Table 2 List of identified wild edible plants used by villagers in this study

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.

M, P: Shwe-kana-phot, Ka-na-phot

Food and Medicine: shoot for salad, consumed for body swollen

TS0366 (P)

Amaranthus viridis L.

M: Hin-nu-nwe

Food: tender leaves as vegetable

TS0020 (M)

Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J.Scott

M: Ta-byat-se

Food: shoots and tender leaves as vegetable

TS0019 (M)

Mangifera sylvatica Roxb.

E: Taw-tha-yat

Food and Construction: fresh fruits pounded as salad with other ingredients, sliced fresh fruits for sour taste

TS0809 (E)

Annona cherimola Mill.

M, P: Aw-le

Food: fruits edible

TS0043 (M)

Centella asiatica (L.) Urb.

E, M, P: Myin-kwar

Food and Medicine: tender leaves as salad, paste of leaves prepared lotion for sore throat, cold infusion of leaves as eye drop

TS0165, TS0293 (M)

Oenanthe cf. javanica (Blume) DC.

M: Za-lae

Food: tender leaves as salad, cooked as traditional curry

TS0138, TS0166 (M)

Telosma cordata (Burm. f.) Merr.

E, M, P: Gwe-tauk

Food and Medicine: tender leaves for soup with chicken, consumed food as medicine for alcohol dependence

TS0190 (M)

Amorphophallus cf. muelleri Blume

E, M, P: Wa-u

Food: stem and bulb as vegetable: young stem cooked as vegetable, bulb boiled and grounded to make konjac (Wa-u)

TS0728/1 (E)

Amorphophallus purpurascens Kurz ex Hook.f.

E, M, P: Wa-u

Food: stem and bulb as vegetable: young stem cooked as vegetable, bulb boiled and grounded to make konjac (Wa-u)

Thant Shin (abbreviate as TS hereafter) 0618 (P)

Arisaema erubescens (Wall.) Schott

M, P: Wa-u-pho

Food and Medicine: stem and bulb as vegetables, bulb boiled and eaten for constipation

TS0284 (M); TS0599 (P)

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott

E: Pain-ga-nan; M, P: Pai

Food and Medicine: petiole fermented, petiole as vegetable, petiole prepared soup with Kin-pun-chin, Sue-pote and Zayit; sap used externally for allergy caused by insects

TS 0040, S0137, TS0277 (M)

Lasia spinosa (L.) Thwaites

E, M: Za-yit

Food: tender shoot cooked as soup, cooked with fish, boiled shoot as salad with fish paste

TS0757 (E)

Macropanax dispermus (Blume) Kuntze

P: Tha-yat-kin, Ka-la-kin

Food, Construction, Fuelwood and Medicine: shoot as vegetable dish and salad, food consumed for retention of gasses in bowel

TS0590, TS0619, TS0645 (P)

Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff

P: Hlan-kwa

Food: shoot as vegetable

TS0563 (P)

Crassocephalum rubens (Juss. ex Jacq.) S.Moore

E: Nu-su; P: Taw-bi-zat

Food: shoot as vegetable, tender leaves for salad

TS00684 (P); TS0776 (E)

Dichrocephala integrifolia (L.f.) Kuntze

M: Sein-zar-myat-lone

Food and Medicine: shoots and tender leaves for soup, food consumed as medicine at postpartum period for mother

TS0038 (M)

Laggera alata Nanth.

M, P: La-thar-ba-pyin

Food and Medicine: shoots fried with eggs, good for swollen body, the whole plant as wristband for back pain, leaves extract used over knife injuries

TS0078 (M)

Markhamia stipulata (Wall.) Seem.

E: Ma-lwa

Food and Construction: boiled flower as salad with fish paste, fried as vegetable

TS0735 (E)

Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz

E, M, P: Kyaung-shar

Food and Medicine: flowers and fruits for vegetable dish, fruits as salad, farmented fruit, boiled and pounded fruits as salad with other ingredients, young leaves prepared salad, and consumed orally for tinnitus

TS0105 (M); TS0743 (E)

Protium serratum (Wall. ex Colebr.) Engl.

E: Kadi

Food and Construction: fruits eaten fresh

TS0704 (E)

Celastrus paniculatus Willd.

M, P: Taung-bort-lu-lin

Food and Medicine: tender leaves prepared for soup, diet food for healthy life

TS0230 (M)

Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.

E, M, P: Thit-seint

Food: seeds eaten fresh

TS0702 (E)

Cheilocostus speciosus (J.Koenig) C.D.Specht

E, M: Pha-lan-taung-hwa

Food and Medicine: shoot fried with vegetable oil and other ingredients, cooked for soup, cooked with bamboo shoot and meat, decotion of whole plant taken orally for dysentery

TS0037 (M); TS0732 (E)

Marah macrocarpa (Greene) Greene

M: Kin-mon-tee

Food: fruits as vegetable

TS0094 (M)

Momordica subangulata Blume

M: Taw-hin-khar

Food and Medicine: fruits and leaves as vegetable, consumed as appetizer

TS0114, TS0276 (M)

Diospyros kaki L.f.

