Ethnomedicinal applications of animal species by the local communities of Punjab, Pakistan

Altaf, Muhammad; Umair, Muhammad; Abbasi, Abdul Rauf; Muhammad, Noor; Abbasi, Arshad Mehmood

doi:10.1186/s13002-018-0253-4

Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine

Table 2 Comparison of medicinal uses of animal species

From: Ethnomedicinal applications of animal species by the local communities of Punjab, Pakistan

Sr. #	Scientific name, Common name, Vernacular name, Code	District Jhelum (J)					District Lahore (L)					Previous reports
		PU/MA	Disease treatment	FC	UV	RI	PU/MA	Disease treatment	FC	UV	RI	Diseases treated	Ref.	SI
		PU/MA	Disease treatment	FC	UV	RI	PU/MA	Disease treatment	FC	UV	RI	Diseases treated	Ref.	J	L
Amphibian
1	Bufo stomaticus Lütken, Indus Valley toad, Maidani daddo, BS			0	0	0	Skin/T	Allergy	7	0.29	0.3	Thelitis, dermatitis, decubitus wounds, ripened abscess, brunchest, pneumonia, bolianerengia	[79, 80]	0	0
2	Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Daudin), Indian Bullfrog, Wada daddo, HT	Fat/T	Sexual enhancement	2	0.38	0.39						Diarrhea, dysentery, cold and cough, burn, wound, acidity	[64, 81,82,83]	0	0
			Muscular pain	2
			Joint pain	2
			Headache	2
Reptiles
3	Lissemys punctata andersoni Webb, Indian Flap-shelled Turtle, Hara Kachupra, LPA				0.00	0.00	Carapace/T	Allergy	1	0.29	0.3	Rashes, burns, asthma, lung diseases, cough, tuberculosis, Diarrhea, indigestion, malaria fever, diabetes, urinary obstruction, arthritis, Bronchitis, menorrhagia, sexual dysfunction, wounds, dermatitis, acne, piles	[73, 74, 84]	0	0
							Fat/T	Sexual enhancement	1
								Backbone pain	1
								Epilepsy	2
								Cession	1
							Bile/T	Strangulation	1
4	Laudakia agrorensis (Stoliczka), Monitor lizard, Goh, Wada Kirla, LA	Fat/ T	Burn	4	0.22	0.38				0.00	0.00	Cough, fever, jaundice, burn, joint pain, skin disease, arthritis, malaria, sexual stimulant	[80, 81, 83, 85,86,87]	0.51	0
4		Fat/ T	Sexual male power	5	0.22	0.38				0.00	0.00		[80, 81, 83, 85,86,87]	0.51	0
5	Saara hardwickii (Gray), Indus Valley spiny-tail ground lizard, Sanda, UH	Fat/T	Sexual enhancement	10	0.84	1.56	Fat/ T	Sexual enhancement	10	0.73	1.21	Increase sexual power	[88]	0.25	0.25
			Sexual enhancement	10				Weakness	2
			Muscular pain	5				Ear pain	5
			joint pain	5				Backbone pain	5
			Head-ach	5				Backbone pain	5
6	Naja naja (L.), Black cobra, Kala Naag, NNN	Skin/ T	Sharpen eye side	10	0.50	0.39	Fat/ T	Muscular pain	3	0.53	0.90	Muscular pain, arthritis and sexual weakness, leprosy, cancer	[82, 83, 88]	0	0.33
		Skin/ T	Sharpen eye side	10			Fat/ T	Sexual weakness	10
		Oil/ T	Snake bite	2			Oil/ T	Snake bite	2
7	Echis carinatus sochureki Stemmler, Sind Valley saw snake viper, Daba sap, ECH	Oil/ T	Snake bite	2	0.29	0.38				0.00	0.00	Snake bite	[88]	0.50	0
7		Oil/ T	Sexual enhancement	5	0.29	0.38				0.00	0.00	Snake bite	[88]	0.50	0
Mammals
8	Lepus nigricollis dayanus Blanford, Desert hare, Jungli saya/Jungli khargush, LND	Meat/ O	Paralysis	2	0.87	1.18	Hair/ T	Burning sensation	2	0.78	0.92	Tonic, chicken pox, wheezing, stomach and joint pain, high blood pressure, Asthma, burning sensation, paralysis.	[63, 64, 73, 74, 77, 85, 89,90,91]	0.67	0.50
			Weakness	4			Meat/ O	Paralysis	20
			Asthma	4			Meat/ O	Asthma	10
