Fig. 1

Study area, types of vegetation, and apiaries in the community of Xmabén, Hopelchén, Campeche, Mexico. Apiaries (red circles) and polygon layer of Xmabén based on Porter-Bolland and Ellis [16, 39], apiaries represented with black and white circles based on this study. States of Yucatan Peninsula (CAM = Campeche, QROO = Quintana Roo, YUC = Yucatán), Municipalities of Campeche (1 = Calkiní, 2 = Campeche, 3 = Carmen, 4 = Champotón, 5 = Hecelchakán, 6 = Hopelchén, 7 = Palizada, 8 = Tenabo, 9 = Escárcega, 10 = Calakmul, 11 = Candelaria)