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Table 12 Historical origins of shared-use medicines (classes I–V)

From: A comparative study on shared-use medicines in Tibetan and Chinese medicine

Origins

I (A total of 19)

II (A total of 21)

III

(A total of 14)

IV (A total of 68)

V (A total of 15)

The first category

Bungarus multicinctus Blyth, Cuscuta chinensids Lam., Rheum palmatum L., Selaginella pulvinata (Hook. et Grev.) Maxim., Zingiber officinale Rosc., Honeybee

Allium sativum L., Coriandrum sativum L., Euphorbia fischeriana Steudel, Aconitum pendulum Busch, Cervus nippon Temminck, Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, Rubia cordifolia L., Trigonella ruthenica L., Trogopterus xanthipes Milne-Edwards, nula helenium L., Malva verticillata, Raphanus sativus L.

Polygonatum sibiricum Delar. ex Redouté, Stellera chamaejasme Linn., Sulfur, Rana tamporaria chensinensis David, Juglans regia L., Rumex nepalensis Spreng., Urtica laetevirens Maxim., Lycium chinense Mill.

Acorus calamus L, Actinolite Asbestos., Bergenia purpurascens (Hook. f. et Thoms.) Engl, BOVIS CALCULUS, Calamina, Calcitum, Cinnabaris, Gypsum Fibrosum, Haematitum, Notopterygium forbesii de Boiss., MAGNETITUM, Fraxinus stylosa Lingelsh., Natrii Sulfas, Notopterygium forbesii de Boiss., Phytolacca acinosa Roxb., PYRITUM, Pyrrosia lingua (Thunb.) Farw., REALGAR, Succinite (Amber), Tribulus terrestris L., Zha-xun, Paeonia veitchii Lynch, Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl., Lagopsis supine (Steph. ex Willd.)Ikonn.-Gal. ex Knorr, Leonurus japonicus Thunb. (Leonurus japonicas Houtt.), Leonurus sibiricus L., Equus asinus Linnaeus, Dendrobium hookerianum Lindl.

Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.)Merr., Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet)Nakai, Drynaria fortunei(Kunze) J.Sm., Hyoscyamus niger L., Taraxacum mongolicum Hand. -Mazz., Borax, Onosma paniculatum Bur.et Franch, Plantago asiatica L., Plantago depressa Willd., Thlaspi arvense L., Os Draconis, Selenarctos thibetanus G. Cuvier, Mylabris phalerata Pallas.

The second category

Ophiocordyceps sinensis, Rheum tanguticum Maxim. ex Regel.

RHODIOLAE CRENULATAE RADIXET RHIZOMA, Vladimiria souliei (Franch.)Ling.

Arenaria kansuensis Maxim, Fritillaria cirrhosa D.Don, Nardostachys chinensis Batal., Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC., Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang, Saussurea laniceps Hand.-Mazz., Gentiana crassicaulis Duthie ex B u rk, Gentiana straminea Maxim, Moschus berezovskii Flerov, Mochus sifanicus Buchner, Moschus moschiferus Linnaeus, Sinopodophyllum emodii (wall) Ying.

The third category

Aucklandia lappa Decne., Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen, Ferula sinkiangensis K. M. Shen, Ferula fukanensis K. M. Shen, Kaempferia galanga L., Piper longum L.

Amomum kravanh Pierre ex Gagnep, Ewgewia caryophyllata Thunb., Piper nigrum L., Myristica fragrans Houtt.

Areca catechu L

Boszvellia carterii Birdw, Crocus sativus L., Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f., Strychnos nuxvomica L., Styrax benzoin Dryand., Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia chebula Retz. var. tomentella (Kurz) C. B. Clarke, Santalum album L.

Aquilaria agallocha Roxb

The fourth category

Alpinia katsumadai Hayata, Alpinia officinarum Hance, Amomum tsaoko Crevost et Lemair.

Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd, Sesamum indicum L., Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc.

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat., Trigonella foenum-grecum L.

Acacia catechu (L.f.)Willd, Adhatoda vasica Nees, BAMBUSAE CONCRETIO SILICEA*, Carthamus tinctorius L., Cassia obtusifolia L., Cristaria plicata (Leach), Hyriopsis cumingii (Lea)., Pinctada martensii(Dunker), Curcuma longa L., Gossampinus malabarica (DC.)Mern, Pterocarpus indicus Willd., Saccharum officinarum L, Abrus precatorius L, Vitis vinifera L., Punica granatum L., Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn., Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr., Abelmoschus moschatus Medic.

Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg

  1. The first category included varieties that were distributed in both the Tibetan region and the areas that were mainly controlled by the Central Plains regime in history; the second category included varieties that were mainly produced in the Tibetan Plateau and its surrounding areas; the third category included varieties that were imported from South Asia, Southeast Asia and Western Regions; the fourth category included the varieties that were generated in the inland and which were traded in the Tibetan region; the last category included the varieties that were mainly imported from the Han district.