9	Hystrix indica Kerr., Indian crested porcupine, Kanday wali say, HCR	Fat/ T	Skin infection	3	0.36	0.77	Fat/ T	Skin infection	2	0.50	0.60	Skin infection, rheumatic pain, colic, boiled, stomach-ache, foot mouth disease, easy delivery of a child, premenstrual pain, weakness and muscle fatigue, asthma	[64, 77, 80, 82, 84, 90, 92,93,94]	0.08	0.14
9		Fat/ T	Joint pain	10	0.36	0.77	Fat/ T	Joint pain	8	0.50	0.60		[64, 77, 80, 82, 84, 90, 92,93,94]	0.08	0.14
10	Pteropus giganteus (Brün.), Indian flying fox bat, Chamgadar, PGI	Fat/ T	Enhance sexual male power	7	0.29	0.38	Fat/ T	Enhance sexual male power	9	0.33	0.30	Asthma, bronchitis, enhance sexual power	[73, 74, 77, 85, 95]	0	0.20
11	Rattus rattus (L.), House rat, Wada Choha, RR	Fat/ T	Joint pain	8	0.13	0.38	Fat/ T	Joint pain	7	0.29	0.30	Convulsions, semen enhancement, wounds healing, joint pain	[74, 77, 81, 95, 96]	0.20	0.20
12	Ovis orientalis punjabiensis Lydekker, Urial, Heeran, OO	Meat/ O	Enhance power	18	0.83	0.40	Fat/ T	Joint pain	10	0.73	0.91			0	0
								Backbone pain	2
								Sexual enhancement	10
13	Hemiechinus collaris (Gray), Long eared desert hedgehog, Chotay kanday ali say/Kandyari Choha, HCO	Fat/ T	Joint pain	9	0.33	0.77	Fat/ T	Joint pain, Backbone pain	10	0.30	0.60	Rheumatic pain, body ache	[77]	0.50	0.50
13		Fat/ T	Backbone pain	1	0.33	0.77	Fat/ T	Joint pain, Backbone pain	10	0.30	0.60	Rheumatic pain, body ache	[77]	0.50	0.50
14	Canis aureus L., Golden jackal, Gidar, CAA	Fat/ T	Skin infection	7	0.29	0.38	Fat/ T	Skin infection	8	0.25	0.30	Rheumatic pain, body ache	[63, 64, 74, 77, 81, 86, 91, 93, 97]	1.0	1.0
15	Herpestes javanicus (E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilarie), Small Indian mongoose, Neola, HJ	Fat/ T	Sexual power	8	0.27	0.77	Fat/ T	Sexual power	9	0.22	0.30	Sexual power, impotence by males	[77, 86]	1.0	1.0
15		Fat/ T	Backbone pain	3	0.27	0.77	Fat/ T	Sexual power	9	0.22	0.30	Sexual power, impotence by males	[77, 86]	1.0	1.0
16	Camelus dromedarius L., Dromedary, Ount, CD	Milk/ O	Hepatitis B and C	10	0.75	0.78	Milk/ O	Joint pain	2	0.67	1.50	Acidity, hepatitis B and C, malaria, cold, coughs, stannic pain, migraine headache, lumbago (for buffalo)	[77, 88, 92, 98,99,100]	0.33	0.5
			Cancer	10				Diabetes	1
								Hepatitis B and C	10
								Allergy	1
								Cancer	14
17	Capra aegagrus hircus (L.), Goat, Bakri, CAH	Milk/ O	enhance energy sexual power	20	0.86	0.80	Milk/ O	Enhance sexual power	10	0.90	0.33	Fever, eye tonic, tonsillitis, asthma, tuberculosis, menstrual disorder, toothache, anemia, cough, dysentery, bronchitis, jaundice, diarrhea, blindness, joint pain, sexual enhancement, rhinitis, skin blisters	[73, 74, 77, 81, 83, 88, 89, 95, 96, 98, 101,102,103]	0.33	0.33
		Milk/ O	enhance energy sexual power	20			Testis/ O	Enhance sperm production	10
		Meat/ O	Fever	8			Bone soup/ O	Heal wound	9
18	Bos taurus L., Cattle, Gay, BT	Ghai and fat/T	Feet wounds	10	0.73	1.55	Ghai and fat/ T	Feet wounds	4	0.82	1.21	Fever, bone fever, memory loss, paralysis, asthma, stomach ache, gastritis, diarrhea, eye infection, sore throats, tuberculosis, pesticide, measles, wound, cough, body pain, poison effect, acne and facial pimples, blood cancer, appetite stimulant, malaria, hysteria	[63, 64, 66, 77, 83,84,85, 89, 90, 96, 98, 100, 103,104,105,106,107]	0.43	0.38
		Milk and meat/O	Body pain, Fever	10			Milk and meat/ O	Body pain, Fever	6
							Ghai and milk/O	Poison effect	2
							Testis and milk/ O	Enhance the sperm production.	2
		Ghai and milk/O	Poison Effect	2			Testis and milk/ O	Enhance the sperm production	10
