Table 1 Ethnobotanical inventory of the medicinal wild plants used by the Mongol herdsmen in Bairin Area
Scientific name | Family | Life forms | Local Mongol names* | Used parts | Methods | Indication and/or function | Specimen no. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adenophora wulingshanica Maxim. | Campanulaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Dried roots | Milling with Clinopodium chinense subsp. grandiflorum dry leaves, mixed powder to soak in boiled water. | Cough, clear away lung heat, reduce phlegm | CGHD-2017-074 |
Allium condensatum Turcz. | Liliaceae | Perennial herbs |
| (a) Dried bulb skin, (b) fresh aerial parts | (a) Padded under the sole of the feet, (b) smell after calcining. | (a) Pregnant woman’s leg “ | BYBC-2008-028 |
Artemisia argyi Levl. | Asteraceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh or dried whole plant | (a) Use soaked in boiled water or water-decocted solution to wash affected parts or bathing, (b) mixed with water-decocted solution of Polygonum aviculare’s fresh or dried roots, and bathing, (c) use soaked in boiled water or water-decocted solution apply on the forehead. | (a) Thermal spa treatment, dispel coldness, and disinfect; (b) dispel coldness; (c) headache | HG-2016-004 |
Artemisia brachyloba Franch. | Asteraceae | Subshrubs |
| Dried whole plant | (a) Use water-decocted solution to wash affected parts or smoke the affected parts during calcining openly, (b) wash the affected part with water-decocted solution. | (a) Reduce swelling; (b) “ | BYB-2009-042 |
Artemisia frigida Willd. | Asteraceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh or dried whole plant | Mixed with water-decocted solution of Ephedra sinica, Rhododendron micranthum, Sanguisorba officinalis, Sabina vulgaris, and bathing. | Joint pain | BYS-2009-010 |
Cirsium maackii Maxim. | Asteraceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh whole plant | The pulverized fresh whole plant is daubed on affected area. | Reduce swelling, stop hemorrhage | BYBC-2008-036 |
Cirsium vlassovianum Fisch. | Asteraceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh leaves | Used with acupuncture therapy, roast silver needles on a white papery fresh leaves base and use. | Rheumatism and joint pain | CGHD-2017-023 |
Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Ktze. subsp. grandiflorum (Maxim.) | Lamiaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Dried leaves | Milling with Adenophora trachelioides dry roots, take powder to soak in boiled water. | Cough, heat-clearing, reduce phlegm | CGHD-2017-077 |
Cuscuta chinensis Lam. | Cuscutaceae | Annual parasitic herbs |
| Fresh or dried whole plant | Use water decocted solution to wash affected parts. | Trauma | BYBC-2007-023 |
Ephedra sinica Stapf | Ephedraceae | Small subshrubs |
| (a) Dried roots, (b) fresh aerial parts, (c) fresh or dried aerial parts, (d) fresh or dried aerial parts | (a) Smell the smoke of during calcining to ash, (b) take with water after roasted and ground, (c) decoct with water and take solution, (d) mixed with water-decocted solution of Artemisia frigida, Rhododendron micranthum, Sanguisorba officinalis, Sabina vulgaris, and bathing. | (a) Rhinitis, (b) relieves pain, (c) pneumonia, (d) joint pain | BYBC-2008-020 |
Erodium stephanianum Willd. | Geraniaceae | Annual herbs |
| Fresh roots | Eat fresh roots after low fire roast; neuropathy. | Body shiver | CGHD-2017-012 |
Euphorbia esula L. | Euphorbiaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh roots | Remove the root-bark and central hard parts, boiled with sheep bone soup and sun-drying, ground and add water, daubed on the infected part. | Trauma | BYBC-2007-028 |
