Table 2 Traditional practices for managing plant resources in targeted villages

Consultation of the Khosi or Mukoma to seek permission before harvesting plants

X

X

X

X

Penalty for cutting down trees and the payment of a fine of ZAR 1000 (75USD)

X

Stem bark is harvested on the eastern side of the plant

X

X

Only the lateral roots of plants are collected

X

X

X

X

X

Soil is covered back over harvested roots

X

X

Propagation of plant species in home gardens

X

X

X

Taboos preventing trees from being cut down, used as firewood or being placed in the homestead

X

X

X

X

X

X

Edible fruits from trees are only harvested when the fruits have fallen to the ground or ripened

X

X

Some species are only harvested for their tender leaves

X

X

Only the deadwood if trees is collected for firewood

X

X

X

Consultation with the ancestors before harvesting a plant

X

Women are not allowed to collect plants during menstruation

X

X

Plants harvested only from specific areas

X

X

Prohibitions from harvesting plants from the same area each year

X

X

Some species are only planted and harvested during certain seasons following ritual ceremonies by Makhadzi or traditional leaders.

X

X

Species only harvested when the flowers are present indicating the maturity of the plant

X