19	Bubalus bubalis (L.), Buffalo, Mujh, BB	Milk and turmeric/O	Wound	4	0.74	3.08	Milk and turmeric/ O	Wound	1	0.72	2.39	Pain, wound, jaundice, ascites, rheumatic pain, weakness, osteoporosis, thrombosis, improves heart strength, pre-menstrual pain, injury	[73, 74, 77, 80, 81, 85, 89, 95, 108,109,110]	0.11	0.09
		Milk and almond/ O	Enhance physical and mental health	1			Milk and almond/ O	Enhance physical and mental health	2
		Colostrum/ O	Enhance immunity	2			Colostrum/ O	Enhance immunity	2
		Milk, Fenugreek seed, turmeric, white piper grind and mixed all/ O	Diabetes	1			Milk, Fenugreek seed, turmeric, white piper grind and mixed all/ O	Diabetes	2
		Milk mixed with grind water caltrop/ O	Enhance sexual power	2			Milk mixed with grind water caltrop/ O	Enhance sexual power	2
		Milk mixed with grind water caltrop/ O	Enhance sexual power	2			Milk mixed with grind water caltrop/ O	Enhance sexual power	1
		Milk mixed with grind water caltrop/ O	Enhance sexual power	2			Milk mixed with grind water caltrop/ O	Enhance sexual power	1
		O = Milk mixed with grind seeds of dates/ O	Joint pain	2			Milk mixed with grind seeds of dates/ O	Joint pain	3
			Heart diseases	3				Heart diseases	2
			Stones of bladder	2				Stones of bladder	3
			Stones of spleen	1				Stones of spleen	1
			Enhance sexual power	3				Enhance sexual power	4
20	Manis crassicaudata É.. Geoffroy, Indian pangolin, Sipa/ Sipple, MC	Scale/T	enhance sexual Power	9	0.33	0.39	Scale/ T	enhance sexual Power	9	0.22	0.30	Feet swelling, piles, blood pressure, head ach, asthma, anti-haemorrhoidal, warts, ear pain, angina, back pain, heals bone inflammation, anti-poison, heals torn veins and arteries, infertility, gastro-intestinal disorders, safe parturition, stomach ulcers, rheumatism and fibroid, sexual power	[73, 74, 82, 84, 89, 91, 93, 110,111,112]	1.0	0.05
21	Homo sapiens L., Human, Insan, HS	Saliva/T	Herpes	4	0.33	0.77	Saliva/ T	Herpes	4	0.25	0.59	Eye infections, wound, hiccup, herpes, ear pain, conjunctivitis, eye pain, antiseptic in	[67,68,69, 77, 80, 85, 91, 97, 101, 113]	1.0	1.0
21	Homo sapiens L., Human, Insan, HS	Urine/T	Ear pain	2	0.33	0.77	Urine/ T	Ear pain	6	0.25	0.59		[67,68,69, 77, 80, 85, 91, 97, 101, 113]	1.0	1.0
22	Ovis aries L., Sheep, Bairh, OA	Milk/T	Skin burn and cracks	16	0.69	1.17	Milk/ T	Skin burn and cracks	2	0.77	1.21	Edema, fractures, joint pain, sterility, flu, skin burn and crack, muscular pain, swellings, weakness, rheumatism, arthritis, swells, breast infection, headache, brain diseases, phlegm, dizziness, night blindness, heart failure, epilepsy, scabies	[19, 59, 64, 66, 70, 73, 74, 77, 100, 103, 107, 110, 113,114,115,116]	0.75	0.75
							Soup/ O	Flu	4
							Meat/ O	Weakness and joint pain	10
		Meat/O	Weakness and joint pain	10			Testis/ O	Enhance sperm production	10
23	Felis chaus Schreber, Jungle cat, Jungli billi, FC	Fat/T	Joint pain	8	0.50	0.39	Fat/ T	Joint pain	8	0.63	0.30	Leucoderma, joint pain	[74, 77]	1.0	1.0
24	Felis domesticus Erxleben, Domestic cat, Billi, FD	Fat/T	Joint pain	9	0.33	0.39	Fat/ T	Joint pain	9	0.44	0.30	Fever, arthritis, Rheumatic pain, skin infections, Goiter	[77, 81, 100, 101]	1.0	1.0
25	Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), Domestic rabbit, Khargush/Saya, OC	Meat/ O	Paralysis	10	0.72	0.78	Meat/ O	Paralysis	12	0.78	0.61	Bronchial diseases, stomachache, burn, weakness	[77, 88, 100, 102, 104]	0.30	0.30
25		Meat/ O	Asthma	8	0.72	0.78	Meat/ O	Asthma	6	0.78	0.61	Bronchial diseases, stomachache, burn, weakness	[77, 88, 100, 102, 104]	0.30	0.30
