment digestive tract infections, mouth infections, refrigerant, and healing.

Brassicaceae

Brassica rapa L.

“SBBU-39”

Sharsham

Oil

Mustard oil (75 ml) and whey are mixed together and orally taken to relieve abdominal pain. This is remedy applied to cow and buffalo for the duration of 3 days.

Cactaceae

Opuntia littoralis (Engelm.) Cockerell

“SBBU-19”

Zoqam

Whole plant

Powder is made from whole plant and applied topically to all domestic animals treat dermal problems, as anti-inflammatory.

Cannabaceae

Cannabis sativa L.

“SBBU-20”

Bang

Leaves, stem

Leaves (½ kg) together with black tea are boiled and then mixed with wheat flour. This remedy is given to domestic animals as refrigerant and also given to the cattle suffering from genital prolapsed.

Celtis australis L.

“SBBU-25”

Tagha

Bark

Plants powder, ghee, and gurr are combined together and given to cattle twice a day (up to 3 days) for treating digestive disorders.

Chenopodiaceae

Chenopodium album L.

“SBBU-35”

Sarmy

Whole plant

About ½ kg leaves are taken and boiled in mustard oil along with gurr, orally taken by goat, sheep, cow, buffalo, and donkey. This remedy is used as stomachic.

Convolvulaceae

Convolvulus arvensis L.

“SBBU-31”

Perawaty

Whole plant

Fresh leaves (1 kg) and gurr are boiled in combination with black tea. This remedy is given orally (5–10 days) for milk production.

Cupressaceae

Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold & Zucc.) Endl.

“SBBU-40”

Saber Dana

Fruit

Powder is made from its seeds and makes black tea and then utilized to heat the animals. This remedy is used for buffalos and cows for 3 days.

Cuscutaceae

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.

“SBBU-66”

Mecha

Whole plant

First make a paste of leaves and then combine with wheat flour. This remedy is then given to goats and sheep (5–10 days) as antispasmodic.

Euphorbiaceae

Ricinus communis L.

“SBBU-68”

Aranda

Oil

Oil of its seed (½ cup) is administered orally for the duration of 1 week. This remedy is used as laxative and for the treatment of diarrhea.

Fabaceae

Acacia modesta Wall.

“SBBU-27”

Palusa

Bark

The decoction obtained from its bark and is combined with butter which is administered orally to all type of domestic animals to treat skin problems and as blood purifier.

Cassia fistula L.

“SBBU-4”

Amaltas

Fruit

Fruit of the plant is subjected to boiling along with milk and administered orally up to 3 days to all sort of domestic cattle to relieve fever and gastric complexities.

Glycyrrhiza glabra L.

“SBBU-26”

Khwaga Waly

Roots

Root (¼ kg) is subjected to paste which is mixed with flour and oil and then is given to goat, sheep, cow, and buffalo to increase milk production and enhance the rate of fertility. The remedy is used for the duration of 5 to 7 days.

Lotus corniculatus L.

“SBBU-72”

FatiKhany

Stem and leaves,

Stem and leaves are crushed in weight of ¼ kg and orally given to cattle along with bread or dough for 7 to 10 days as sexual tonic and for urinary tract infections (UTI).

Trigonella foenum-graecum L.

“SBBU-11”

Malkhoozi

Seeds

Seeds (150 g) are crushed and given in dough to animals (5–6 days) against gastric disorders.

Fagaceae

Quercus oblongata D. Don

“SBBU-7”

Tor batangar

Fruit

Kernels of this plant are given to animal for the entire cold season to keep the animals energized. Skeletal problems and internal infection are also treated by utilizing the kernels.

Juglandaceae

Juglans regia L.

“SBBU-55”

Ghuz

Leaves

Fresh leaves powder (¼ kg) and gurr are thoroughly mixed. This remedy is orally taken and effective in gastric disorders.

Lamiaceae

Ajuga integrifolia Buch. Ham. ex D. Don

“SBBU-30”

Gutee

Leaves

Decoction is made from the leaves and then gurr is added. This remedy is given orally to cattle for blood purification and as vormifuge. The water is applied topically to treat skin ailments.

Mentha spicata L

“SBBU-58”

Podina

Leaves and stem

Powder is made and decoction is made and then mixed with gurr and taken by animals to cure digestive problems.

