Table 8 Medicinal animals, parts/products used, and their fidelity level

Mammals

Wild boar

Sus scrofa

Meat

Rheumatism, syphilis, stomachache, and malaria

Eating

Common warthog

Phacochoerus africanus

Teeth

Swelling, toothache, wart and rheumatism

Heating

Blood

Malaria, asthma, and rheumatism

Drinking

Skin

Herpes

Anointing

Bile

AIDS

Drinking

Horn

Swelling

Heating

Cow

Bos taurus

Butter

Malaria and paralysis

Eating

Milk

Rabies and TB

Drinking

Urine

Malaria

Drinking

Spleen

Anemia, malaria and trachoma

Eating

Omasum

Gastritis

Eating

Liver

Anemia

Eating

Blood

Wart

Drinking

Cheetah

Acinonyx jubatus

Skin

Hemorrhage

Tying

Camel

Camelus dromedarius

Milk

Headache, rheumatism, malaria and diarrhea

Drinking

Porcupine

Hystrix spp.

Meat

Swelling, TV, headache, AIDS, asthma, rheumatism, gastritis, and hypertension

Eating

Bile

Asthma/diabetes, stomach scramble

Drinking

Stomach/intestine

Diarrhea and diabetes

Eating

Thorn/spine

Wound and broken leg

Tying

Liver

Diabetes disease

Eating

Human

Homo sapiens

Stool

Wart

Anointing

Donkey

Equus africanus asinus L.

Milk

Measles, cough, trachoma/rabies, and internal problem

Drinking

Rat

Rattus spp.

Meat

Intestinal disease

Eating

Foot

Nightmare

Tying

Blood

Wart

Anointing

Spotted hyna

Crocuta crocuta

Bone

Epilepsy and bad spirit

Tying

Skin

Protection from evil eye and during labor

Tying

Bile

Erythroblastosis and nightmare

Tying

Liver

Infection of skin

Banding

Skin

For communicable diseases and bad spirit

Tying

Meat

For swollen sex organ, epilepsy and anemia

Eating

Gazelle

Gazella spp.

Urine

For urination problem

Drinking

Bile

Syphilis

Drinking

Goat

Capra aegagrus hircus L.

Milk

Eye disease, gastritis, wound, headache, measles, TB, eye disorder, vomiting, snake poison, and rheumatism

Drinking

Fat

Wound and Toothache

Banding

Liver

Trachoma

Massaging

Butter

Headache and ear infection

Massaging

Hippopotamus

Hippopotamus amphibius

Bone

Breast swelling, sunburn, and body fracture

Banding, drinking

Pig

Sus scrofa

Meat

Rheumatism and headache

Eating

Blood

Skin infection

Anointing

Monitor lizard

Varanus spp.

Skin

Infant communicable disease

Tying

Sheep

Ovis aries

Milk

Malaria

Drinking

Olive baboon

Papio anubis

Hind skin/skin

Broken/misplaced bone and wound/burning

Tying

Meat

Rabies prevention for dogs and HIV/AIDS

Eating

Bile, meat

AIDS

Eating, drinking

Cat

Felis domesticus

Skin

Spiritual problem

Tying

Elephant

Elephas maximus

Bile

Kidney failure

Drinking

Bone

Herpes and diarrhea

Massaging

Ivory

Herpes

Anointing

Urine

Herpes, urination disorder

Drinking

Skin

Herpes, back pain, skin wound, and trachoma

Anointing

Bear

Melursus ursinus

Bile

Epilepsy

Drinking

Vervet monkey

Chlorocebus pygerythrus

Meat

For STDs, anemia for children

Eating

Common fox

Canis spp.

Brain tissue and meat

Epilepsy, mental disorder

Eating/drinking

Bile

Toothache, eye problem, and internal problem

Drinking

Giraffe

Giraffa camelopardalis

Urine and milk

TB

Drinking

Dog

Canis familaries

Bone

Epilepsy

Tying

Ethiopian hare

Lepus fagani

Excreta

Soars/wound

Anointing

Meat

Cattle disorder, epilepsy

Fumigation, drinking

Fat

Wart

Anointing

Groundhog

Marmota monax

Meat

For coughing and fattening baby

Eating

Bat

Cynopterus sphinx

Meat

Hepatitis, mental disorder

Eating

Birds

Vulture

Gyps spp.

Leg

Epilepsy

Fumigation

Meat

Mental disorder

Eating

Pigeon

Columba livia

Meat

Mental disorder, body fracture, and heart failure

Eating

Duck

Duck spp.

Meat

TB

Eating

Ostrich

Struthio camelus

Meat and egg

Muscle strain and broken bone and paralysis

Massaging, anointing

Hen

Gallus gallus domesticus

Whole body

For physical injury and wound

Drinking

Liver and fat

Swelling wound, pneumonia

Eating

Osprey

Pandion haliaetus

Bone

Epilepsy, body fracture

Tying

Erckel’s francolin

Pternistis erckelii

Meat

Internal problem

Eating

Bile

STDS

Drinking

Red billed Oxpecker

Buphagus erythrorhynchus

Blood

Skin fungus

Anointing

Bald eagle

Haliaeetus leucocephalus

Blood

Skin fungus

Anointing

Reptiles

Snake

Naja naja

Coat

Headache

Tying

Venom

Malaria and snake bite

Anointing

Head

Diarrhea, evil eye, and headache

Tying

Crocodile

Crocodylus spp.

Bile

Coughing, TB, teeth rheumatism

Drinking Anointing

Bone

Communicable disease

Tying

Teeth

Epilepsy

Tying

Python

Python spp.

Bone

Rabies and swelling

Tying and Banding

Tail and bone

Cancer and swelling

Banding

Fat

Wound and ear disease

Banding,

Meat

Rabies, foot crack, and ear disorder

Eating, anointing

Tortoise

Testudo graeca

Teeth

Swelling

Heating

Shell

Trypanosomiasis, nose bleeding

Fumigation

Chameleon

Chamaeleo chamaeleon

Whole body

Cancer, body fattening

Tying

Lizard

Lacertilia spp.

Whole body

Dry cough and anemia

Drinking

Fish

Fish

Any fish spp.

Meat

Rheumatism

Eating

Bile

Eye disorder

Eating

Arthropods

Scorpion

Palamnaeus swammerdami

Meat

Scorpion bite

Massaging

Bee

Apis mellifera

Honey

Wart, asthma, diarrhea, throat pain, stomachache, cough, TB, mumps, heart failure

Eating, drinking

Larvae

Stomach disorder

Drinking

Termite (Queen)

All spp.

Whole body

Fattening of livestock

Eating

Field cricket

Gryllus campestris

Whole body

Eye disease

Eating

Gnat (small insect)

All spp.

Honey

Stomachache, eye disorder, and coughing

Eating

Bumble bee

Bombus spp.

Honey

Coughing, malaria, and stomachache

Eating

Ticks

All tick spp.

Blood

Fungal disease on the skin

Anointing

Annelid

Leeches

All spp.

Head

Rheumatism

Massaging