Birds
26	Passer domesticus (L.), House Sparrow, Chiri, PD	Meat/O	Weakness	5	0.75	0.78	Meat/ O	Sexual power	5	0.80	0.61	Increase sexual desire, aphrodisiac, allergy, paralysis, impotency, gas trouble, constipation, Chickenpox, weakness, fever, delay dentition (child)	[64, 74, 77, 83, 88, 93, 94]	0.50	0.50
			Energy	4				Energy	6
			Fatigue	2				Fatigue	6
			Fever	9				Weakness	9
27	Gallus gallus (L.), Domestic chicken, Murghi, Kukri, GG	Egg mixed with milk/O	Weakness	10	0.86	1.57	Egg/ O	Breast cancer	9	0.89	2.41	Sprains, strains, nourishing food, eye-each, BP, bronchitis, hemorrhoids, diabetes, burst furuncles, asthma, indigestion, jaundice, diabetes, sinusitis, to ease birth, shortness of breath, bronchitis, nervous problems, rheumatism, stuffy nose, weak bones, flu, weakness, sore throat, furuncle, burns, night blindness, optic infection, evil eye	[19, 64, 66,67,68, 77, 82, 83, 85, 90, 93, 95, 101,102,103, 107, 115,116,117]	0.30	0.10
			Low blood pressure	5				Weight loss	1
			Low blood pressure	5				Eye sight	5
		Meat/O	Fever	10				Deficiency of protein	3
			Cold	10				Energy	2
								Cold	2
								CNS	1
								Bones and teeth nourishment	6
28	Columba livia Gmelin, Blue rock pigeon, Jangli kabotar, CL	Meat/ O	Paralysis	20	0.89	0.42	Meat/ O	Paralysis	22	0.93	0.33	Menorrhagia, Bronchitis, puberty in young girls, paralysis, epilepsy, anemia, infertility, Menorrhagia, abscess	[73, 74, 77, 81, 82, 86, 88, 96,97,98, 102, 117]	0.33	0.33
			Weakness	4				Weakness	20
			Enhance energy	4				Enhance energy	20
29	Coturnix coturnix (L.), Common quail, Batera, CCO	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	22	0.81	0.81	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	10	0.83	0.94	Skin diseases, anemia, body weakness, enhance memory, sexual power, fever	[64, 73, 74, 77]	0.40	0.40
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	1			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	8
			sexual power	5				sexual power	5
			against cold	5				against cold	3
30	Francolinus francolinus (L.), Black francolin, Kala tittar, FFR	Meat/ O	Enhance energy	10	0.77	0.80	Meat/ O	Enhance energy	1	0.80	0.92	Bronchitis, weakness	[77, 88]	0	0
			Sexual power	10				Sexual power	10
			Paralysis	6				Paralysis	2
			Against cold	4				Against cold	5
31	Anas platyrhynchos f. domesticus, Domestic duck, Batakh, APD	Meat/ O	Enhance energy	10	0.84	1.18	Meat/ O	Fever	5	0.88	1.81	Weak eye-side, weakness, low blood pressure	[77]	0.30	0.10
		Egg/ O	Fever	8			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	6
			Weak eye side	14			Egg/ O	Weak eye side	1
								Increase protein	1
								CNS	1
								Strengthened bones and teeth	2
32	Streptopelia tranquebarica (Hermann), Red turtle dove, Surakh totru, STR	Meat/ O	Early maturity in young female	18	0.44	0.39	Meat/ O	Early maturity in young female	30	0.50	0.31	Maturity in girls	[77]	1.00	0
33	Streptopelia decaocto (Frivaldszky), Indian ring dove, Kogi/Ghogi, SDE	Meat/ O	Early maturity in young female	16	0.44	0.39	Meat/ O	Early maturity in young female	32	0.50	0.31	Maturity in girls, sexual tonic	[77, 94]	1.00	0
34	Streptopelia orientalis (Latham), Oriental turtle dove, Totru, SOR	Meat/O	Early maturity in young female	14	0.43	0.39	Meat/ O	Early maturity in young female	14	0.50	0.31	Maturity in girls	[77]	1.00	0