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. | Fabaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh or dried roots | Soaked in cow milk and then decoct with water, take decoction. | Cough and vomit | BYBC-2008-092 |
Incarvillea sinensis Lam. | Bignoniaceae | Annual herbs |
| Fresh or dried roots | (a) Gargled in the mouth with water decocted solution; (b) water-decocted solution for bathing. | (a) Toothache, (b) joint pain | BYBC-2008-047 |
Iris dichotoma Pall. | Iridaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh roots | Remove the root bark, cut into pieces, and bitten between the teeth; the local herdsmen believed that the most efficacious time to collect the roots of this plant was on May 5 in the Chinese lunar calendar. | Toothache and gum swelling | BYBC-2009-003 |
Leontopodium leontopodioides (Willd.) Beauv. | Asteraceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh leaves | Rolled into balls and packed into nostrils. | Nose hemorrhage | BYB-2009-062 |
Oxytropis myriophylla (Pall.) DC. | Fabaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh whole plant | Mashed and daubed on the infected part. | Nose hemorrhage, trauma, reduce inflammations | BYBC-2009-007 |
Pinus tabuliformis Carr. | Pinaceae | Trees |
| Dried seeds | Eaten as nuts after frying. | Cough | BYBC-2009-040 |
Plantago depressa Willd. | Plantaginaceae | Annual herbs |
| Fresh or dried roots | Take water decocted solution. | Stomachache, diarrhea | CGHD-2017-03 |
Polygonum aviculare L. | Polygonaceae | Annual herbs |
| Fresh or dried roots | Mixed with water-decocted solution of Artemisia argyi’s fresh or dried whole plant, and bathing. | Dispel coldness | CGHD-2017-078 |
Potentilla longifolia Willd.ex Schlecht | Rosaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Dried whole plant | Take water decocted solution. | Stomachache, enteritis | CGHD-2017-099 |
Prunus humilis Bunge (Cerasus humilis (Bunge) Sok.) | Rosaceae | Shrubs |
| (a) Dried root, (b) fresh root, (c) fresh or dried roots | (a) Use water-decocted solution to wash affected parts or bathing; (b) remove the root bark, cut into pieces, and bitten between the teeth; (c) gargled in the mouth with water decocted solution. | (a) Children scabies, (b) toothache, (c) toothache | BYBC-2009-032 |
Prunus sibirica L. (Armeniaca sibirica (L.) Lam.) | Rosaceae | Trees |
| Dried kernel of seeds | Take water-decocted solution. | Cough, pneumonia, and tracheitis | BYBC-2007-008 |
Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel. | Ranunculaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Dried aerial parts collected in the fall | Take water-decocted solution. | Body pains | BYBC-2010-007 |
Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. | Rosaceae | Trees |
| Dried mature fruits | Soak in boiled water and take this water. | Baby’s cough | BYBC-2010-006 |
Rhododendron micranthum Turcz. | Ericaceae | Evergreen shrubs |
| Fresh or dried branches | Mixed with water decocted solution of Artemisia frigida, Ephedra sinica, Sanguisorba officinalis, Sabina vulgaris, and bathing. | Joint pain | BYBC-2008-026 |
Sabina vulgaris Ant. (Juniperus sabina L.) | Cupressaceae | Shrubs |
| Fresh or dried branches | Mixed with water-decocted solution of Artemisia frigida, Ephedra sinica, Rhododendron micranthum, Sanguisorba officinalis, and bathing. Sabina vulgaris is not native to Bairin Area; herdsmen got the raw materials of this plant from other places. | Joint pain | BYB-2009-173 |