M: Tae, Tel; P: Tel

Food: ripe fruits edible

TS0142 (M)

Elaeagnus griffithii Servettaz

P: Mat-lwat, Myat-lu

Food: ripe fruits edible

TS0359, TS0480 (P)

Elaeocarpus floribundus Blume

M: Sein-sar-blue-pan

Food and Fuellwood: seeds used to extract edible oil, seed edible

TS0183 (M)

Elaeocarpus stipularis var. siamensis (Craib) Coode.

M: Sein-se-ba-lu

Food: ripe fruits edible

TS034 (M)

Acacia concinna (Willd.) DC.

E, M; Kin-mon-chin

Food and Shampoo: decoction of fruits for shampoo, tender leaves prepared soup with bean, prepared salad, fried with fish paste

TS0139 (M)

Acacia pennata subsp. kerrii I.C.Nielsen

E: Sue-pote, Sue-pote-kyi; M, P: Sue-pote

Food: tender leaves cooked as soup, cooked with fish, cook with meat, fried with egg, vegetable dish

TS0736 (E)

Archidendron jiringa (Jack) I.C.Nielsen

E, M, P: Da-nyin

Food: boiled seeds

TS0710, TS0811 (E)

Bauhinia purpurea L.

E: Swe-daw; P: Kha-lat

Food: tender leaves as soup with potato

TS0419 (P); TS0856 (E)

Bauhinia variegata L.

P: Kha-la

Food: leaves as salad. Seed edible as pulses

TS0629 (P)

Lithocarpus lindleyanus (Wall. ex A.DC.) A.Camus

M: Thit-al-sein

Food and Constructiion: roasted seed edible

TS0240 (M)

Rotheca serrata (L.) Steane & Mabb.

M: Yin-byar; P: Hin-byar, Hin-khar

Food and Medicine: tender leaves and flowers as vegetable and salad, young leaves consumed as salad for retention of gasses in bowel, and diarrhea, cream of rhizome used as lotion on abdomen for retention of gasses in bowel, roots fermented together with jaggery and consumed orally for loss of sleep

TS0005, TS0082, TS0209, TS0279 (M); TS0387, TS00494, TS0591, TS0606 (P)

Cinnamomum tamala (Buch.-Ham.) T.Nees & Eberm.

P: Thit-kya-poe

Food and Medicine: leaf for spice in traditional curry, dry bark powder consumed orally as blood tonic, dry leaf powder used as inhalant at postpartum period for mother

TS0678 (P)

Laurus cf. nobilis L.

M, P: Lae-lu

Food: leaves for spices

TS0483 (P)

Duabanga grandiflora (DC.) Walp.

E: Ga-zaw

Food and Construction: fruits edible

TS00716 (E)

Osbeckia nepalensis Hook. f.

P: Shar-pyar-tee

Food: fruits edible

TS00631(P)

Moraceae

Ficus auriculata Lour.

M: Ka-ohn, Kaung-oat-tee, Tha-phan; P: Pha-owl

Food: ripe fruits edible

TS0042, TS0110, TS0182 (M); TS0461(P)

Ficus racemosa L.

E, M, P: Tha-phan

Food: ripe fruit edible, fresh fruits soaked in salty water, pounded leaves as paste, tender leaves as salad, leaves cooked with potato

TS00148 (M)

Ficus semicordata Buch.-Ham. ex Sm.

E, M, P: Ka-dut; P: Tha-phan

Food and Fuelwood: ripe fruit edible, fresh fruits fermented for food, tender leaves for soup

TS0071, TS00131, TS00172 (M); TS0474 (P); TS0788 (E)

Ficus virens Aiton

M, P: Nyaung-chin

Food: leaves and shoots for soup and salad

TS0140 (M)

Maclura fruticosa (Roxb.) Corner

P: Sue-sein

Food: shoot as vegetable for soup and salad

TS0478 (P)

Myrica esculenta Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don

M: Kata-pho

Food: ripe fruits edible

TS0058, TS0109, TS0180 (M)

Psidium guajava L.

E: Mar-la-kar

Food: fruits eaten fresh

TS0760 (E)

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

E, M, P: Tha-pyay

Food and Construction: ripe fruits edible

TS0215 (M)

Syzygium oblatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex A.M.Cowan & Cowan

E, M, P: Tha-pyay

Food and Construction: ripe fruits edible

TS0253 (M)

Syzygium pycnanthum Merr. & L.M.Perry

E, M, P: Tha-pyay

Food, Construction and Fuelwood: ripe fruits edible

TS0104 (M); TS0615 (P)

Anacolosa clarkii Pierre

M: Tay-pin

Food: fruits edible

TS0259 (M)

Oxalis latifolia Kunth

M: Mu-chin

Food: children eat all parts of plants

TS0024 (M)

Antidesma acidum Retz.