35	Spelopelia senegalensis (L.), Little brown dove, Chhoti tutru/Chhoti kogi, SSE	Meat/ O	Early maturity in young female	15	0.38	0.39	Meat/ O	Early maturity in young female	13	0.46	0.30	Maturity in girls	[77]	1.00	0
36	Athene brama (Temminck), Spotted owlet, Ullo, ABR	Blood/ T	Enhance male power and treat sexual weakness	21	0.79	0.41	Blood/ T	Enhance male power and treat sexual weakness.	24	0.75	0.32	Rickets, cough, sexual weakness	[73, 77]	0.50	0.50
37	Acridothere ginginianus (Latham), Bank myna, Lali, AGI	Meat/ O	Whooping cough	15	0.47	0.39	Meat/ O	Whooping cough	15	0.40	0.30			0	0
38	Anas platyrhynchos L., Mallard, Nilsir, APL	Meat/ O	Paralysis	7	0.53	0.77	Meat/ O	paralysis	5	0.47	0.60	Erectile dysfunction, scarlet fever, body strength, weakness, paralysis	[66, 73, 74, 77, 96]	0.5	0.25
							Egg/ O	Eye sight	3
								Enhance energy	2
		Egg/ O	Enhance energy	8				Protein	5
39	Aquila nipalensis Hodgson, Tawny eagle, Baaz, ARN	Fat/ T	Breast swelling and pain	17	0.53	0.39	Fat/ T	Breast swelling and pain	17	0.47	0.31	Chest pain, breast swelling	[59, 77]	0.50	0.50
40	Upupa epops L., Common hoopoe, Hud-hud, UEP	Meat/ O	Kidney problems	9	0.44	0.39	Meat/ O	Kidney problems	9	0.56	0.30	Gall bladder stone, kidney problems	[77, 93]	1.00	1.00
Fishes
41	Rita rita (Hamilton), Rita, Khaga, RRI	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	4	0.81	1.17	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	4	0.86	1.21	Joint pain	[88]	0.21	0
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	5			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	5
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	2			Meat/ O	Sexual power	2
		Oil/ O	Energy	5			Oil/ O	Reduce overweight	5
			Against cold	5				Energy	5
			Joint pain	1				Against cold	2
42	Sperata seenghala (Sykes), Giant river catfish, Singhari, SPSA	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	5	0.72	1.16	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	4	0.67	1.20			0	0
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy				Meat/ O	Enhance energy	5
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	5			Meat/ O	Sexual power	2
		Oil/ O	Energy				Oil/O	Reduce overweight	5
			Against cold					Energy	2
			Joint pain					Against cold	2
43	Channa punctata (Bloch), Spotted snakehead, Dola, CPU	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	1	0.84	1.18	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	5	0.81	1.22	Blood purification, appetite, malaria control, body pain, corn or calves	[118,119,120]	0	0
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	6			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	5
			Sexual power	3				Sexual power	10
			Sexual power	3				Reduce overweight	5
		Oil/ O	Energy				Oil/ O	Energy	5
			Against cold	5				Against cold	1
			Joint pain	1				Against cold	1
44	Channa marulius (Hamilton), Bullseye snakehead, Sap machli, CMA	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.81	1.17	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.86	1.21	Increase sex power of male increase hemoglobin level, rheumatic pain	[88, 118, 121, 122]	0.17	0.17
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	5			Meat/ O	Sexual power	5
		Oil/ O	Energy	3			Oil/ O	Reduce overweight	3
			Against cold	2				Energy	2
			Joint pain	6				Against cold	6
45	Oreochromis niloticus (L.), Baringo tilapia, Chirra machhli, OAU	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.50	1.54	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.56	1.49	Abscesses, sharpen sight, carbuncle, scorpion bite	[123]	0	0