Sanguisorba officinalis L. | Rosaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh or dried roots | Mixed with water-decocted solution of Artemisia frigida, Ephedra sinica, Rhododendron micranthum, Sabina vulgaris, and bathing. | Joint pain | BYBC-2008-104 |
Saposhnikovia divaricata (Trucz.) Schischk. | Apiaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Dried roots | Take water-decocted solution. | Rheumatism and joint pain | CGHD-2017-102 |
Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi | Lamiaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh or dried roots | Take water-decocted solution. | Clearing heat-fire, cough, detoxifying | CGHD-2018-036 |
Scutellaria viscidula Bunge | Lamiaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh or dried roots | Take water-decocted solution. | Clearing heat-fire, cough, detoxifying | CGHD-2017-019 |
Sonchus arvensis L. | Asteraceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh or dried, whole plant | Eaten as vegetable for daily diet after washing or take soaked in boiled water. | Blood circulation, clearing heat-fire | HG-2016-010 |
Sophora flavescens Soland. | Fabaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh or dried roots | Take water-decocted solution. | Heat-clearing and detoxifying | BYBC-2009-048, |
Sphaerophysa salsula (Pall.) DC. | Fabaceae | Perennial herbs |
| Dried seeds | Water-decocted solution is used for bathing. | Back leg pain | BYBC-2009-005 |
Stellera chamaejasme L. | Thymelaceae | Perennial herbs |
| (a) Dried roots, (b) fresh or dried roots | (a) Roots are burned to ashes at a windproof place and mixed with alum, (b) take water decocted solution for foot soak. | (a) Diarrhea, (b) reduce swelling, joint pain | HG-2016-039 |
Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz. | Asteraceae | Perennial herbs |
| Fresh or dried whole plant | Take water decocted solution or soaked in boiled water. | Clearing heat-fire, hepatobiliary disease, fatty liver | HG-2016-038 |
Thymus serpyllum L. var. asiaticus Kitag. | Lamiaceae | Shrubs |
| Dried aerial parts | Take water decocted solution. | Thermal spa treatment treatments, hemorrhoids | HG-2016-006 |
Tribulus terrestris L. | Zygophyllaceae | Annual herbs |
| Dried mature fruits | Grind into powder after frying, take soaked in boiled water. | Renal edema | HG-2016-022 |
Urtica cannabina L. | Urticaceae | Perennial herbs |
| (a) Fresh whole plant, (b) fresh tender stem and leaves | (a) Eaten as vegetable after washing or water decocted solution is used for washing feet, (b) mashed and daubed on the infected part. | (a) Joint pain, (b) viper bites and analgesic effect | CGHD-2017-073 |
Xanthium mongolicum Kitag. | Asteraceae | Annual herbs |
| Dried mature fruits | (a) Take oil daubed on the head after frying, (b) milling dried seed after frying, powder daubed on affected area. | (a) Children do not grow hair, (b) trauma | HG-2016-036 |
(sɔrlɔ), 
(xʊŋx ʧəʧəɡ)
(xɑdɑn sœŋɡjɔn), 
(nɔjɔn sœŋɡjɔn), 
(umxi: sœŋɡjɔn)
(bam)”; (b) toothache
(sʊix)
(ʃɑrɑlʤ), 
(xɑdɑn ʃɑwɑɡ)
(ʃɑr)” disease (the body turns yellow)
(æɡj), 
(moŋɡon æɡj)
(ʊ:lɑ ows)
(ʊl ows)
(əlʤiɡən ʧix ows)
(ʃɑr ɔrɔ:ŋɡɔ), 
(ʤəl ows)
(ʤə:rɡən)
(bʊɡʊn su:l ows), 
(bʊɡ ows)
(tɑrnʊ)
(ʃixər ows), 
(bʊrʧɑɡ ows)
(sətɡu:r ows), 
(imɑn əwər ows)
(xɑiʧ ows), 
(bɔŋ ɡʊ:), 
(ɑɡʃirɡɑn)
(moŋɡon æɡj), 
(ʊ:lɑ ows)
(bʊrʧɑɡ ows)
(nɑrs)
(uxər urɡən)
(bodonin su:l)
(ɑlɡɑlɑɡ tʊ:lɑin tɑŋnɑi)
(ʊlɑ:nɑ)
(xɑrɡɑn), 
(xə:rin ɡuils)
(ɡʊlɡʊi xʊɑr)
(ʃɑr æljɑm), 
(xə:rin æljɑm)
(xɑrɑwɑr)
(xœnjn ɑrʧ)
(sod ows), 
(sodon ʧɑi)
(ʃu:rɡən)
(bɔr xʊnʧir)
(ʃɑr xʊnʧir)
(ɡɑʃʊ:n nɔɡɔ:)
(dɔɡlɔŋ ɔls), 
(dɔɡɔl ows)
(nɔxɔin bo:r), 
(xʊŋx ows), 
(pʊ:ʤiŋ ows)
(dɑlɑn tu:ru:), 
(ʧudəŋ xʊɑr)
(bɑɡwɑ:xai ʧəʧəɡ)
(ʤɑ:r ows)
(tomor ʤɑŋɡʊ:)
(xɑlɡɑi)
(xœnjn ʤɑŋɡʊ:)