Ocimum basilicum L.

“SBBU-9”

Kashmaly

Leaves seed

Plant leaves and seeds are subjected to decoction and used topically for skin problems.

Salvia moorcroftiana Wall. ex Benth.

“SBBU-13”

Kharghwag

Leaves

Decoction of its leaves is given orally daily for the treatment of digestive problems.

Malvaceae

Gossypium arboreum L.

“SBBU-43”

Pomba

Kal

About ¼ kg of its powder is mixed with gurr and used for 10 to 12 days. This remedy is administered orally on daily basis as galactagogue.

Grewia optiva J.R.Drumm. ex Burret

“SBBU-62”

Pastawony

Whole plant

Dried plant powder is subjected to oil (250 ml), administered orally and topically twice a day for 5 to 7 days for wound healing process.

Meliaceae

Melia azedarach L.

“SBBU-54”

Tora Bokana

Leaves

Plant leaves (200 g) are powdered and then combined with sugar. This remedy is orally given to cattle (2–3 days) against gastric disorders. Diarrhea is also treated by mixing the powder with flour cakes of maize.

Moraceae

Ficus carica L.

“SBBU-73”

Inzar

Fruit and leaves, fruit

Fresh leaves (about ½ kg) are fed to animals for digestive ailments and disturbances. Fruit (¼ kg) is given two times per day for placental removal.

Streblus asper Lour.

“SBBU-14”

Tor tooth

Fruit

Fruits (2 kg) are crushed by addition of little quantity of water. This remedy is given orally to livestock for producing cooling effect.

Myrtaceae

Eucalyptus canaldulensis Dehnh.

“SBBU-41”

Lachi

Leaves

Leaves decoction and gurr are thoroughly mixed and orally given to cattle (6–8 days) against digestive disorders and as appetizer.

Myrtus communis L.

“SBBU-23”

Mano

Leaves

Powder is made from it, and then, the ground leaves are mixed with whey or milk to treat digestive tract problems.

Nyctaginaceae

Boerhavia erecta L.

“SBBU-36”

Insut

Whole plant

Gurr is mixed with the powder of the plant which is locally known as “Paa” and is topically applied to skin infections.

Oleaceae

Olea europaea L.

“SBBU-46”

Zytoon

Oil

Oil is applied externally and emulsified to inflamed areas and broken bones. The oil is orally given for general body improvement.

Paeoniaceae

Paeonia emodi Royle

“SBBU-69”

Mamekh

Fruit and rhizome

Powder is made and combined with flour which is used as tonic and for the treatment of cough in goat and cow.

Papaveraceae

Papaver somniferum L.

“SBBU-15”

Koknar

Latex

Latex is dried (10 g) and boiled in black tea, which is an effective analgesic remedy. Little dried latex is combined with saliva and placed on wound for blood clotting.

Pedaliaceae

Sesamum indicum L.

“SBBU-65”

Konzaly

Oil

Oil of the plant is combined with whey or milk and then given to buffalo and cow for vaginal thrush.

Pinaceae

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) G. Don

“SBBU-45”

Nanzra

Oil

10–15 plant oil drops are water mixed for oral administration to goats, cows, buffaloes, and sheep. This is the best remedy for the removal of bad smell of milk. The same recipe is also utilized for gastric complexities and as cooling agent. To depress the sexual ability of the animals, oil in large quantity is combined with water.

Pinus roxburghii Sarg.

“SBBU-53”

Nakhtar

Latex

Gums are water mixed and given to buffaloes, cows, and sheep against skin infections/allergies.

Platanaceae

Platanus orientalis L.

“SBBU-10”

Chinar

Bark

Bark’s powder, ghee, and milk are mixed together and boiled. This remedy is orally given to cattle against gastric infections.

Poaceae

Oryza sativa L.

“SBBU-28”

Chawal

Seed

Seeds (1 kg) are water boiled with yoghurt. The remedy is orally given to cattle (20–25 days) as galactagogue.

Triticum aestivum L.

“SBBU-51”

Ghanam

Seeds

Gurr is boiled with flour (¼ kg) and then given to animals to enhance rate of fertility (10–12 days).