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
			Sexual power	3				Sexual power	5
			Scorpion bite	1				Reduce overweight	3
		Oil/ O	Energy	1			Oil/ O	Sharpens eye sight	2
			Against cold	6				Energy	6
			Joint pain	1				Against cold	1
46	Labeo calbasu (Hamilton), Black rohu, Kalbans, LCA	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	1	0.50	1.15	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.57	1.49	Increase energy and memory, galactagogue	[121]	0.33	0.33
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	3			Meat/ O	Sexual power	5
		Oil/ O	Energy	1			Oil/ O	Reduce overweight	1
			Against cold	1				Increase lactation in mother	1
			Joint pain	6				Energy and cold	2
47	Ctenopharyngodon idella (Steindachner), Gardd carp, Grass carp, CID	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	2	0.73	1.16	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.67	1.20	Against cold	[124]	0	0
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	1			Meat/ O	Sexual power	5
		Oil/ O	Energy	1			Oil/ O	Reduce overweight	2
			Against cold	1				Energy	2
			Joint pain	8				Against cold	1
48	Cyprinus carpio L., Aischgrund carp, Gulfam, CCA	Brain/ O	Enhance memory		0.68	1.16	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.74	1.20	Erysipelas, lumbago, CNS	[123]	0	0
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2			Meat/O	Enhance energy	2
			Enhance energy	2				Sexual power	5
			Sexual power	1				Reduce overweight	3
		Oil/ O	Energy	1			Oil/ O	Energy	2
			Against cold	3				Against cold	4
			Joint pain	10				Against cold	4
49	Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton), Mrigal carp, Marakhi, CMR	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	1	0.73	1.17	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.77	1.21	Joint pain, reduce weight	[88]	0.17	0.17
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	1				Sexual power	5
		Oil/ O	Energy	3				Reduce overweight	3
			Against cold	3			Oil/ O	Energy	2
			Joint pain	12			Oil/ O	Against cold	6
50	Labeo rohita (Hamilton), Roho labeo, Raho, LRO	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	1	0.88	1.19	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.85	1.22	Urine Problem, stomach ache, weakness, rheumatic pain, Gastric	[80, 88, 118]	0	0
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	12			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	1				Sexual power	15
		Oil/ O	Energy	1				Reduce overweight	3
			Against cold	3			Oil/ O	Energy	2
			Joint pain	15			Oil/ O	Against cold	6
51	Carassius auratus (L.), Goldfish, Sanhari, CAU	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	1	0.63	1.16	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.68	1.20			0	0
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	6			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	3				Sexual power	5
		Oil/ O	Energy	1				Reduce overweight	3
			Against cold	1			Oil/ O	Energy	2
			Joint pain	7			Oil/ O	Against cold	4
52	Gibelon catla (Hamilton), Catla, Thaila, CACA	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	1	0.70	1.17	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.6	1.2	Increase energy and memory, galactagogue, rheumatic pain	[88, 121]	0.33	0.33
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	12			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	2				Sexual power	15
