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Table 1 Selected studies of E. marginatus in Brazil (I): growth [Southern Brazil & lab]

From: Fishers and groupers (Epinephelus marginatus and E. morio) in the coast of Brazil: integrating information for conservation

Location of interviews/sampling

[Total fishers]

Local knowledge on biology and ecology (excluding folk taxonomy)

Reference

Atlantic Forest Coast, Sao Paulo and Southern Rio de Janeiro States)

[937]

Cited by 19% as recommended to be eaten during illness

Begossi et al. (2004) [56] (Ecological Applications)

Bahia coast, Sao Paulo coast

[67]

Habitat and reproduction:

 67% said live in reefs/reefs crevices/islands/

 23% reproduce in summer (most do not know)

Spawning calendar

 54% spring months (Sept., Oct., Nov.)

 46% summer months (Dec., Jan., Feb.)

Silvano et al. (2006) [57](Environ. Biol. Fishes).

Northern, Southern and South of Brazil

(Direct obs RJ and SP)

[Set 1 = 92, Set 2 = 49]

Fishing spots (maps)

Stomach contents

 Crabs [65%] and fish [40%] (stomachs not empty = 40)

Interviews (set 1)

 Diet – 19% crustacea, only 4% crabs; 50% fish, mostly sardines; 32% mollusks (n = 88)

 Habitat – 100% reefs, rocks, caves or islands (97% reefs, rocks) (n = 88).

Interviews (set 2)

 Diet – 22% crustacea, 12% crabs; 55% fish, mostly sardines; 29% mollusks (n = 49)

 Bait – 45% sardines, 25% bonito, 18% crustaceans, 8% crabs (n = 49)

 Habitat – 96% reefs, rocks, caves or islands (78% reefs, rocks) (n = 49)

 Spawning – 49% do not know; 64% in summer-spring months (n = 25)

“Gonads were not macroscopically visible, and we estimated they could be in the category F-1 (resting female) or J-1 (immature females)”.

Begossi and Silvano (2008) [8] (Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine)

Paraty, southern coast of Rio de Janeiro State

Systematic sampling (n = 220)

Stomach contents: 35% crabs, 15% fish and 58% empty (n = 220)

Fishing spots (maps)

Grouper production: 16 months, 220 groupers, 164 kg (4 days / month of sampling)

Begossi et al. (2012, 2014:63 )[19, 58]

Science Journal of Agricultural Research and Management

2014: Book on Paraty.

Coast of Brazil.

1986–2009, 14 sites: snappers and groupers

14 fishing communities: a total of 585 fishers were interviewed, 1453 fish were collected, and 1761 fish landings were recorded from 2002 to 2009 (Table, slide)

Begossi et al. (2012) [19]

In: Global Progress in Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management. Alaska Sea Grant.

2013–2015

21 months

(n = 796)

Copacabana, Rio (RJ)

Groupers 45-65 cm

Fishing spots

Diving

Begossi et al. (2016) [2]

J Coast Zone Manag.

Other studies

Southern Brazil

Arvoredo Biological Marine Reserve (SC – Brazil)

(n = 206)

The first maturation size was determined for females (L50 = 470 mm; r2 = 0.99).

The relationship between the length and weight was W = 9 · 10−6 · TL3.1149 (r2 = 0.998; n = 246).

Andrade et al. (2003) [34] Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology

Southern Brazil (SC)

Babitonga Bay

2002–2004

(n = 193)

Collaborative approach

The regression equation of the relationship between TL (mm) and TW (g) (TW = aTLb) was: TW = 4.4 × 10− 5 TL2.8, R2 = 0.97.

Gerhardinger et al., (2006) [36, 37]

Santa Catarina State

1998–1999

Habitat uses

Water temperature

Machado et al. (2003) [59]

Itajái, SC

Food

Cronius ruber (crab)

Daros (2005) [60]

(undergraduate thesis)

Lab. Exp.

(n = 27)

Instituto Pesca, SP

Sexual inversion

Sanches (2009)

(master thesis)

Patos Lagoon, South of Brazil (n = 108)

Otolith and gonads (growth and reproduction): “K: 0.069 was lower than values reported for dusky grouper populations from the Mediterranean Sea (0.087) and southeast Africa (0.09)”

“The current L 50 estimate of 451.3 mm indicates that most individuals captured in this area are immature.”

Seyboth et al. (2011) [61]

South of Brazil, Carpinteiro Bank

(n = 201)

Age and growth

150–1160 mm

Otoliths 1–40 years

Condini, Albuquerque & M. Garcia. Fishery Bulletin. 2014.

Southern coast

Mercury contamination in this species was correlated both with site locations and body sizes. Mature larger-body indi- viduals (N 650 mm and N 8 years old) exhibited the highest mercury concentrations (harmful to humans).

Condini et al. (2016) Marine Pollution Bulletin

Paraty and Copacabana, RJ

Grouper genetics

 Connected populations (Paraty and Ubatuba coasts)

J Coast Zone Manag 2016, 19:2

These values suggest that within the geographic distribution of E. marginatus from Paraty to Rio de Janeiro, there are no subdivisions of the population.

The effective population size (Ne) was calculated for the only genetically differentiated group, K = 1, and resulted in 663 individuals between the Paraty (RJ) and Rio de Janeiro (RJ) populations.

Priolli et al. (2016) [35] (Scientia Marina)