Polygonaceae

Rumex hastatus D. Don

“SBBU-21”

Tarukay

Whole plant

Root (1 kg) are taken and mixed with the powder of bark of Quercus incana and then boiled along with sugar and flour which is traditionally recommended for the treatment of UTI, digestive problems, and wound healing. This remedy is used for the duration of 10 to 15 days.

Primulaceae

Primula denticulata Sm.

“SBBU-37”

Mamera

Stem

Stems’ decoction is topically used against eye infections.

Ranunculaceae

Nigella sativa L.

“SBBU-34”

Kalonji

Seed

Decoction is made from its seeds (100 g) and given to cattle and buffaloes as sexual tonic and general body tonic.

Rhamnaceae

Zizyphus jujuba Mill.

“SBBU-6”

Baira

Fruit and leaves,

Fresh leaves (100 g) decoction is orally given (2–3 days) for the removal worms. It is also used for gastric troubles and as diuretic.

Ziziphus oxyphylla Edgew.

“SBBU-8”

Elanai

Root

Decoction (fresh roots) is useful against liver infections in all types of domesticated animals.

Rosaceae

Prunus armeniaca L.

“SBBU-2”

Khobanaiy

Gum

Gums are boiled with ghee and then powdered upon drying. Later on milk is added for oral administration to cattle for treating abdominal pain, for flatulence, and as appetizer.

Rosa moschata Herrm.

“SBBU-57”

Gulab

Flower

Flowers (100 g) are taken in water, and later, sugar milk are mixed into it. This remedy is orally given to livestock to produce anti-inflammation and anti-congestion effect.

Rutaceae

Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

“SBBU-29”

Dambara

Fruit

Fruits powder and wheat flour are mixed and are used as antipyretic and killing mouth germs. Fruits are also considered as a good tonic for animals. This plant is also feed to the animals being suffered due to cold fever “local name Charmakh.”

Salicaceae

Salix tetrasperma Roxb.

“SBBU-47”

Wala

Bark

Bark is crushed and cooked in ghee then mixing it with flour of maize which is given to all type of cattle to treat cough and internal body infections.

Simaroubaceae

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle

“SBBU-50”

Speena Bokana

Leaves

The leaves of the plant are used as galactagogue.

Solanaceae

Nicotiana tabacum L.

“SBBU-70”

Tambacoo

Leaves

Decoction is made from its leaves, and then, it applied externally on animal’s body and then rubbed for external parasites. Infusion of its leaves is drenched via nostrils against leech infestation in cows.

Solanum virginianum L.

“SBBU-64”

Maraghuny

Roots, leaves, fruit

Various parts of the plant are taken (½ kg), and then, decoction is made by adding salt and yoghurt. This remedy is orally given to cattle (15–20 days) against cough, fever, and pain and for milk production.

Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal

“SBBU-38”

Kotilal

Leaves

Roots and leaves are cooked in ghee with gurr and then the resultant is given to sheep, cow, and buffalo for milk production. Also, it is used as antipyretic and sexual tonic.

Thymelaeaceae

Daphne oleoides Schreb.

“SBBU-3”

Laighona

Leaves and flower

Fresh leaves and flowers are taken and are shaded dried for 15 days and subjected to powder which is then mixed with gurr and flour and given to for the expulsion of worms to cattle and buffalo.

Zingiberaceae

Curcuma longa L.

“SBBU-1”

Korkaman

Rhizome

Rhizome is subjected to powder and boiled in ghee. It is orally and topically used 2 times per days (5–10 days) to relieve external and internal parasite. This is also used to treat genital infection and problems.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe

“SBBU-12”

Adrak

Root

Rhizome (80 g) is grinded and combined with gurr of 500 g. This mixture is then boiled in 2 l of milk. This remedy is traditionally considered useful for goats, cows, and sheep (taken up to 10 days) against digestive disorders, for flatulence and as appetizer.

Zygophyllaceae

Peganum harmala L.

“SBBU-49”

Spalany

Seed, whole plant

Fresh leaves (about ½ kg) are burned, and then with this smoke, animals are fumigated to relieve external parasites.

Tribulus terrestris L.

“SBBU-56”

Azghakay

Leaves

Leaves (200 g) of the plant are dried and made powder of it and then mix with the powder of Foeniculum vulgare and administered orally to domestic animals up to 15 days to treat digestive problems.