		Oil/ O	Energy	1				Reduce overweight	3
			Against cold	1			Oil/ O	Energy	2
			Against cold	1				Against cold	2
			Joint pain	10				Against cold	2
53	Wallago attu (Bloch), Boal, Mali, WAT	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	1	0.74	1.17	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.70	1.21	Joint pain, liver tonic, blood dysentery and piles	[67, 113, 125]	0.17	0.17
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	1			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
			Sexual power	13				Sexual power	10
			Liver diseases	1				Reduce overweight	3
		Oil/ O	Energy	1			Oil/ O	Energy	2
			Against cold	3				Against cold	3
			Joint pain	3				Against cold	3
54	Bagarius bagarius (Hamilton), Bagarid catfish, Foji Khaga, BBA	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	1	0.81	1.18	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.85	1.51	Body burns, stomach pain, body pain	[86, 118]	0.37	0.17
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	10				Sexual power	10
		Oil/ O	Energy	4				Reduce overweight	3
			Against cold	1			Oil/ O	Energy	2
			Joint pain	9			Oil/ O	Against cold	2
55	Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), Scorpion cat-fish, Singhi, HF	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	1	0.74	1.16	Brain/ O	Enhance memory	3	0.79	1.20	Sting, joint pain, increase hemoglobin level and fever, pain, wound healing	[80, 83, 98, 114]	0.17	0
		Meat/ O	Enhance energy	1			Meat/ O	Enhance energy	2
		Meat/ O	Sexual power	8				Sexual power	5
		Oil/ O	Energy	1				Reduce overweight	3
			Against cold	1			Oil/ O	Energy	2
			Joint pain	7			Oil/ O	Against cold	2
Invertebrates
56	Apis mellifera L., Honey Bee, Shahd makhi, AME	Honey mixed with grind cinnamon/ O	Cold	10	0.89	5.39	Honey mixed with grind cinnamon/ O	Cold	1	0.83	5.95	Dark spots, bronchitis, skin lightening, cough, fever, cataract, burn, sexual impotence, cold, flu, aging, sore throat, shortness of breath, arthritis, tuberculosis, constipation	[19, 59, 66, 67, 94, 96, 100,101,102,103, 115]	0.13	0.09
			Cold	10				Cough	1
			Cough	1				Acidity	1
			Acidity	3				Obesity	1
			Obesity	1				Control blood pressure	1
			Control blood pressure	1				Muscle pain	2
			Control blood pressure	1				Belly pain	1
			Muscle pain	5				Antimicrobial	3
			Belly pain	1				Anti-inflammatory	2
		Fennel mixed with honey/ O	Indigestion	1				Anti-inflammatory	2
							Honey/T	Hair loss	3
								Pimple	1
		Honey/ O	Body pain	3				Insect bite	1
			Ulcer	1			Grind big raisins, fennel mixed with honey/O	Indigestion	1
			Allergy	1
			Tumor	1
			Enhance immunity	1				Body pain	1
			Enhance immunity	1				Ulcer	1
		Green tea, fennel, black cardamom, cinnamon mixed with honey/ O	Indigestion	1				Allergy	1
								Tumor	1
								Enhance immunity	1
							Lemon juice, olive oil mixed with honey (in equal quantity)/ O	Kidney stones	1
							Ghai, egg yolk, mixed with honey/ O	Weak eyesight	1
							Grind walnut mixed with honey/ O	Stomach diseases, increase energy	1
							Green tea, fennel, cardamom, cinnamon mixed with honey/ O	Indigestion	1
57	Oligochaeta spp. Earth worm, Gundoya, LTE			0	0.00	0.00	Dry and clean earthworm body take in dry mud pot and pot close with mud and warm it with cow/buffalo dung, now get a ash/ O	Backbone pain	6	0.17	0.30	Wound, impotence	[59, 96]	0	0

Note: O (mean oral), T (topical), PU (parts use), MA (mode of application)

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