E: Kim-ma-lin

Food: fruits and leaves as vegetable

TS0795 (E)

Bischofia javanica Blume

M: Yae-pa-done

Food: shoots for salad, young leaves as vegetable

TS0041, TS0074 (M)

Phyllanthus emblica L.

E: Zepyu; M: Se-sar; P: Se-shar

Food, Fuelwood and Medicine: fruits pounded as salad, boiled fruits pounded and prepared salad, consumed as food for hypertension, fruits eaten fresh for over bleeding, fruits roasted and consumed as food for cough

TS0033, TS0052, TS00213, TS0185, TS00280 (M); TS0351, TS0670 (P); TS0806 (E)

Plantago major L.

M: A kyaw-baung-tha-thaung

Food and Medicine: tender leaf for salad, leaf heated on fire to become wilted, and touch on abscess and boils, paste of leaves used as bandage for broken legs, young leaves prepared as salad, consumed as food for toxemia and hypertension; paste of entire plant used over abscess

TS0089 (M)

Embelia ribes Burm.f.

M, P: Kan-pa-lar

Food: leaves as salad and soup, tender leaves and buds boiled and eaten with fish sauce

TS0175 (M)

Ziziphus incurva Roxb.

P: Sue-kauk

Food: fruits edible

TS0688 (P)

Docynia indica (Wall.) Decne.

M, P: Pin-sein

Food and Fuelwood: fruits eaten fresh, cooked as soup, pounded with chili as side dish

TS0032, TS0133, TS0168, TS0204 (M); TS0399, TS0429, TS0513, TS 0588, TS0638 (P)

Coffea arabica L.

P: Coffee

Food: roasted seed for coffee

TS0519 (P)

Wendlandia budleioides Wall. ex Wight & Arn.

M, P: Thit-ne

Food and Construction: tender leaves for salad

TS0085 (M)

Wendlandia tinctoria (Roxb.) DC.

M, P: Thit-ni

Food and Fuelwood: tender leaves as vegetable

TS0176 (M)

Casimiroa cf. edulis La Llave

M, P: Tha-gyar-tee

Food: fruits edible

TS0044 (M)

Clausena excavata Burm.f.

M: Pyin-thaw-sein

Food: tender leaves as raw salad

TS0069 (M)

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng.

P: Pyin-taw-thein

Food: tender leaves as raw salad

TS0543 (P)

Zanthoxylum armatum DC.

M: Mike-cup

Food: tender leaves ingredient to beef curry

TS0030 (M)

Casearia graveolens Dalzell

E: Phan-khar

Food and Construction: fruits eaten fresh

TS0801(E)

Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) B.L.Burtt & A.W.Hill

E: Del-cline

Food: fruits edible

TS0765 (E)

Dimocarpus fumatus (Blume) Leenh.

E: Taw-kyat-mauk

Food: fipe fruits edible

TS0803 (E)

Spondias pinnata (L. f.) Kurz

E: Gwe

Food: fruits eaten fresh

TS0812 (E)

Schoepfia fragrans Wall.

P: Byauk-ole-kyi

Food: fruits edible

TS0610 (P)

Smilax gagnepainii T.Koyama

M: Sue-yit-sein; P: Sue-yit

Food: shoots fried as vegetable, cooked soup, green salad

TS0617 (P)

Physalis angulata L.

E: no name

Food: fruits eaten fresh

TS0756 (E)

Physalis pubescens L.

P: Taw-kha-yan-chin

Food: fruits eaten fresh

TS0477 (P)

Solanum torvum Sw.

E, M: Kha-yan-ka-zot; P: Ka-zot

Food: fruits as vegetable

TS0186 (M); TS0737 (E)

Camellia taliensis (W.W.Sm.) Melch.

M, P: Taw-la-phat

Food: tender leaves for salad

TS0112 (M); TS0339 (P)

Schima wallichii Choisy

M: Thit-yar

Food and Constructiion: shoots as vegetable

TS0086 (M)

Dendrocnide basirotunda (C.Y.Wu) Chew

E: Tha-phan

Food: ripe fruits edible

TS0780 (E)

Leea indica (Burm. f.) Merr.

E: no name; M: Pait-chin

Food: shoot as vegetable

TS0226 (M); TS0805 (E)

Alpinia nigra (Gaertn.) Burtt

M: Gon-min

Food: pith as vegetable

TS0278 (M)

Curcuma cf. amada Roxb

M: Ba-thae-kaw

Food and Medicine: dry powder of rhizome consumed orally for flatulence, pounded fresh rhizome as spice in traditional curry, rhizome sliced and dry and made powder, and used as spice in curry

TS0068 (M); TS0727 (E)

Curcuma aromatica Salisb.

M: Mar-lar-pu

Food and Medicine: buds as vegetable, paste of rhizome used externally over injury

TS0210/1 (M)